自考英语二完形填空技巧

自考“英语（二）”应试技巧-完型填空

完型填空（Cloze Test）应试技巧

完型填空是测试考生语篇理解能力和词汇运用能力的一种综合手段。做完型填空题，考生必须具有扎实的语法基础、比较牢固的词汇基础以及良好的语感。

1.做题步骤

1）通览全篇，分文体，定结构，知大意。

做完型填空题，答题的关键在于准确理解短文的大意。要做到这一点，就要分清文章的文体与行文结构。本题的短文多为说明文或议论文，结构较紧凑，往往开门见山地提出主题，然后逐点说明或评议，最后小结。所以做题前应浏览全篇，重点是首段、尾段以及每段的首句、尾句。

2）初选答案，理脉络，顾前后，忌恋战。

在掌握文章大意的基础上，根据上下文所提供的搭配、结构、语义等线索来初选答案。初选时，要着眼空格所在的完整句子，瞻前顾后，重点解决与结构、搭配有关的小题。对于个别词汇的考题，如果一时难以抉择，不要恋战，而是继续往下进行，往往进行到下文，对前边的问题就会有了主意。

3）复读全文，核答案，句通顺，意要畅

题目做完后，要通读“完型”后的全文，核查自己所选的答案能否使文章连贯，语法正确。如果你发现你所选的某个答案放在句中读起来很别扭，那么你的语感在提醒你对此答案要三思。

2.判断技巧

做完型填空题时，在遵循以上三个步骤的同时，还要注意解题思路或技巧。

1）搭配判断法

根据对以往考试的分析，搭配型题目在完型填空题中占的比例最重。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度，比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。

2）结构判断法

结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等，解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从而做出迅速正确的判断。完型填空题目中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完型填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有：

A.转折、让步：这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but ， still ， yet ， however， though ， although， no matter，in spite of ，anyway， even if ，等。

B.因果关系：表原因的连词或词组有： because （of ）， due to ， owing to ， thanks to ，since， for ， as ，等。表结果的词或词组有： so ， therefore， then ， as a result， in consequence， consequently， thus，等。

C.表示递进、补充关系：这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。常用的词、词组有：moreover， likewise， besides， in addition ， also ， too， not only … but also ， apart from ，what‘s more 等。

D.表示对比、比较关系：对比表示观点或事物间的差异性，比较表明观点或事物间的同一性。表示对比的词或词组有：in contrast， by contrast， on the contrary， conversely， unlike，oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有：like， in comparison ，compare… with ， as ， just as 等。

3）词义判断法

词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项，遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断。

以上只是在理论上提出的应试建议，除此之外，还要多做练习，才能在实践中深刻体会。

应试技巧之-阅读理解

阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）应试技巧

1.两种方法

方法一：先看文章后做题。主要针对简单易懂的文章，时间又较充裕的情况。

方法二：先看题目后读文章再做题。这种方法在时间紧、文章长的情况下更为实用。，这样可以带着问题去阅读，文章中的内容与考题有关系时仔细阅读，与题目无关时，可以置之不理，很快跳过去。还有一些题目涉及一般常识或科普知识，可以在未阅读文章之前自己先行判断，在阅读时只要对自己的判断进行验证就可以了。

2.三个侧重

除了题目本身所要求查找的细节外，阅读时一定要注意不要逐字逐句地死抠，而要有所侧重。

1）侧重首段、尾段，首句、尾句、

因为这些部分往往是作者所要谈及的论点、主题或中心思想，抓住了主干，那么细节问题就会迎刃而解。

2）侧重语篇标志词。

语篇中句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间就是通过这种词语连接起来的，把握住这些词语就等于把握了句与句、段与段之间的关系，对于获取所需信息、准确答题至关重要。语篇标志词主要表示：（1）例解：如， for instance ， for example，（2）列举（3）比较；（4）转折和对比；（5）原因；（6）结果；（7）方式手段；（8）时间；（9）地点；（10）目的；（11）分类；（12）补充；（13）强调；（14）条件；（15）结论。

3）侧重长句、难句。

因为英语表达多以冗长著称，论理性很强的文章更是如此。通过较长的句子来表达复杂的思想内容，从而使文章更具有说服力。所以，我们在阅读时，必须重视长句、难句，认真分析句子，把握关键。事实上，不少问题就是针对这些长句、难句而设置的。

3.阅读理解题型1）主旨题：

这类问题主要测试考生把握主题与中心思想的能力。主要形式有：

a.The main idea of this passage is ________.

b.The passage mainly discusses ____________.

c.What is the passage primarily concerned about？

d.What is the main topic of this passage？

e.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？

f.The best title for this passage might be _________.

作者的态度、写作目的与主题和中心思想关系密切，可以看作主旨题的延伸。主要形式有：

问写作目的：

g.The author writes this passage mainly to _______.

h.The author‘s purpose in writing this passage is _________.

问态度：

i.The author‘s attitude towards … is _________.

j.The tone of this passage can be described as ___________.

2）细节题：

这类问题测试考生把握文章细节的能力，主要与文中的考点相联系，如：最高级、唯一性、其他对比、数字年代、原因等。主要形式有：

是非题：（三正一误或三误一正）

a.Which of the following is True ？

b.Which of the following is NOT True ？

c.Which of the following is Not mentioned in Paragraph …？

例证题

a.The author gives an example in Paragraph …… mainly to show that ______.

其他具体细节题

From the passage ，it can be seen that …。

The main reason for …is _________.

3）推理题

这类题主要测试考生能否在理解字面意义的基础上，根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论，进而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。主要形式有：

A It is implied in the passage that ________.

B The passage implies （suggests） that ________.

C It can be inferred from the passage that _________.

D It can be concluded from the passage that ________.

E Form the passage we can infer （draw the conclusion） that _________.

4）词义题

这类问题主要测试考生使用词语搭配和根据上下文判断词义的能力。主要形式有：

g.The word “…” in line （Paragragh ）…… most probably means ______.

h.In paragraph …，the word “…” refers to （stands for） _______.

i.The word “…” in Paragraph … can be best replaced by ________.

词汇题考查的词汇主要是熟词僻义或生词

4.猜字的几种技巧

在阅读过程中，经常会遇到一些生词、难词，考试中又不允许查字典，这就需要利用猜字的技巧了。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一，下面重点介绍如何通过上下文线索来猜测词义。 1）利用词根、词缀构词法

2）直接定义

作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解，作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语，或使用定语从句加以阐明，或用冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：that is （to say）； e .g.；or，in other words；to put it in another way 等。

例如：She is bilingual.In other words，she speaks English and French equally well.

（bilingual：会说两种语言的）。

3）近义复述

同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。例如：

It is difficult to list all of my father‘s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities，（attribute：特质；才能）

4）对比和并列表述

利用上下文中的对比或并列表达猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词（尤其是偏词、难词）的同义词或反义词，运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以提示。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however；on the other hand；nevertheless等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如：

If you agree，write “yes”；if you dissent，write “no”。（dissent：不同意）

5）根据常识

有些生词看似很难，但根据语境，根据读者的经历或常识，很容易猜出词义。如果所读的材料是考生熟悉的内容或在自己专业知识范围内，生词就更易化解了。

其实，猜词的方法并不限于以上这些，大家在阅读中要多动脑筋，善于总结，还能总结出一些更适合白己的技巧和方法来。

自考“英语（二）”应试技巧-英汉互译

汉译英（Translation from Chinese into English）应试技巧

1.事先筹划，再来做题

在翻译每一个句子时，一定要事先筹划：先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构，是简单句还是复合句，或者是强调句、倒装句。如果选用了复合句，那么要明确哪部分是主句，从句采用的形式，是定语从句、状语从句还是其他的从句。在一个句子内，主语是什么，谓语用什么时态，是主动还是被动，要不要虚拟语气，这些都要事先筹划好。然后动笔进行翻译。遣词造句过程中，要格外注意一些细节问题：1）仔细斟酌、选用最能确切表达原文意思的英文单词或词组；2）名词的复数形式，动词的不规则变化，主谓语的一致性：3）单词的拼写，标点符号，大小写，冠词的使用等。任何一个细节注意不到都可能出错丢分。

2.灵活处理，提高把握

在翻译过程中，有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写，这时千万不能灰心丧气，甚至放弃整个句子。这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。最好不要把那个词空着，更不要用汉字去替代。

对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理，有些没把握的结构，可以用比较有把握的结构来代替。例如，复合句没有把握，可以用两个简单句来表示；分词做状语没有把握，可以用状语从句来代替等等。比如：这个由10人组成的委员会一致支持这一决定。

The panel/committee/board consisting of /

which was composed of

which was made up of

which consist of

10 members supported the decision with one voice /all supported the decision .

3.注意书写和卷面整洁

这个问题本来可以不提，但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在考试中信手写来，一些不良的书写习惯也带了进来，例如“r”“V”，不分，“i” “l”，不分……，有的常常遗忘标点符号，从而造成不必要的丢分。

在对此题进行备考复习时，首先对以往做过的“汉译英”作业进行复习，特别是作业中的错误之处，要进行思考，以求提高水平和技巧。

其余的，则可和总复习一起进行，如语法复习、课文复习、单词复习等。但在复习过程中，对一些重点句、重点语法现象，除了记忆之外也要往“汉译英‘这方面想一想，自己给自己提问题：若要考汉译英，这部分可能出什么类型题？这样就会印象更深。

从最近几年的考试情况来看，汉译英主要包括定语从句、形容词或副词的比较级、被动语态、虚拟语气、it作形式主语或形式宾语、强调句型等。当然，汉译英的目的是将汉语的句意用规范的英语表达出来，用什么语法结构和词语是手段问题，只要译文的句意与原文一致，不出现重大的语法错误，拼写正确，就符合翻译的要求。

五、英译汉（Translation from English into Chinese）应试技巧

1.准确理解

1）了解英汉表达手段的重大差别

A）英语习惯用被动语态，而汉语习惯用主动语态。汉语句子时常没有主语，而英语句子除了个别特殊情况（如祈使句、感叹句）以外，不能没有主语。所以，在翻译时，－定要把握英汉两种语言的不同表达习惯，既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的表达习惯。

例如：Something must be done to protect our environment from further pollution.

（必须采取措施，使我们的环境免受进一步的污染。）

B）英语习惯用从句（长句），而汉语习惯用单句（短句）。在考试中要善于运用分译法，用汉语的短句来表达英语长句的内容。

例如： In warmer areas primitive man could use branches to make a framework which be then covered with leaves.

（在气候较为温暖的地方，原始人类能用树枝搭建屋架，外面用树叶遮盖。）

C）英语习惯用名词表示行为动作，汉语则往往相反。

例如：He paid a visit to an exhibition of advanced science and technology on Sunday.

（星期天他参观了一个高科技展览。）

D）表达时间、空间时，英语习惯先小后大，汉语则往往相反。

例如：He was born in an out -of- way mountain village in South China at 2 a.m .on May6，1968.

（他于1968年五月六日凌晨两点出生于中国南部一个偏僻的小山村里。）

2）通过语境吃透全文

词语的理解离不开上下文，这是我们在翻译中必须时刻牢记的一条。英语中一词一义的情况极为罕见，只有通过上下文才能了解单词的确切的含义。在翻译中，要特别注意以下三个问题：

A）认真把握多义词在语境中的特定含义

例如：What you said sound reasonable.（你的话听起来有道理。）

His father gave him a sound beating.（他爸爸痛打他一顿。）

B）注意习惯用语的理解

英语历史悠久，拥有极为丰富的习语，对习语的掌握程度往往决定一个学习者的真实语言水平。因而，考试经常涉及这方面的内容。，例如：

I know this fellow from A to Z.（这家伙我非常了解。）

C）确定代词在上下文中的指代关系

代词的理解更是离不开一定的语境 .代词、代名词或者代动词在句中指代的是什么只有在特定的语境中才能确定。对于代词的考查是英译汉常考之内容。在翻译中，有时代词只是照字面译为“这、那”是远远不够的，须将起代替的部分加以重述。

We have 365 days in a year.（一年有365天。）

A big nation had its problems，a small nation has its advantages.（大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的有利条件。）

2.翻译技巧

1）词类的转译

名词、动词、形容词往往根据需要转译为其他词类。例如：

My admiration for him grew more . （我对他越来越敬佩。）（n.- v.）

He acted as if he were a teacher. （他的举止像个教师。）（v.- n.）

Man differs from animals in that he is able to speak（人类与动物的区别在于他会讲话。（v -n）

The new treaty would be good for ten years.（新条约有效期为十年。）（ adj- n.）

2）词的增补

在翻译过程中，经常遇到这种情况：英文原文中某些词语，无法用一般字典中相对应的汉语释义表达出来。翻译时考生应根据原文的意思，活用字典，用地道的汉语表达出来。有时要根据英语动词时态形式增补时间修饰语，有时要增补原文中的省略部分，有时要把代词还原为所指的对象，有时要增补连接词以加强修辞效果。例如：

They are working on my bike. （他们正在修理我的自行车。）

He remained though he was badly ill.（虽然病得很重，但是他还是留了下来。）

We found him at his book in the library.（我们发现他在图书馆看书。）

3）定语从句的翻译

英语和汉语的定语都有前置、后置之分。但不同的是：英语以定语后置为主：汉语则以前置为主，极少用后置。所以在翻译过程中，后置定语的翻译是一大难题，尤其是定语从句的翻译。通常有两种译法：一是译作前置定语；一是采用分译法。

限制性定语从句一般可按前置修饰语译作“……的”。

例如；This is the reason why an airplane sometimes must taxi a long way before taking off.

（这就是为什么飞机在起飞之前有时必须滑行一段长路的原因。）

非限制性定语从句大多在句中起补充说明的作用，翻译时不改变其语序，而是根据其作用区别处理，有时通过重复先行词将定语从句译为并列句或独立句，有时加上连接词语，译为转折、目的、结果、原因、让步。、条件、时间等状语从句。

例如：In Southern France a solar furnace has been built，where temperature reach more than3，000 centigrade（在法国南部己经建造了一座太阳炉，炉温高达摄氏3000度以上。）

Copper，which is used so widely for carrying electricity，offers very little resistance.

（铜的电阻很小，所以非常广泛地用来输电。）

3.做题步骤

考生要遵循三个基本要求，即“忠实、通顺、易懂”。译文要力求忠实原文，能直译则直译。也就是说如果直译出来的汉语通顺就直译，不便于直译的英语句子在处理时，要力求在忠实于原文的基础上，使译文通顺。

英译汉做题的步骤应该是：

1）了解段落大意。

通过把握主题段或主题句快速了解短文的主题思想，理解对于翻译短文是相当重要的，先思考，再动笔，不要反复涂改。有的考生往往是拿到试卷就开始翻译，“只见树木不见森林”，等译不下去了再回读，那样做既费时间又影响情绪。

2）理解和表达。

这是英译汉应试中的实质性阶段。鉴于试题具有一定的难度，尤其是长句的翻译，要在准确理解的基础上，按照汉语的表达习惯，用地道的汉语表达出来。

3）校改

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