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语言学教程Chapter 2练习题

语言学教程Chapter 2练习题
语言学教程Chapter 2练习题

Chapter 2:Speech sound

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.

2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.

3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.

4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.

5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.

6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.

7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.

8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.

9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.

10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.

11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.

12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.

13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.

14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.

15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.

16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.

17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.

18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.

19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.

20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:

21.A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.

22.A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.

23.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.

24.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.

25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.

26.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.

27.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.

28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s ____ rules.

29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.

30.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.

31.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.

32.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.

33.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.

34.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and

s_________ stress.

III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

35.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.

A. mouth

B. lips

C. tongue

D. vocal cords

36.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.

A. voiceless

B. voiced

C. vowel

D. consonantal

37.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.

A. /z/

B. /d/

C. /k/

D./b/

38.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another b y “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.

A. identical

B. same

C. exactly alike

D. similar

39.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.

A. in phonemic contrast

B. in complementary distribution

C. the allophones

D. minimal pair

40.The sound /f/ is _________________.

A. voiced palatal affricate

B. voiced alveolar stop

C. voiceless velar fricative

D. voiceless labiodental fricative

41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.

A. back

B. central

C. front

D. middle

42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.

A. phonetic components

B. immediate constituents

C. suprasegmental features

D. semantic features

43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.

A. phone

B. sound

C. allophone

D. phoneme

44.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.

A. phones

B. sounds

C. phonemes

D. allophones

IV. Define the terms below:

45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. international phonetic alphabet

49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic phonetics

53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pair

V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:

57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing ?

58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels ?

59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ?

60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.

61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not ?

普通语言学概要

普通语言学概要 1. 语言学的对象和任务:一门古老而又年轻的科学;语文语言;一种语言的句子是无限的,但是组成它的材料和规则是有限的 2. 世界上的语言 a) 世界上已查明的语言或方言有5500多种,已确定的独立语言2790种,有70%的语言没有文字,被研究过的语言有500多种,有近千种语言在消亡 b) 在北美有170多种印第安语在消亡,澳洲有250多种土语、西非有280多种语言在消亡 c) 使用人数超过6千万人的语言有13种:汉、英、俄、法、西、阿、印地、日、印尼、德、孟、葡、意 3.语言的社会功能 a) 语言是人类最重要的交际工具其他交际工具:文字、红绿灯、手势等 b) 语言是一种特殊的社会现象语言是具有全民性而没有阶级性的语言既不属于经济基础也不属于上层建筑,这两方面的改变都不能从本质上改变语言语言是社会生活的记录语言本身可以提供大量信息语言是民族关系的见证 4. 语言的思维功能 a) 语言是认知的工具语言在认识的过程中起着固定认识成果的作用,词语的发展也反映了社会认知的发展(人类) b) 学话的过程也就是认识世界的过程(个人) 5. 语言是思维的重要工具 a) 抽象思维需要语言 b) 形象思维不需要语言 c) 思维是全人类共同的,但语言是各民族不同的 6. 语言是信息的载体 a) 编码—发送—传递—接受—解码 7. 语言的符号性:符号及符号的构。有特定的语音表达出来的意义才成为语义语言符号的特点: 1任意性:就语言的起源、自然性而言“约定俗成”出自《荀子·正名》:“名无固实,约之以命实,约定俗成谓之实名。” 2线条性:符号的使用只能在时间的线条上绵延,依次出现,是单维的以上特点由瑞士学者索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中指出 8. 语言的系统性:语言是一个分层装置,靠组合和替换来运转 a) 层级性 b) 最低层音位几十个 c) 第一级语素:音义结合的最小单位几千个 d) 第二级词:由语素构成几万个 e) 第三级短语:由词构成无限 f) 效能:已少数有规则地组成多数,层层翻番,以至无穷 9. 组合关系和聚合关系 a) 组合关系:组成结构的符号之间的关系 b) 聚合关系:具有同样的组合能力的符号之间的关系 c) 组合关系(看的见):语言单位彼此之间的组合关系是有选择性的 d) 聚合关系(看不见):通过联想进行类比形成的语言单位间互相替换的关系 10.组合关系和聚合关系的相互作用: a) 组合关系是聚合关系形成的标准 b) 组合关系必须得到聚合关系的支持 c) 组合关系是第一性的,聚合关系是第二性的 11.语言的特征:1)语言是人类特有的财富(单位的明晰性、任意性、结构的二层性、开放性、传授性、不受时地环境的限制)2)语言是后天习得的(关键期:1岁半——5岁;阶段:A,咿呀期:几个月半岁以后B独词句一岁半C双词句阶段两岁左右造句萌芽D电报体阶段两岁半到三岁E接近成人阶段快四岁时F达到成人水平五岁)语言是有声的 4)语言的稳固性和发展性 5)语言是说话的一部分

英汉翻译基础教程练习问题详解总主编冯庆华

汉英翻译基础教程 第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 (2) 第二章词法翻译的一般技巧 (4) 第三章名词的抽象和具体译法 (9) 第四章动词的翻译 (11) 第五章数词和冠词的翻译 (12) 第六章成语的英译 (13) 第七章修辞格的翻译 (17) 笫八章文化词语的翻译 (19) 第九章汉英句子比较与翻译 (20) 第十章换序和转态译法 (23) 笫十一章断句合句译法 (25) 笫十二章长句的翻译 (27) 第十四章汉英语篇比较与翻译 (29) 第十五章风格与翻译 (30) 第十六章语用与翻译 (32)

第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语,注意词语的不同搭配 1. a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子,注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now 第二节翻译中的选词 一、翻译下列各句,注意词的选择和搭配。 1. That depends upon circumstances.

北京师范大学《普通语言学概要》考研复习题库

考试复习重点资料(最新版) 资料见第二页 封 面

北京师范大学《普通语言学概要》复习重点题库 第一章 语言和语言学 一、单项选择题 1.语言的客观存在形式首先表现为口语。语言学是指研究语言的科学。 2.在个别情况下,当口语已经发生巨大变化而书面语长期保持古代语言的面貌不变时,就可能产生言文脱节的现象。 3.在我国,白话文代替文言文的时间是五四运动以后。 4.世界各国都把书面语的产生作为文明史的开端。 5.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感是确定一个“民族”的最根本的标准。 6.语言是最直观最容易识别的民族标志。 7.口语是语言的有声客观存在形式。 8.书面语虽然在口语的基础上产生,但也影响口语的发展。 9.口语和书面语都有两个方面:一方面是表示一定意义的声音或图形,这是一种物理现象;另一方面则是由声音或图形表示的意义,那是一种心理现象。 10.人与人的口头交际过程是非常复杂的,从通信理论的角度可以将之理解为编码和解码的过程。 11.主张把语言和言语分开的代表人和集大成的学者是现代语言之父索绪尔,他的代表作是《普通语言学教程》。 12.语言符号的特点有:任意性、强制性、可变性、离散性、线性。 13.索绪尔创立的语言学,使语言学成为现代意义的科学。 14.言语活动可以分为语言和言语两个分支,即索绪尔提出人类言语活动可分为语言和言语两个部分。 15.语言和言语:“语言”是言语活动中同一社会群体共同掌握的有规律可循而又成为系统的那一部分。言语是个人“说话”的具体行为和结果,在每个人的发音、用词和使用的句子结构等方面体现出个人特色。 16.书面语和口语的关系是:前者是第二性的,后者是第-性的。 17.口语和书面语的所谓一致,是指基本的语言成分。 18.语言符号的物质实体(语音)和所表示的意义(语义)之间没有必然的理据关系,这说明,语言符 号具有任意性。 19.语言符号是离散的,在时间这根轴上成线性排列。语言符号的线性特征使离散的语言符号有可能 组合成大小不等的语言单位,组合成连续的语流。 20.在语言系统的各个子系统中,语音系统的系统性最强。 21.语言系统中最小的语言单位是语素;最小的交际单位是句子;最大的交际单位语篇。 22.在同一个位置上可以互相替换出现的各个语言单位处在互相可以联想起采的关系中,这种关系称 为聚合关系。 23.最早广泛应用语言学的理论和成果的社会领域是语言教学领域。 24.希腊哲学家柏拉图认为“名”是由“实”决定的。 25.我国哲学家荀子认为“名”和“实”之间没有必然联系。 26.中国古代传统语言学被称之为“小学”。

郭著章《英汉互译实用教程》(第4版)教材配套题库-第5章 翻译常用的八种技巧【圣才出品】

第5章翻译常用的八种技巧 5.1 重译法 一、英译汉 1. It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. 【译文】把一场工业革命同两次政治革命归作一类似乎有点奇怪,但事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。 2. Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterise all the Industrial Revolution. 【译文】在修建英国的运河网的过程中,有两点是非常突出的,而这两点也正是整个工业革命的特点。 3. The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 【译文】运河是交通的动脉,开运河不是为了走游艇,而是为了通行驳船。 4. James Brindley was a pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’. 【译文】布林德雷是开凿运河的先驱者,当时人们把开凿运河叫做navigation。

5. Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the west. Another was the application of machinery to farming. 【译文】取得这一特殊成就有几方面的原因:第一个原因是向西部的扩展,第二个原因是机器在农业上的应用。 6. …for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 【译文】……以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关,另一方面,也是农业科学的研究中心。 7. …This is nothing li ke back home in Colorado. We have rains there, too. Thunderstorms in spring and summer... 【译文】……这跟家乡科罗拉多的情况迥然不同。科罗拉多也下雨。春夏两季雷雨交加……【解析】原文第二句用there代替in Colorado,而译文重复“科罗拉多”。 8. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. 【译文】全世界在注视着。全世界在倾听着。全世界在等待着看我们将做些什么。 9. As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people, the American people are a great people.

普通语言学概要(推荐文档)

语言学概要 一:动物的“语言”和人类的语言的区别表现在哪? 1、功能开放:动物的“语言”所能传递的信息固定有限,是封闭的系统。与之相反,人类 语言是开放的系统,能够传递的信息无限的丰富。 2、构造灵巧:人类语言具有远非动物“语言”所能企及的合理、灵巧的构造。 二:人类语言的灵巧靠哪几个性质设计出来? 1.任意性:如果声音和意义的结合不是任意的,必须有道理可说。如果坚持音义的结 合都是有道理可说,那么大多数无法用声音模拟的事物就得不到音的表达。只有任 意性才能保证任何事物都能用语音表达。 2.离散性:指每个单位有独立的存在,彼此不相混淆。 3.阶层性:是以少驭多,始终保持调理清晰的有效装置。 三:幼儿学说话的几个阶段: 1.咿呀期:属于初期发音,不受周围人说话的影响。 2.独词句阶段:一岁半左右进入独词阶段,每次用一个词表达意思。 3.双词句阶段:儿童快进入两岁的时候能够将两个独词句迅速地连起来说,是造句的 萌芽。 4.电报体阶段:儿童两岁半到三岁起,说话逐渐加长,句子里的语法关系也开始复杂 起来,于是虚词,语法变化陆续出现。 5.接近成人阶段:大约四岁,电报体阶段才大致结束;约五岁的时候,语法接近成年 人的语法;全民掌握得5到10岁。 四:关于幼儿学话的机理,心理学家和语言学家提出的三个学说的主要内容? 1.“模仿说”:认为幼儿是通过模仿听到的语言而学会说话的。通过成人的重复、更正、赞许、等反馈,正确的说法得到强化,由此形成幼儿说话的习惯。 2.“天赋说”:作为“模仿说”的对立面,这种假说认为儿童天生就具有一种“语言习得装置(LAD),它是大脑专为学话预先准备好的,包括一套发现或构筑语言规则的一般原则。幼儿接触外界的语句时,LAD就自动运行,帮助儿童弄懂这些语句,并且从它们推测这种语言的语法,如什么是句子,句子怎么构成等等。儿童用这种知识来产生句子。 3.“认知说”:持这种观点的学者认为,语言习得是儿童智力发展的一个方面,不能脱离智力发展的全局来考察。 ***语言学的三大流派:三大潮流: 1、历史比较语言学 19世纪 科学背景:生物进化论 2、结构主义语言学 20世纪早期和中期 科学背景:机械论和原子论 3、转换生成语法 20世纪中后期 科学背景:计算机科学、数学和数理逻辑

《英汉翻译基础教程》 笔记及习题(篇章翻译)【圣才出品】

第7单元篇章翻译 7.1 复习笔记 语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。语篇包括“话语”(discourse)和“篇章”(text)。语篇特征为:连贯、衔接,且具有明确的论题结构。 一、衔接 根据Halliday和Hasan的著作《英语中的衔接》,衔接手段大致可分为两种:语法衔接手段(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接手段(lexical cohesion)。前者又可以包括指称(reference)、省略(ellipsis)、替代(substitution)和连词(conjunction)。 1. 指代 指代主要分为三类:人称指代、指示指代和比较指代。 英语中,为了实现衔接,一般尽量采用代词指代前面出现的名词。汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词,或者采用“零式指称”,省略主语。例: My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. 【译文】朋友有点不好意思地说,买这座房子时,孩子们还在上学,如今都成家立业了。 2. 省略

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[4]索绪尔著.高名凯译.普通语言学教程[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1999. [5]高名凯.语言论[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1995. [6]布龙菲尔德著.袁家骅等译.语言论[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1997. [7]徐通锵胡吉成主编.《语言学纲要》学习指导书 [M] .北京:北京大学出版社,2001. [8]高名凯石安石主编.语言学概论[M] .北京:中华书局1963 [9]刘伶黄智显陈秀珠主编.语言学概要[M] .北京:北京师范大学出版社,1984. [10]徐通锵.基础语言学教程[M] .北京:北京大学出版社,2001. [11]王德春.语言学概论[M] .上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997. [12]伍铁平主编.普通语言学概要[M] .北京:高等教育出版社,1993. [13]戚雨村主编.语言学引论[M] .上海:上海外语教育出版社,1985. [14]彭泽润李葆嘉主编.语言理论[M] .长沙:中南大学出版社,2003.

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普通语言学概要

普通语言学概要 1、语言学在学科领域中能起到哪些作用? 语言学既是一门基础学科,又是一门带头学科。 (1)语言学的基础作用: 文化的继承和发展 语言教学。 (2)语言学的带头作用: 语言学的有关理论推动了其它领域、 其它学科的研究进程。 2、传统语言学有哪几个研究中心?各自的代表性成果是什么? 三个研究中心: 古代印度、古代希腊和古代中国。 代表性成果: 古代印度:公元前4世纪,波尼尼《波尼尼经》(《梵语语法》)。 古代希腊:公元前2世纪,特拉克斯《语法术》(《语法艺术》)。 古代中国: 特点:从语义入手。 特有的名称:“小学”。 三门学科: 训诂学:公元前2世纪《尔雅》; 文字学:公元100年,许慎《说文解字》; 音韵学:《广韵》(1008年); 语法学:1898年,马建忠《马氏文通》。 3、中国的传统语言学与古印度和古希腊的传统语言学相比,在研究的切入点上有什么不同? 4、历史比较语言学的研究成果是什么?哪几个人物为历史比较语言学的诞生做出过重要贡献? 研究结果:对世界上的语言进行了谱系分类。 两位先驱、三位创始人: 两位先驱: 威廉琼斯:1786年,第一个提出印欧语言之间存在着共同的历史来源。 史勒格尔:1808年,第一个提出“比较语法”的术语。 三位创始人: 德国的葆普:1816年,动词变位系统。 丹麦的拉斯克:1818年,词汇对应关系。 德国的格里姆:1819年,语音对应规律。

5、结构主义语言学、转换生成语言学的创始人是谁?诞生的标志是什么? 结构主义语言学: 创始人:20世纪以瑞士语言学家索绪尔的语言理论为代表以及受这种理论影响而进行的语言理论研究。 诞生的标志: 1916年,索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。 转换生成语言学: 创始人:美国语言学家乔姆斯基。 诞生的标志:1957年,《句法结构》。 6、美国描写语言学的代表人物是谁?代表著作是什么?什么时间出版? 美国学派: 代表人物:布龙菲尔德。 代表著作:《语言论》,1933年出版,是美国结构主义语言学的纲领性著作。 7、掌握语言学分类的标准和结果。 0.2.1 从研究范围的角度分类 1、从涉及语言种类的范围分类:普通语言学和具体语言学。 2、从涉及语言结构部门的范围分类:整体语言学和部门语言学。 3、从涉及语言存在的时间范围分类:共时语言学和历时语言学。 0.2.2 从研究方法的角度分类 1、描写语言学:截取语言发展中的一个横段面,用静态的描写的方法,如实地记录语言的结构,客观地反映语言中存在的现象和规律。 2、比较语言学:用对比的方法,对不同的语言进行研究,找出它们的相异之处或共同规律。 0.2.3 从研究目的的角度分类 1、理论语言学:探索语言的规律,目的是指导语言研究和教学。 2、应用语言学:研究如何把语言理论应用到实际中去,解决现实中的实际问题。 8、简述语言和言语的区别和联系 语言和言语的区别: 语言的材料和规则是有限的、封闭的,是全社会共同理解和遵守的; 言语是无限的、开放的,是受个人意志支配的。 语言和言语的联系: 语言存在于言语当中,言语是对语言的具体运用。 语言一方面在言语中起着决定性的规范作用,另一方面又从言语的运用中概括和丰富自己的规则;言语以语言的共同规则作为活动基础,在个人意志的支配下,产出千变万化的句子。 9、举例说明什么是组合关系和聚合关系,二者的区别与联系。 组合关系(句段关系): 语言符号在线性序列中发生的相互结合关系。 聚合关系(联想关系): 通过联想、类比而形成的符号间的相互替换关系。

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