雅思阅读及练习

Classifying Societies

Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.

Clan

These are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild (undomesticated) food resources. Most surviving hunter- gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Clan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members.

Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered---and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.

Tribe

These are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a wcapitalw or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.

The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or small town of Catalhoyiik in modem Turkey.

Chiefdom

These operate on the principle of ranking—differences in social status between people. Different lineages (a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor) are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no true stratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.

Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.

Early State

These preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler (perhaps a king or sometimes a queen) has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships：it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest：palace is distinguished from temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue (often in the form of taxes and tolls) and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.

This rather simple social typology, set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service's categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.

Questions 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

True if the statement agrees with the information

False if the statement contradicts the information

Not Given if there is no information on this

1 There's little economic difference between members of a clan.

2 The farmers of a tribe grow a wide range of plants.

3 One settlement is more important than any other settlements in a tribe.

4 A member's status in a chiefdom is determined by how much land he owns.

5 There are people who craft goods in chiefdoms.

6 The king keeps the order of a state by using an army.

7 Bureaucratic officers receive higher salaries than other members. Questions 8-13

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

8 What are made at the clan work sites?

9 What is the other way of life for tribes besides settled farming?

10 How are Qatalhoyuk’s housing units arranged?

11 What does a chief give to his subjects as rewards besides crafted goods?

12 What is the largest possible population of a chiefdom?

13 Which group of people is at the bottom of an early state but higher than the

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Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes Sense A. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs， the boss of Apple，on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music，which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM， it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system， called FairPlay， is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished. B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling)， any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm， such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals， the company warned of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM， it implied， could keep the pirates at bay. C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM： the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others， says Mr Jobs， because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry， says Mr Jobs； without it there would be far more stores and players， and far more innovation. So， he suggests， why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected？“This is

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Section I Words A.Match the words with the same meaning.W rite down the letters on you answer sheet. (1(1’’*6) 1.epidermic 2.motivate 3.assume 4.appealing 5.controversy 6expertise A.skill or knowledge in a particular area B.dispute,argument C.attractive D.an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely E.to provide with an incentive;impel . F.to take for granted,suppose B.Fill in the blanks with proper forms of words given in the box,one word can be used more than once.(1(1’’*10) evolve prepare propose minimum peer through cheat weep address exploit except 1.Not surprisingly,his was not well received,even though it seemed to agree with the scientific information available at the time.. 2.The little girl with disappointment when she learned that her favourite Barbie Dolls were sold out. 3.The price is her,she refuses to lower it any further. 4.Apes,monkeys and many other primates have fairly elaborate systems of calls for communicating with other members of their species. 5.Some melodies are quite manipulative,working on our emotions very effectively,and composers have often this to the full. 6.I realized I’d been when I saw the painting on sale for half the price I paid for it. 7.To this problem,Counter Intelligence built a kitchen of its own and started making gagets to fill it with. 8.Most birds don’t have a good sense of smell,but fish-eaters such as petrels and shearwaters are significant. 9.Why bother a clear door,when you can put a camera in the oven to broadcast snapshots of the activities in the oven to a screen in another room? 10.Exploration will allow us to make suitable for dealing with any dangers that we might face,and we may be able to find physical resources such as minerals. SectionⅡ.Translation A.Translate the following sentences into English.(3(3’’*5) 1.Despite the hardship he encountered,Mark never (放弃对知识的追求) 2.由于缺乏对这种病的了解，许多人依然认为HIV受害者都是自作自受。(owing to; ignorance)

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必考的高频替换 增加 / 提高 减少 / 下降 保护 发现 改变 称为 / 名称 方法 惊讶 灭绝 特别 各种 媒体 机会 军事 国际 预测 困难 局限 营养 钱 进化 政府 否定 范围 /数量极限词 程度极限词 频率极限词 顺序极限词Increase improve rise more higher develop boom grow enhance reinforce explosion expand thrive boost benefit surge promote climb advance soar. Decline decrease reduce downward fall drop loss Protect preserve conservation save. Find discover identify spot detect recognize realize Change vary shift modify transform revise alter reform Named called referred to as ,known as, termed, expression Way approach method means access solution Surprising unexpected take aback Extinction ,die out, endangered Special, unusual, not tradition, particular. Various ,a variety of ,diversity, a series of ,a rang of , a array of ,a line of ,a list of ,sorts of ,types of. Media, newspaper, TV,broadcasting,magazine, redio Chance, opportunity, edge Military,war,battle,weapon International ,global, world,cosmopolitan,universal,oversea,not domestic,external. Predict,expect,anticipate. Difficult,demanding,hard,serious condition. Limit, restrict, occupy part of ,confine Nutrition, diet, food, protein, mineral. Cost,profit,investment,price,salary,wage,fund,income,wealth,income,tax,tariff,expense, Budget, Evolve,evolution,develop Government, policy, planner, authority. 显性： not 系列； no 系列 隐形： hardly,too...to, rather than, yet, seldom,rarely,scarcely,be inferior to,flaw,deficient,dis- 系列， mis-系列 . 极限词 Only merely whole completely every all universal wherever cosmopolitan fully entire no one without majority most generally any through Most,ultimately,optimum,must, main,supereme,fully,urgent,dominant,prime,chief,immediate,ultimate . Always remain ,never,invariably,constant,stay. Top,origin,earliest,begin,launch,initial,coin,first.

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①表示因果关系的词, 如because, as, since, for, due to, thanks to, as a result of等. 在考试中, 在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外, 还有一些表示因果关系的大词, 如trigger, breed, induce, engender, generate, be responsible for, affect, determine等, 这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系. 所以也是考生在解题中值得注意的. ②表示转折关系的词, 如but, however, while, yet, instead, rather, whereas等 ③表示让步关系的词, 如despite, in spite of, although等 ④表示并列关系的词, 如and, both…and…, neither…nor等 ⑤表示举例关系的词, 如such as, for example等 观察有无这类词的目的在于为了回原文定位时, 能缩小寻找范围, 使定位更加准确. 在文章阅读中, 题目中的某些单词会进行同义转换而变得面目全非，但是句意不会变，语义关系不会变，这是最可靠的定位依据。从而逻辑关系词对于考生在解题中把握语义间的内在关系起了关键作用. 如剑桥4 Test 2 Passage 1 Lost for words 一篇中的summary 题中This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___Q1______. But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and ____Q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their ____Q3_____.

1月9日雅思阅读真题

1月9日雅思阅读真题 一、考试概述：本次新年的第一场考试又是AB卷。A卷第一篇话题讲了生物的生存不确定性，第二篇介绍了音乐的力量，第三篇讲了课堂大小对于学习效果的影响。的话题是两新一旧，第一篇内容为古生物化石，第二篇是情绪影响人的行为，第三篇是儿童文学 二、具体题目分析 A卷Passage 1：题目：Living with uncertainty 题型：判断7+简答6 题号：新题 答案：1-7 判断题1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 TRUE5 NOT GIVEN6 FALSE7 TRUE 8-13简答题 8 lit fires9 saltbush10 European farming11 wheat12 pear13 Tellers (目前无明确回忆，答案仅供参考) Passage 2： 题目：The power of music 题型：段落信息匹配5+Summary 4+人名配理论4 文章大意：待补充 答案：14-18信息配段落14. D15. I16. C17. F18. E 19-22 Summary without word list 19 physical health20 disabled21 brain scans

22 walking 23-26人名配理论23 C24 B25 A26 A (答案仅供参考) Passage 3： 题名：Does class size matter? 题型：段落信息匹配5+分类配对9 文章大意：待补充 答案：27-31 段落信息匹配27 D28 E29 A30 C 31 B 32-40 Classification32 A33 C34 B35 C36 A37 C38 A39 B40 A (目前无明确回忆，答案仅供参考) B卷Passage 1： 题目：The History of building telegraph lines 题型：判断6+简答7 文章大意：电报的发展史 相似文章： A The idea of electrical communication seems to have begun as long ago as 1746, when about 200 monks at monastery in Paris arranged themselves in a line over a mile long, each holding ends of 25 ft iron wires. The abbot, also a scientist, discharged a primitive electrical battery into the wire, giving all the monks a simultaneous electrical shock. “This

雅思阅读基础班材料

第三章 一基础句型 （1）S+V Nobody went out. The children are playing. (2) S+V+O We love our country. Granny looks after the baby carefully. They put up a new hospital. He dreamed a horrible dream last night. (3) S+V+O+O He gave his sister the piano. He bought his wife a fur coat. The old man gave a story book to the boy. (4) S+V+O+C I found the book easy. They held him hostage. I heard him singing. (5) S+L+P Trees are green. The milk tastes sour. She became a lawyer. 感观动词：seem，appear，look，taste，smell ，sound ，feel 变化过程动词：become，get，grow，turn，go，come ，fall 保持状态动词：be，stay，remain，keep，continue，stand 二句子成分 主语谓语宾语定语状语补语表语同位语 Samuel Pepys , the famous writer of the test，was most sorry for the fact that many famous buildings were destroyed. 同位语从句 独立成分：与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系 如：感叹语呼语插入语 Hi , Tracy, you look tired. What’s more, their parents allow them to stay out. As a result, it became a success in the US. 三动名词：含义 （1）做主语：According to the writer of the test, imaging the future will serve the interests of the present and future generations. It’s no use buying a lot of books without reading them. (2) 做表语：His job is teaching physics. Seeing is believing. (3) 做宾语：Our monitor suggested having a discussion of this subject. We are looking forward to visiting your country. (4)做定语：There is a swimming pool at the back of the garden 四分词：动词的另一种形式，是谓语动词

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Reading handout for lesson 1 Part 1 Part 1.1 :Vocabulary Chess Basketball Board games Sports Swimming Tennis Cards Dancing Weightlifting Skiing Yoga Shopping Exercise Having fun PartyingKarate Poker Puzzles Kick boxing Hiking Sharing Chatting Part 1.2: Practice3

Part 2：Reading 1.Read the following text and then look at the questions on the next page. The value of friendship Recent research into the world of teenagers has suggested that they value friendship above everything else. Children aged between 12 and 15 were asked what was important to them. Their answers included possessions such as money and computer gadgets but also relationships with people. The teenagers questioned said that friends were the most important to them, more even than family, or boyfriends and girlfriends. We wanted to find out more about the results of this research so we asked our readers what they thought about the value of friendship. Here are some examples of what they said about their friends: Ben, 15: Every time I have a fight with my parents, I need some time on my own. But after that, the first thing I do is meet up with my friends. After playing football for a while, or skateboarding, I usually feel much happier again. Rory, 13: When I moved to a village in the countryside, I thought that it would be the end of my friendships. But my old friends have kept in touch and they come and visit in the holidays. There's a lake nearby, so we often go sailing, water-skiing or windsurfing. And I have made some new friends here too, at school, and since I joined the rugby club. Carlos, 11: Last year, I broke my arm on a skiing holiday. Unfortunately, it was my left arm and I am lefthanded. My school friends all helped and copied their notes for me. It seems that our readers value their friendships very highly. From what they told us, they spend a lot of time with their friends, just hanging out, or sharing hobbies and interests. They seem to need their friends for advice, help, chats, and for having fun. Clearly, friends make each other feel better. Looking at what our readers told us, the results of the recent research are not really surprising. 2.Try to answer this question yourself first, before reading the explanation. Choose the best answer from the letters a-d. To teenagers, money is ... a)not important. b)as important as computer gadgets. c)as important as relationships with people. d)less important than friendships. 3.Look at the questions in Exercise 4, without reading the answer options. Underline the question words (e.g. where, when, what) and the key words in each of the questions (1-3) and sentence stems (4-5). 4.Now answer these multiple-choice questions. Choose the appropriate letter a, b, c or d. i.Why are Ben, Rory and Carlos mentioned in the article? A.They know why teenagers value friendship. B.They gave information about themselves. C.They read magazines, D.They are teenage boys.