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考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

1994 Text 1

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1、The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 美国的经济体制是在基本上由私营企业组成并以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这个经济体制里，需要生产什么主要是由消费者在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务决定的。

1.1 organize英/??:g?na?z/ 美/?rɡ?n?a?z/vi. 组织起来；成立组织vt. 组织；使有系统化；给予生机；组织成立工会等

1.2 basically英/'be?s?k(?)l?/ 美/'bes?kli/adv. 主要地，基本上

1.3 oriented英/'??r?ent?d/ 美/'or??nt?d/v. 调整；使朝向（orient的过去分词）；确定…的方位adj. 导向的；定向的；以…为方向的

1.4 determine英/d?'t??m?n/ 美/d?'t?m?n/v. （使）下决心，（使）做出决定vt. 决定，确定；判定，判决；限定vi. 确定；决定；判决，终止；[主用于法律]了结，终止，结束

2、Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. 为了获取利润，私有企业主之间互相竞争，来生产这些产品和提供这些服务。在竞争的压力下运作，追求利润的动机很大程度上决定了生产商品和提供服务的方式。

2.1 competition英/?k?mp??t??n/ 美/,kɑmp?'t???n/n. 竞争；比赛，竞赛

2.2 motive英/'m??t?v/ 美/'mot?v/n. 动机，目的；主题adj. 发动的；成为动机的vt. 使产生动机，激起

3、Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with （加上，外加；与…相结合）the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. 因此，在美国的经济体制中，消费者个人的需求、商人对获取最大利润的追求以及消费者渴望最大化自己的收入，所有这些共同决定了应该生产什么和如何利用资源去生产这些产品。

3.1 maximize英/'m?ksimaiz/ 美/'m?ks?ma?z/vt. 取…最大值；对…极为重视vi. 尽可能广义地解释；达到最大值

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1、An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. 在以市场为导向的经济中的一个重要因素是反映消费者需求以及生产者对消费者需求作出反应的机制。

1.1 mechanism英/'mek(?)n?z(?)m/ 美/'m?k?n?z?m/n. 机制；原理，途径；进程；机械装置；技巧

2、In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to(响应；回答；对…有反应) relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. 在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制提供，在价格体系中，价格随消费者的相对需求和出售者及生产者的供应情况而上下浮动。

2.1

3、If the product is in short supply relative to(相对于；涉及) the demand, the price will be bid up(抬价) and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. 如果产品相对供不应求，价格就会抬升，从而使一些消费者从市场上消失。

3.1 eliminated英美/??l?m??ne?tid/v. 被淘汰；消除；排除（eliminate的过去分词）

4、If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.另一方面，如果商品的大量生产导致成本的降低，这会促使销售商和生产商供给的增加，从而反过来导致价格下降，致使更多的消费者购买产品。因此，价格是美国经济体制中的调节机制。

4.1 commodity英/k?'m?d?t?/ 美/k?'mɑd?ti/n. 商品，货物；日用品

4.2 regulating英/'regj?,le?t??/ 美/'r?gj?,let??/vt. 调节；校正（regulate的现在分词）

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1、The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. 私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（私有财产），允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，以及生产产品、提供服务以获取利润。

1.1 hire英/'ha??/ 美/'ha??/n. 雇用，租用；租金，工钱vt. 雇用；出租vi. 雇用，租用；受雇

1.2 profit英/'pr?f?t/ 美/'prɑf?t/n. 利润；利益vt. 有益于vi. 获利；有益gain control over 控制

2、In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. 在美国经济中，私人财产的概念不仅仅包含对生产资料的所有权，还包含某些其他权利，其中包括确定产品的价格或与另一私营者签订自由合同。

2.1 embrace英/?m'bre?s; em-/ 美/?m'bres/vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含vi. 拥抱n. 拥抱

2.2 ownership英/'??n???p/ 美/'on???p/n. 所有权；物主身份

2.3determine英/d?'t??m?n/ 美/d?'t?m?n/v. （使）下决心，（使）做出决定vt. 决定，确定；判定，判决；限定vi. 确定；决定；判决，终止；[主用于法律]了结，终止，结束

2.4 contract英/'k?ntr?kt/ 美/'kɑntr?kt/n. 合同；婚约vt. 感染；订约；使缩短vi. 收缩；感染；订约

2.5 individual英/??nd??v?d???l/ 美/??nd??v?d???l/n. 个人，个体adj. 个人的；个别的；独特的

1994 Text 2

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1、One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. 1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。

1.1 issued英/???u:d/ 美/'??j?d/n. 发布日期v. 发布，发行（issue的过去分词形式）adj. 发行的

2、They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. 信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆，当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物，同时信用卡还可以使他们享受银行提供的许多服务。

2.1 automatic英/??t?'m?t?k/ 美/'?t?'m?t?k/n. 自动机械；自动手枪adj. 自动的；无意识的；必然的automatic credit自动信贷across the country遍布全国；祖国各地

3、More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon -- it`s already here.越来越多的信用卡可以自动读取，于是持卡人就可以在不同地方存取，不管本地支行是否营业。对于我们很多人来说，“无现钞的社会”不是即将来临，而是已经到来。

3.1 withdraw英/w?e'dr??/ 美/w?e'dr?/vt. 撤退；收回；撤消；拉开vi. 撤退；离开

3.2 deposit英/d?'p?z?t/ 美/d?'pɑz?t/n. 存款；押金；订金；保证金；沉淀物vt. 使沉积；存放vi. 沉淀withdraw or deposit money 存取款

3.3 scattered英/'sk?t?d/ 美/'sk?t?d/adj. 分散的；散乱的

3.4 branch英/brɑ?n(t)?/ 美/br?nt?/n. 树枝，分枝；分部；支流vt. 分支；出现分歧vi. 分支；出现分歧

3.5 horizon英/h?'ra?z(?)n/ 美/h?'ra?zn/n. [天] 地平线；视野；眼界；范围

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1、While computers offer these convenience s to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash register s can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range

of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to

keep track of their list of goods by showing which item s are being sold and how fast they are moving. 计算机为消费者提供诸多便利的同时，也给商家带来了很多优势。电子收银机能做的远不止记录销售额，它们可进行各种各样的记录，包括谁卖了什么，何时卖的，卖给了谁。通过被售商品的种类及其销售速度等信息的显示，商家能够随时了解其商品的情况。

1.1 convenience英/k?n'vi?n??ns/ 美/k?n'vin??ns/n. 便利；厕所；便利的事物

1.2 register英/'red??st?/ 美/'r?d??st?/n. 登记；注册；记录；寄存器；登记簿vt. 登记；注册；记录；挂号邮寄；把…挂号；正式提出vi. 登记；注册；挂号

1.3 electronic cash register[金融] 电子现金收入记录机ring up打电话；把款项记入现金进出记录机

1.4 item英/'a?t?m/ 美/'a?t?m/n. 条款，项目；一则；一件商品（或物品）adj. 又，同上v. 记下；逐条列出

2、Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignment s to be made accordingly. 然后卖家便可以做出是再定货还是把商品退给供应商的决定。同时这些计算机记录哪些时间段是销售高峰和哪些员工最有效率，从而可以相应地调整员工工作任务的分派。

2.1 efficient英/?'f??(?)nt/ 美/?'f??nt/adj. 有效率的；有能力的；生效的

2.2 assignment英/?'sa?nm(?)nt/ 美/?'sa?nm?nt/n. 分配；任务；作业；功课

2.3 accordingly英/?'k??d??l?/ 美/?'k?rd??li/adv. 因此，于是；相应地；照著

3、And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturer s for similar reasons. 此外，他们还可以确定偏爱的顾客群进行促销活动。基于同样的原因，生产商们也依赖计算机。

3.1 preferred英/pr?'f??d/ 美/pr?'f?d/v. 偏爱（prefer的过去分词）adj. 优先的；首选的

3.2 promotional英/pr?'m????nl/ 美/pr?'mo??nl/adj. 促销的；增进的；奖励的

3.3 manufacturer英/,m?nj?'f?kt?(?)r?(r)/ 美/,m?nju'f?kt??r?/n. 制造商；[经] 厂商

4、Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. 计算机分析的营销报告能有助于决定目前应重点生产哪些商品，将来开发哪些产品，应停止生产哪些产品。计算机跟踪库存商品，现有原材料甚至生产过程本身。

4.1 emphasize英/'emf?sa?z/ 美/'?mf?sa?z/vt. 强调，着重

4.2 raw英/r??/ 美/r?/n. 擦伤处adj. 生的；未加工的；阴冷的；刺痛的；擦掉皮的；无经验的；（在艺术等方面）不成熟的vt. 擦伤

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1、Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theater s to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. 许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂都通过计算机的使用给消费者提供更好、更高效的服务。

1.1 numerous英/'nju?m(?)r?s/ 美/'num?r?s/adj. 许多的，很多的

1.2 commercial英/k?'m???(?)l/ 美/k?'m???l/n. 商业广告adj. 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的

1.3 theater英/'θ??t?/ 美/'θi?t?/n. 电影院，戏院，剧场；戏剧；手术室

1.4 utilities英/ju?'t?l?t?z/ 美/ju't?l?tiz/n. 公用事业；实用工具，[计] 实用程序；公共事业设备；公用程式（utility的复数）

1994 Text 3

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1、Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapt ed to those differences.

特殊儿童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同龄的孩子。对于这些孩子来说，要把他们全部的成熟的潜力开发出来，他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。

1.1 potential英/p??ten?l/ 美/p?'t?n?l/n. 潜能；可能性；[电] 电势adj. 潜在的；可能的；势的

1.2 adapt英/?'d?pt/ 美/?'d?pt/vi. 适应vt. 使适应；改编

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1、Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. 虽然我们关注的是特殊儿童的需要，但却发现我们也在描述他们的生活环境。

2、While the leading actor on the stage capture s our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. 当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也意识到配角及戏剧场景的重要性。

2.1 capture英/'k?pt??/ 美/'k?pt??/n. 捕获；战利品，俘虏vt. 俘获；夺得；捕捉，拍摄录制

2.2 supporting英/s?'p??t??/ 美/s?'p?rt??/n. 支持；支承面v. 支持；供养（support的ing

形式）adj. 支持的；辅助性的；次要的

2.3 scenery英/'si?n(?)r?/ 美/'sin?ri/n. 风景；景色；舞台布景

3、Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. 特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。

4、And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society`s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.正是在公立学校里我们感受到

了社会知性的充分体现——向下一代传授知识、希望和恐惧。

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1、Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. 任何社会的教育都

是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到优点、弱点、希望、偏见，以及文化本身的核心价值。

1.1 strength英/stre?θ; stre?kθ/ 美/str??θ/n. 力量；力气；兵力；长处

1.2 prejudice英/'pred??d?s/ 美/'pr?d??d?s/n. 偏见；侵害vt. 损害；使有偏见

2、The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicate s the strong feeling in our society that all citizen s, whatever their special conditions, deserve

the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.过去30年间公共教育表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大

关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈情绪，即所有公民，不论情况怎么特殊，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。

2.1 indicate英/'?nd?ke?t/ 美/'?nd?ket/vt. 表明；指出；预示；象征

2.2 citizen英/'s?t?z(?)n/ 美/'s?t?zn/n. 公民；市民；老百姓

2.3 deserve英/d?'z??v/ 美/d?'z?v/vi. 应受，应得vt. 应受，应得

2.4 capabilities英/?ke?p??b?l?t?s/ 美/,kep?'b?l?tis/n. 能力（capability的复数）；功能；性能

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1、“All men are created equal.” We`ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country`s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpret ed to mean equality of opportunity. “人人生来平等”。这句话我们已听过无数次，但在民主社会它对教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家建立者们用来表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。

1.1 democratic英/dem?'kr?t?k/ 美/'d?m?'kr?t?k/adj. 民主的；民主政治的；大众的

1.2 phrase英/fre?z/ 美/frez/n. 短语习语措辞乐句vt. 措词将(乐曲)分成乐句

1.3 denote英/d?'n??t/ 美/d?'not/vt. 表示，指示

1.4 interpret英/?n't??pr?t/ 美/?n't?pr?t/vi. 解释；翻译vt. 说明；口译

2、That concept implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. 这个概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。

3、Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. 最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受适当的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。

3.1 confirm英/k?n'f??m/ 美/k?n'f?m/vt. 确认；确定；证实；批准；使巩固

3.2 appropriate英/??pr??pr??t;(for v.)??pr??pr?e?t/ 美/??propr??t;(for v.) ??propr?et/adj. 适当的；恰当的；合适的vt. 占用，拨出

4、In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs. 作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。

4.1 modify英/'m?d?fa?/ 美/'mɑd?fa?/vt. 修改，修饰；更改vi. 修改

4.2 instruction英/?n'str?k?(?)n/ 美/?n'str?k??n/n. 指令，命令；指示；教导；用法说明

4.3 substantially英/s?b'st?n?(?)l?/ 美/s?b'st?n??li/adv. 实质上；大体上；充分地

1994 Text 4

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1、I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we`ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因，”微生物学家罗伯特·温伯格，一位癌症专家如此说道，

1.1 vast英/vɑ?st/ 美/v?st/n. 浩瀚；广阔无垠的空间adj. 广阔的；巨大的；大量的；巨额的

1.2 microbiologist英/,maikr?u,bai'?l?gist/ 美/,maikr?u,bai'?l?gist/n. 微生物学家

2、“But,” he caution s, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. “但是，”他又告诫说，“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因，治疗方法很快就会跟上。

2.1 caution英/'k???(?)n/ 美/'k???n/n. 小心，谨慎；警告，警示vt. 警告

3、Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”其实不然，想想法国细菌学家巴斯德，他发现了许多传染病的成因，但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”

3.1 infection英/?n'fek?(?)n/ 美/?n'f?k??n/n. 感染；传染；影响；传染病

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1、This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates that figure will be 75 percent. 今年，91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年存活率将升至75％。

1.1 estimate英/'est?me?t/ 美/'?st?,met/n. 估计，估价；判断，看法vt. 估计，估量；判断，评价vi. 估计，估价

2、For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺). 现在对于一些皮肤癌来说，5年期存活率高达90％，但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。

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1、With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells. 癌症种类现有多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的进展。当时他们发现致癌基因，即那些可以引起癌症的基因，在正常细胞中是不活动的。

1.1 in existence现有的；现存的；实际存在的；实有的

1.2 oncogene英/'??k?(?)d?i?n/ 美/'ɑ?k?,d?in/n. [遗][肿瘤] 致癌基因

1.3 inactive英/?n'?kt?v/ 美/?n'?kt?v/adj. 不活跃的；不活动的；怠惰的；闲置的

2、Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. 从宇宙射线到辐射再到日常饮食，任何东西都有可能激活处于沉寂状态中的致癌基因，但是如何激活不为人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活，而细胞无力排除，它们就演变成了癌细胞。

2.1 cosmic英/'k?zm?k/ 美/'kɑzm?k/adj. 宇宙的（等于cosmical）

2.2 radiation英/re?d?'e??(?)n/ 美/,red?'e??n/n. 辐射；放射物

2.3 diet英/'da??t/ 美/'da??t/n. 饮食；食物；规定饮食vt. [医] 照规定饮食vi. 节食

2.4 activate英/'?kt?ve?t/ 美/'?kt?'vet/vt. 刺激；使活动；使活泼；使产生放射性vi. 激活；有活力

2.5 dormant英/'d??m(?)nt/ 美/'d?rm?nt/adj. 休眠的；静止的；睡眠状态的；隐匿的

2.6 driven英/'dr?vn/ 美/'dr?vn/v. 驾驶，开车（drive的过去分词）adj. 被动的，受到驱策的；有紧迫感的；（人）发愤图强的

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1、The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. 导致癌变的确切机制仍然是个谜，但是许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。

1.1 exact英/?g'z?kt; eg-/ 美/?ɡ'z?kt/adj. 准确的，精确的vt. 要求；强求；急需vi. 勒索钱财

1.2 mysterious英/m?'st??r??s/ 美/m?'st?r??s/adj. 神秘的；不可思议的；难解的

1.3 likelihood英/'la?kl?h?d/ 美/'la?kl?h?d/n. 可能性，可能

1.4 initiate 英/?'n???e?t/ 美/?'n???et/n. 开始；新加入者，接受初步知识者vt. 开始，创始；发起；使初步了解adj. 新加入的；接受初步知识的

2、“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. “变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉?海沃德说道。

2.1 evolutionary英/,i?v?'lu???n?r?/ 美/,iv?'lu??n?ri/adj. 进化的；发展的；渐进的

2.2 oncologist英/??'k?l?:d?ist/ 美/??'k?l?:d?ist/n. 肿瘤学家；肿瘤医师

3、Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can`t prepare

a medicine against cosmic rays.”环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样：“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”

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1、The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. 治癌前景虽然遥远，但却越来越明朗了。

1.1 prospect英/'pr?spekt/ 美/'prɑsp?kt/n. 前途；预期；景色vt. 勘探，勘察vi. 勘探，找矿

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1、“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. “首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制其本身。

2、Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. 其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因总是造成至少部分麻烦的原因。

3、If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”如果我们能弄清癌症的原理，我们就能采取相应的措施。”

3.1 counteract英/ka?nt?r'?kt/ 美/,ka?nt?'?kt/vt. 抵消；中和；阻碍

1994 Text 5

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1、Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. “无知者”认为科学技术上的发明创造来自灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性的事件。

1.1 untaught英/?n't??t/ 美/,?n't?:t/adj. 无知的；未受教育的v. 使忘却学过的东西（unteach 的过去式和过去分词）

1.2 blinding英/'blaindi?/ 美/'bla?nd??/n. 碎石子adj. 使人眩目的；使人失去判断力的

1.3 dramatic英/dr?'m?t?k/ 美/dr?'m?t?k/adj. 戏剧的；急剧的；引人注目的；激动人心的

2、Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. 亚历山大?弗莱明爵士可不像传说中的那样，看了一眼奶酪上的霉就立刻想到了青霉素的发明。

2.1 legend英/'led?(?)nd/ 美/'l?d??nd/n. 传奇；说明；图例；刻印文字

2.2 cheese英/t?i?z/ 美/t?iz/n. [食品] 奶酪；干酪；要人adj. 叛变的；胆小的vt. 停止

2.3 penicillin英/pen?'s?l?n/ 美/,p?n?'s?l?n/n. 盘尼西林（青霉素）

3、He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error.他是对抗菌物质进行了长达九年的实验才有了这项发明的。发明及创新几乎都来自于反复尝试和失败。

3.1 antibacterial英/,?nt?b?k't??r??l/ 美/,?nt?b?k't?r??l/n. 抗菌剂；抗菌药adj. 抗菌的

3.2 substance英/'s?bst(?)ns/ 美/'s?bst?ns/n. 物质；实质；资产；主旨

3.3 laborious英/l?'b??r??s/ 美/l?'b?r??s/adj. 勤劳的；艰苦的；费劲的

3.4 invention英/?n'ven?(?)n/ 美/?n'v?n??n/n. 发明；发明物；虚构；发明才能

3.5 Innovation 英/??n??ve??n/ 美/,?n?'ve??n/n. 创新，革新；新方法

4、Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. 创新就像踢足球，即使是最出色的球员也会痛失进球机会，其射门被挡住的机会大大多于进球的机会。

4.1 blocked英/bl?kt/ 美/blɑkt/v. 阻塞（block的过去分词）adj. 堵塞的；被封锁的Paragraph 2

1、The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal -- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. 问题在于得分最多者正是那些射门最多的球员，任何领域的创新亦如此。

2、The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. 创新者与其他人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法。

3、Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. 每个人都有想法，但是创新者会自觉地钻研自己的想法，并且不断努力直到证明想法切实可行，或不可实现为止。

3.1 consciously英/'k?n??sl?/ 美/'kɑn??sli/adv. 自觉地；有意识地

3.2 practicable英/'pr?kt?k?b(?)l/ 美/'pr?kt?k?bl/adj. 可用的；行得通的；可实行的

4、What ordinary people see as fanciful abstraction s, professional innovators see as solid possibilities. 普通人视为凭空想像的抽象概念在职业创新者眼里却具有充分的可能性。

4.1 ordinary英/'??d?n(?)r?; -d(?)n-/ 美/'?rdn?ri/n. 普通；平常的人（或事）adj. 普通的；平凡的；平常的

4.2 fanciful英/'f?ns?f?l; -f(?)l/ 美/'f?ns?fl/adj. 想象的；稀奇的

4.3 abstraction英/?b'str?k?(?)n/ 美/?b'str?k??n/n. 抽象；提取；抽象概念；空想；心不在焉

4.4 solid英/'s?l?d/ 美/'sɑl?d/n. 固体；立方体adj. 固体的；可靠的；立体的；结实的；一致的

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1、“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there`s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.

1.1 virtue英/'v??tju?; -t?u?/ 美/'v?t??/n. 美德；优点；贞操；功效

2、This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”“造创性的思维方式也许只不过意味着意识到以其一贯的方式去做事并不一定有什么道理”，语言专家鲁道夫写道。这解释了我们对塑料垃圾袋和带轮箱包之类看似简单却令生活更便利的发明的反应：“为什么以前没有人想到那个方法呢？”

2.1 garbage英/'gɑ?b?d?/ 美/'ɡɑrb?d?/n. 垃圾；废物

2.2 suitcase英/'su?tke?s/ 美/'sutkes/n. [轻] 手提箱；衣箱

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1、The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. 创造性方法始于“一切不可貌相”的主张。创新者不会接受办事只有一种方法的事实。

1.1 proposition英/pr?p?'z??(?)n/ 美/,prɑp?'z???n/n. [数] 命题；提议；主题；议题vt. 向…提议；向…求欢

1.2 nothing is as it appears事情并非看上去那样(一切不可貌相)

2、Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. 面对从A到B，普通人会自动踏上一条最为人熟悉、显然最简单的路径。

2.1 automatically英/??t?'m?t?kl?/ 美/,?:t?'m?tik?li/adj. 不经思索的adv. 自动地；机械地；无意识地

2.2 apparently英/?'p?r?ntl?/ 美/?'p?r?ntli/adv. 显然地；似乎，表面上

3、The innovator will search for alternate course s, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.创新者则探寻另外不同的道路，它们最终被证实更为简单、更为有趣、更富挑战性，即使有时也会失败。（长难句⑥）

3.1 alternate英/??:lt?ne?t;(for adj.)?:l?t?:n?t/ 美/??lt??net;(for adj.)??:lt?rn?t/n. 替换物adj. 交替的；轮流的vt. 使交替；使轮流vi. 交替；轮流

3.2 course英/k??s/ 美/k?rs/n. 科目；课程；过程；进程；道路；路线，航向；一道菜vt. 追赶；跑过vi. 指引航线；快跑

3.3 bound英/ba?nd/ 美/ba?nd/n. 范围；跳跃adj. 有义务的；必定的；受约束的；装有封面的vt. 束缚；使跳跃vi. 限制；弹起

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1、Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 极富创造性的人的确是标新立异的。

1.1 drummer英/'dr?m?/ 美/'dr?m?/n. 鼓手；旅行推销员；跑街

1.2 march to a different drummer标新立异（俚语）

考研英语阅读理解全文翻译

Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语

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2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及参考答案

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考研英语阅读（1） To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“被误导的运动要想成功，所需的只是好人不作为。”现在，就有这样一个运动正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的

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历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势，（网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职

考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.doc

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Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the u nconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Th inking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possib ilities.”

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1990年 1. be determined by 由…所决定 2. have something to do with 与…有关 3. be central to sth. 是…的核心 4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反 5. be due to 由于（常做表语） 6. be deprived of 被剥夺 7. respond to 对…作出反应 8. as the basis of 依据/根据 9. be born with 天生具有 10. In contrast 相比之下 1991年 11. shut off 关上，停止，切断 12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何； in no case 决不 13. or so 大概，大约 14. at the rate of 以…的速率 15. take time 花费时间 16. be likely to 可能；倾向于

17. result in 导致 18. not nearly 远不能；远非 19. head into走向；陷入（危机） 20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言 21. make…possible 使…成为可能 22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来；加上 23. in the fashion of 以…方式 24. such…as 像…一样 1992年 25. refer to…提到；谈到 26. agreement on 一致意见 27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如 28. in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面 29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看 30. draw a conclusion 得出结论 31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度 32. only if 只要 33. the same…as 与…一样 34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏

考研英语阅读翻译1

ase to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” 现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。密苏里大学法学院Dennis D. Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消除整个专利类别”。 Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. 对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些注：to the punch的英文解释为to the first blow or to decisive action ― usually used with beat 所以这里翻译为“先下手为强”或“抢占先机”。 The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of th ree, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling. 前面提到的Bilski案例涉及到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险规避方 The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. 联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的

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