四六级翻译部分四大语法难点评析
四六级翻译部分四大语法难点精评
（一）虚拟语气
虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下：
1. (should)+动词原形的情形(已考)
2. if或but for等引导的条件句(已考)
3. wish, if only, it is time…的用法
(should)+动词原形的情形
1．在动词suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, resolve, argue, maintain, determine, recommend, advise, advocate, persuade等表示“命令”、“建议”、“要求”动词后的宾语从句中。
She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. 她坚持要预定座位。
He advised that the doctor (should) be sent for. 他劝我们派人请医生。
注：如果上述动词作其他意思解释，或者说话者认为所讲的事是事实，要用陈述语气。
When asked why he declined our invitation, he suggested that he was not on good terms with the director.
真题重现
【CET-4:2006.6】The professor required that __________________(我们交研究报告)。
参考答案：we hand in our research report(s)
2．在advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, idea, recommendation, request, plan,等名词后的主语从句或表语从句中------上面动词对应的名词
He issued the order that the troops (should) withdraw at once. 他命令部队马上撤退。
3．在形容词important, necessary, imperative, natural, urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, vital, advisable, preferable, incredible以及短语no wonder, a pity等可以构成“It is +形容词（名词）+that”句型中。
It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. 必须立即采取行动。
真题重现
【CET-6:2007.6】It is absolutely unfair that these children ______(被剥夺了受教育的权利).
参考答案：These children (should) be deprived of the right to receive education.
if或but for等引导的条件句
if引导虚拟条件句的用法
条件从句结果主句
与现在事实相反动词过去式(be动词用were) would+动词原形
与过去事实相反had+过去分词(had done) would have done
与将来事实相反一般过去时/were+不定式/should+动词原形would(should)+动词原形
He wouldn’t feel so cold if he were indoors.他要是在室内就不会觉得冷了。（与现在事实相反）
I am sorry I am very busy just now. If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.
我很抱歉，现在很忙。如果有时间，我肯定陪你去看电影了。（与现在事实相反）
The conference wouldn’t have been so successful if we hadn’t made adequate preparations.
如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是不会开得这么成功的。（与过去事实相反）
If it snowed/were to snow/should snow tomorrow, I should (would) stay at home.
but for=if it were not for…/if it had not been for…l
But for your help they would not have fulfilled the task in time.
真题重现
【CET-4:2006.12】The victim _______________________(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time
参考答案：would have survived
【CET-6:2007.12】But for mobile phone, ____________________.
我们的通讯就不可能如此迅速和方便)
参考答案：our communication would not have been so efficient and convenient.
【CET-6:2007.1If you had ___________________(听从了我的忠告，你就不会陷入麻烦).
参考答案：followed my advice/suggestion, you would not have been in trouble.
It is (high, about) time …句型要求用虚拟语气
谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”。
It’s ti me_____________________(采取措施) about the traffic problem downtown.
something was done/some measures were taken
动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气
与现在事实相反were或动词的一般过去式
与过去事实相反had done或would/could have done
将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望would/should(could, might)+动词原形
I wish she were here. 她在这里就好了。
I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 但愿你明天跟我们一块去。
I wish she had taken my advice. 那时她要是听我的话就好了。
if only后用虚拟语气（要是…就太好了）
现在没有实现的愿望一般过去式
过去没有实现的愿望过去完成式
If only she had known where to find you. 他要是知道到哪里去找你就好了。
If only I could speak several foreign languages!我要是能讲几种外语就好了！
（二）从句
从句的内容非常庞杂，该专题主要讲解在翻译题可能考察的名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等。
一、名词性从句
名词从句是指行使名词功能的从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及补语从句。
1.主语从句——从句作主语
主语从句主要由that, what, whether, how以及其它词引导，还有就是由代词it作形式主语。
That he survived the accident is a miracle.他在这场事故中幸免于难，真是奇迹。
特别提示：尽管that并没有实际含义，但是他起到引导主语从句的功能，在这里不可或缺。
What he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.他喜欢做的事情被社会所忽视，认为毫无价值，无足轻重。
How he managed to finish the job is of interest to us all.他是如何设法完成这项工作的，我们对此都很感兴趣。
Whether the results will be valuable depends partly on our attitudes towards it.结果是否有价值在部分程度上取决于我们对此的态度。
特别提示：whether引导的主语从句位于句首时，whether不能由if代替。
2.宾语从句——从句作宾语。
The court decisions have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.法院裁决责令公立学校必须采取必要步骤提供这种教育。
I can’t understand why he avoided speaking to me.我不理解他为什么不跟我说话。
真题重现
【CET-4：2007.12】Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life ____________(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), not how much they can earn.
参考答案：is measured by how much they can loan
3.表语从句——从句作表语
The next question we have to decide is when we have to submit the annual report.我们必须决定的下一个问题是，什么时候我们必须呈交年度报告。
【CET-4：2007.12】In my sixties, one change I notice is that _____(我比以前更容易累了)。
参考答案：I am more likely to get tired than before
4.同位语从句——从句作同位语
同位语从句在句中作同位语，对被修饰名词的内容予以解释说明。特点：抽象名词在前，表达具体内容的从句在后。常见的包括：
agreement, assumption(假设), belief, conclusion, decision, determination, discovery, dream, evidence, explanation, fact, guess, hope, idea, knowledge, likelihood, message, mind, news, notion(观念), opinion, possibility, prediction(预言), proposal, proposition(论点，主张), suggestion, rumor, theory, thought, truth
I have no doubt that he will overcome all his difficulties.他会克服一切困难，对此我并不感到怀疑。
二、定语从句
定语从句是修饰限定名词或代词的从句。掌握定语从句的关键在于把握引导词，既用来引导定语从句的词。定语从句的内容比较庞杂，希望同学们在复习时多总结和归纳。
真题重现
【CET-4：2007.6】The prevent and treatment of AIDS is ________________________ (我们可以合作的领域).
参考答案：a field where(in which) we can cooperate.
三、状语从句
状语从句分为：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句。
真题重现
【CET-4：2007.12】I am going to pursue this course, ____________(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲)。
参考答案：no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make
【CET-4：2006.12】Some psychologists claim that people______________(出门在外时可能会感到孤独)
参考答案：may feel lonely when they are away from home
【CET-6：2007.12】Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, _______________.
(而动物的行为主要依靠本能)
参考答案：While animal behavior depends mainly on their instinct.
（三）倒装与强调
一、倒装
1．当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装，如不在句首或虽在句首但不修辞状语时用正常语序。
Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.
只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论。
Only in this way can we catch up with the wo rld’s advanced levels in science and technology.
只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。
其他如：only then, only once, only in America\China, only after the accident等。
真题重现
【CET-6：2007.6】Only in the small town_________.
(他才感到安全和放松)
参考答案：does she feel secure and relaxed
2．never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。
这类词或词组常用的有：never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, not until, by no means, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way(决不), in no case(决不), neither …(nor), no sooner…(than), hardly…(when), barely(仅仅，几乎不), on no account, in no circumstances(决不), not a bit, nowhere, not only…but also等。
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家，还是一位诗人。
Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense. 我从未听到过这种胡说！
真题重现
【CET-6：2007.12】The witness was told that under no circumstances_____________.
(他都不应该对法庭说谎)
参考答案：should he lie to the court.
【CET-6：2007.1】______________(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form.
参考答案Not until the deadline did he send (out)
3．the more…, the more结构中的倒装。
【CET-4：2006.6】90. The more you explain, _________________(我愈糊涂).
参考答案：the more confused I am
二、强调句
1．It is/was +被强调部分+that/who…
对于这个结构，需要注意以下几点：
①强调句型中的系动词除is和was之外，没有其他形式的变化;
②被强调部分如果是人，可以用who, 也可以用that,其他情况用that（常识性知识，一般不能作为考点）。
③在not…until句型里，如果强调由until所引导的时间状语时，not须跟在until之前，即构成It is not until…that结构。
It is because she is too inexperienced that she does not know how to deal with the serious situation.
她不知道如何应对这种严重情况是因为她太缺乏经验了。
It is because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.
正是因为水涨了，他们没有渡过河去。
注：强调的如果是原因状语从句，只能由because引导，不能由since, as或why引导。
It was not until the second year that he has adapted himself to the college life.
直到第二年他才适应了大学生活。
真题重现
【CET-6：2007.1】______________(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form.
参考答案：It was not until the deadline that he sent (out)
（四）非谓语动词
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。非谓语动词的考点主要有：
1．英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图mean意欲，打算determine决定pretend假装decide决定hesitate犹豫hope 希望intend想要refuse拒绝decide决定等
真题重现
【CET-4：2007.6】Because of the leg injury, the athlete ________________________ (决定退出比赛).
参考答案：decided to quit the match.
【CET-6：2007.12】The Foreign Minister said he was resigning, ____________________.
(但他拒绝进一步解释这样做的原因)
参考答案：while he refused to further explain why./while he refused to make further explanation for doing so.
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
enable使能够ask要求，邀请allow允许force强迫press迫使inspire鼓舞request请求help帮助invite吸引，邀请encourage鼓励等
真题重现
【CET-4：2006.12】Specialists in intercultural studies says that it is not easy to _______________(适应不同文化中的生活)
参考答案：adapt oneself to life in different cultures.
【CET-6：2007.1】After the terrorist attack, tourists _______（被劝告暂时不要去该国旅游）.
参考答案：were advised/suggested not to go to that country as their tourism destination for the present.
3)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
dislike不喜欢，讨厌appreciate 感激，欣赏avoid避免enjoy享有，喜爱c an’t h elp不禁escape逃跑，逃避ca n’t stand受不了deny否认mind 介意finish完成，结束不得postpone延迟，延期hate讨厌等
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
2．非谓语动词中的有关句型
（1）动名词作主语的句型
1) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。
2)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。
小学生必须掌握的重点英语语法四大时态
小学生必须掌握的重点英语语法四大时态 小学英语主要是如下的四大时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时。 1一般现在时 一、标志词 a l w a y s(总是)u s u a l l y(通常)o f t e n(经常)s o m e t i m e s(有时)n e v e r(从不)e v e r y(每一) 二、基本用法 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。 2.表示经常性、习惯性的动作。 3.表示客观现实。 三、构成 1.b e动词：主语+b e动词（a m i s a r e）+其它. 2.行为动词：主语+行为动词+其它。 四、句型 肯定句： A.b e动词：b e+主语+其它。
B.行为动词：主语+动词（注意人称变化）+其它。 否定句： A.b e动词：主语+b e+n o t+其它。 B.行为动词：主语+助动词（d o/d o e s）+n o t+d动词原形+其它一般疑问句：A.b e动词：b e+主语+其它。 B.行为动词：助动词（D o/D o e s）+主语+动词原形+其他. 特殊疑问词：疑问词+一般疑问句 2.现在进行时 一、标志词 n o w（现在）,l o o k（看），l i s t e n（听） 二、基本用法 表示现阶段正在进行的动作 三、基本结构 1.肯定句：主语+b e动词+动词现在分词（i n g）+其它。 2.否定句：主语+b e动词+n o t+动词现在分词（i n g）+其它。 3.一般疑问句：b e动词+主语+现在分词（i n g）+其它。
4.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。 3.一般将来时 一、标志词 t o m o r r o w（明天），s o o n（不久），w i l l（将要=b e g o i n g t o）二、基本用法 表示在在将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。 三、基本结构 1.肯定句：主语+b e g o i n g t o+动词原形。 主语+w i l l+动词原形。 2.否定句：主语+b e g o i n g t o+动词原形。 主语+w o n’t+动词原形 3.一般疑问句：B e+主语+g o i n g t o+动词原形 W i l l+主语+动词原形 4.特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句 4.一般过去时 一、标志词 y e s t e r d a y（昨天），a g o（以前），b e f o r e（在...之前）
四六级翻译十大常考句型
四六级翻译十大常考句型 冲刺阶段，考生除了要积累大量的翻译常考词汇，还要能灵活运用翻译中的常考句型，从而能够把词汇和句型结合起来，这样才会在翻译句子、段落时如鱼得水，无往不胜。下面将对最常考的十大翻译句型进行详细介绍和解析。 常考句型1：形式主语it句（it is...(for sb) to do/that...） 在这种句型中，it作为形式上的主语，并无实际语义，只是为了满足语法上的需求，避免句子头重脚轻。因此，在汉译英的过程中，如果汉语句子的主语非常长，而谓语部分又相对较短，那么在把它翻译为英语句子时，可以把汉语中的主语以动词不定式的形式或者that从句的形式放在最后，把it作为形式主语。 例：我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗，这是一定的。 【参考译文】It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city. 常考句型2: 存在句（there be句型） 存在句在英语中用来表示人或事物的存在、出现等意义，大多存在于描述性文章中。因此在汉译英时，如果一句话是表示一种客观存在的描述时，可以采取翻译为存在句的办法。此处的be可以根据汉语意思变化为各种形式如appear to be, seem to be, happen to be, used to be, ought to be, must be。存在句除了典型的there be结构，还可以用其他的系动词如live，stand，lie，come，exist，remain等来替换系动词be。 例：那里曾经有来自其他国家的移民。 【参考译文】There used to be immigrants from other countries. 常考句型3：主谓宾结构句汉语和英语语言体系中都有主谓宾结构（如，中国有着悠久的历史：China has a long history），而且都是语言的基本结构，因此掌握主谓宾句的用法在汉译英时是非常有帮助的。如果看到的汉语句子是非常规整的主谓宾结构，那么在翻译时就可以直接用对应的英语句子来翻译。 例：中国将加速节能产业的发展，使其到2015年成为国民经济的支柱产业。 【参考译文】China will speed up the development of energy-saving industry and make it a pillar of the national economy by 2015. 常考句型4：比较句比较句是英语中很常用的句式，应用范围极其广泛。该句式主要是通过形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级三种形式来对两种或两种以上的事物进行比较。因此如果汉语句中出现“（不）和/像...... 一样”，那么可以用同级比较句“主语+谓语+（not）so/as +形容词/副词原级+as+被比较的对象”；同样，如果句中出现“比......”这个标志性词，那么可以用“主语+谓语+more/less+形容词/副词原级+than+被比较的对象”来表示。而出现“最.......”则需要用最高级比较句“the most/least+形容词/副词+（名词）”。 例：北京大学是中国成立最早、最著名的大学之一。 【参考译文】Peking University is one of the most earliest and most famous universities in China. 其他常考句型 常考句型5：让步状语从句（Although... ; though...） 常考句型6：原因状语从句（...because....） 常考句型7：目的/结果状语从句（so (such)...that...；so that...） 常考句型8：条件状语从句（If...） 常考句型9：递进句（What’s more...；Moreover,...） 常考句型10：结果句（Therefore, ....；..., consequently, ...） 汉语中经常会有一些诸如“因为，尽管，因此，而且，如果”等这样的词来引导一句话，这种情况下，我们可以用英语中对应的状语从句或者逻辑词来对应地表达汉语中的意思。例：中国梦是中国的一个新名词。人们已经开始期待一个“梦想的国度”。因此，在中国人的意识中，中国梦将会取代美国梦。【参考译文】The Chinese Dream is a new term in China. People have begun to expect a “dream country”. Therefore, in the mind of Chinese people, the Chinese Dream will supersede the American Dream.
英汉翻译评析(附参考译文)
英汉翻译讲解（1） I.英汉之间的差别： “对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。”------吕叔湘 国内学者的共识是：汉语是综合性的，描写性的，而英语是分析性的，逻辑性的。在语言学上最重要的区别在于形合和意合的对比（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis），英语重形合（形式上的融合），汉语重意合（意思或意境的融合）。在句法方面，有学者形象地把英汉比喻为以下几种： 1．雄孔雀/雄狮-----即英语习惯于把最着重的事物放在句首先说出来，开门见山，一语破的，然后再把各种标志一条条补述，一步步交代，慢条斯理，从容不迫，形成一条头短尾长地线性链，象头小尾大地雄孔雀。而汉语则相反，其线性序列的展开好比画龙点睛，先把外围的环境与衬托一一交代周到，最后点出话语的信息中心，水到渠成，给人以豁然开朗之感，形成雄狮型头大尾小地局式。 例如：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。 又如：The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely （不足地，不充分地；一定不，绝不）contested （斗争；比赛）. 译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。 2．葡萄/竹竿-----即把英语句子比作“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，内容像竹竿一样一节一节展开，常称为“竹竿型”结构。 She was beautiful, with long dark hair and brilliant green eyes.她长得很美，一头乌黑亮丽的长发，一双晶莹明亮的绿色眼睛。 She has smooth akin as pale and iridescent as the moon shining over a snow-covered landscape.她光滑的肌肤白里透红，宛如皎洁的月光洒在茫茫血地上。 3．多枝共干----英语句子中还有两个或几个动词共受一个状语修饰，共有一个主语或宾语，或者两个或几个状语共同修饰一个动词，两个或几个主语或宾语共一个动词，这就好比几根树枝长在同一根树干上，我们称为“多枝共干”式结构。 4．也有学者认为英语是一种弥漫着“男子气”的语言。逻辑性、组织性和理性是以英语为母语的民族的思维支撑点，从而就形成了英语的“阳刚之美”。而汉语自有汉语之美。汉语不注重对客观现实作符合逻辑的形式的描摹，不执着于形式结构的规范，中国人的思维支撑点似乎更具有抽象，深邃和疏放的取向，由此繁衍生出的是显赫的暗示和幽远的意境从而形成汉语的“阴柔之美”。汉语的魅力在于她的流散和疏放，系于她超凡的暗示力和意境性。所以汉语的形式机制很弱，主谓宾没有形式标定，主谓间关系松散，宾语无定格，无定位，主语的超句承接功能很强。 如果说汉语是一种“人治”语言，那么，英语则是一种“理性”语言。汉语能化逻辑为内在，英语则必须将逻辑外化，化作种种行合的标记，化作启转承合的纽带。英语语法规范森严，理性十足；英语形式逻辑缜密，滴水不漏。 5．汉语是一种意境语言，一种艺术语言。寥寥数词，就能出意境，出氛围，出画面。
50个句子帮你突破四大语法难点
中学阶段，否定句、强调句、倒装句、主谓一致等语法难点经常让同学们头疼不已。今天我们就来一次难点突破。 否定句型 一、部分否定 代词或副词如：all, both, every, everybody,everything，everywhere, always等与not搭配使用时，表示部分否定，表示“并非都是，不是每个都是”等。 1. Not all of the schools have swimming pools. 不是所有的学校都有泳池。 2. Not every dream will be realized. 并非每个梦想都能成真。 3. Both the women were not French. 这两位女士不都是法国人。 4. He is not always here. 他并不总在这儿。 5. I don’t drop litter everywhere. 我不到处乱扔垃圾。 二、全部否定 通过使用no,none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等构成。 1. He told me allthe news but none of it was veryexciting. 他告诉了我所有的消息，但没有一条让人兴奋。
2. Nobody knows who first invented theumbrella. 没有人知道谁最先发明了雨伞。 3. At that time,there were no supermarkets. 那时没有超市。 4. A smile costs nothing, but gives much. 微笑不费分文，受者得益良多。 5. I’m going nowhere until you are back. 你回来之前我哪儿都不去。 6. Now neither of my parents give me money. 现在，父母都不给我钱了。 7. Never have I heard anything like it! 我从未听说过这样的事！ 三. 其他形式 1.never…without doing 每……必 He never goes to the store withoutbuying something to eat. 他每次到这个商店都要买些吃的。 2. cannot ... too / over 越…越好；再…也不嫌过分： One cannot be toocareful in choosing friends. 择友越谨慎越好。 3.no more ... than 同…一样不： I could no more do that than you. 你不能做那件事，我也不能做。 4.nothing but 只有；仅仅： Sandy could do nothing but admit to histeacher that he was wrong. 山迪只能向老师承认自己错了。 5.anything but 根本不；除…以外的任何事物： Maria is anything but stupid! 玛利亚才不笨呢！ 6.more A than B 是A不是B:
四六级翻译30个常用句型
1)It is+形容词+that It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。 2)It is+形容词+to do/ doing She had said what it was necessary to say. 她已经说了一切有必要说的话。 3)祈使句/名词+and/ or Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination. 努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。 4)as+many/ much+名词+as It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don. 据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。 5)倍数词+as+形容词+as The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago. 这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 6) 倍数词+ more +名词/形容词十than Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. 吸烟对人体健康的危害极大，每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。 7)(not)as/ so...as(和……(不)一样)
英汉翻译评析(答案)
Commentaries on the Version of “一个女人是这样衰老的” 一个女人是这样衰老的 SV：How a Woman Ages/A Woman’s Aging/A Woman Fades Thus/What causes a Woman to Grow Old/The Way in Which a woman is Aging/How a Woman Gets Old RV: The Way Woman Withers 点评：Rhetorical Device: distillation and aesthetic hightlights of language, either Chinese or English/The successful employment of alliteration(头韵) 1．二十岁的时候，我穿着一条背心式牛仔裙在校园里走来走去，一说话就脸红。三十岁的我穿着名牌套装，坐在办公桌前，满脸冷酷地对下属说：“这么愚蠢的问题你也敢问？也不先打个草稿。”SV: At the age of twenty, I walked about on the campus, wearing a vestlike jean skirt. My face would turn red whenever I speak. After I have turned thirty, I am seated in front of a bureau, in a suit of famous brand, reproaching a subordinate coldly “How dare you ask such a stupid question? Why didn’t you make a draft first?” RV: At the age of twenty, wearing a jeans jumper, I moved about on the campus, my face blushing the moment I had the inclination to make an
语法和翻译一
Fill in the blanks and translate sentences into Chinese. 1.The ocean is heating up. That’s the conclusion of a new study ____ finds that Earth’s oceans now absorb heat at twice the rate they did 18 years ago. 2.In particular, _____(attribute) poor performance ___ a lack of ability depresses motivation more than does the belief that lack of effort is to blame. 3.About 35 percent of the heat _____ (take)in by the oceans during the industrial era now residents at a depth of more than 700 meters, the researchers found. 4.The extensive data sources, ________(combine) with computer simulations(计算机模拟), created a timeline of ocean temperature changes, including cooling from volcanic outbreaks and warming from fossil fuel emissions. 5.Disagreements on such matters can understandably cause problems. If parents are angered by their daughter’s divorces, dislike her new husband, and disapprove of how she is raising their grandchildren, chances are that they are not going to enjoy her visits. 6.Moreover, most adult children provide every bit as much care and support to their aging parents as was the case in the “good old days” , and most older people do not feel _______ (abandon) 7.无数宽敞美丽的庭院藏身于屋舍之间，游客们每到一处都会有惊喜的发现。 （翻译） 8.Gamification(游戏化) is about understanding what it is that makes games engaging and what game designers do to create a great experience in
初中英语四大时态知识点
一般现在时 一、概念： 1)经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。 标志词或短语（带有表示频率的时间状语）：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc。) ,never， sometimes , seldom , usuall y等等She only write to her family once a month.她一个月只给家里写一封。 I go to work by bike every day。我每天骑自行车上班。 2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。 . He can swim. I work hard. I like watching TV. 3)表示客观真理 . There are seven days in a week. The sun rises in the east 。日出东方。 Ten minus two is eight。十减二等于八。 Light travels faster than sound 。光的速度比声音的速度快。 The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。 4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。主句表将来，从句要用一般现在时。 例：I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。 If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details。 如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。 二、句式结构： 1）主语 + be动词 + 其他 2）主语 + 行为动词 + 其他 三、句式转换 1）be 动词的一般现在时的句式转换： 肯定句：主语+be+表语(n., adj.等)
大学英语四级翻译常考句式及词组
一、常用单词组 education 教育 input in education 教育投入 communal participation 社会参与enhance the moral awareness of 提高……的思想品德 professional ethics 职业道德 credit system 学分制 guarantee job assignments 包分配multidisciplinary 多学科的 key university 重点大学 national expenditure on education 国家教育经费 account for…% 占百分比 intercultural communication 国际文化交流 equal stress on integrity and ability 德才兼备 to become educated through independent study 自学成材 compulsory education 普及教育preschool/elementary/secondary/higher / education 学前/初等/中等/高等教育adult education 成人教育 vocational and technical education 职业技术教育 institutions of higher learning 高等学校 inservice training course 在职进修班compulsory/optional course 必修/选修课 record of formal schooling 学历diploma 文凭，学历证明 二、常用句型 1、It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say. 2、强调句型 It is not who rules us that is important , but how he rules us. 3、"All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(very+形容词) He was all gentleness to her. 4、利用词汇重复表示强调 A crime is a crime a crime. 5、"something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似。" They say that he had no universty education , but he seems to be something of a scholar. 6、同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。 Those pigs of girls eat so much. 7、as…as…can(may)be It is as plain as plain can be. 8、"It is in(with)…as in(with)" It is in life as in a journey. 9、"as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如;实际上，其实，实在。 The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him. 10、"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，
翻译中的英汉八大不同解析
翻译中的英汉八大不同 一、英语重结构,汉语重语义 我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“ 就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》,《王力文集》第一卷,第 35页,山东教育出版社, 1984年 我们看一看下面的例子: Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived. 译文:孩子们可以和装有性格芯片的娃娃一起玩耍;内嵌性格装置的电脑将被视作人们工作上的伙伴而不仅仅是工具; 休闲时, 电视机还能满足人们嗅觉感官的需求——那时, 数码时代就已经到来了。 这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句,前三个句子都用简单将来时, 最后一个句子用的是将来完成时, 句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词 and 表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述, 至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来:前三个句子可以看成是并列关系,最后一个句子则表示结果。 二、英语多长句,汉语多短句 由于英语是“ 法治” 的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反,由于是“ 人治” ,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因, 英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子,而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。 例如:Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
最新高考语法突破四大篇第四部分专题名词性从句讲义英语
框架结构图 名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）中的连接词 名词性从句中的连接词有从属连词that/whether/if等，连接代词what/who/which/whose/ whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever等，连接副词where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever 等。 １．that的用法： （１）主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。 That they are good at English is known to us all. The problem is that we don’t have enough money. The report that there will be a severe storm in the northern area is false. （２）一般情况下，宾语从句中的引导词that可省略，但在以下几种情况中that一般不省略：１当that 从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入语时；２有多个that引导的从句时，第一个that可以省略，而其他的that 常不可省略；３介词except，but，besides，in等后跟that引导的宾语从句时；４当when，who，what，where，why，how等引导的从句与that引导的从句作主句谓语动词的并列宾语时。 He judged that，because he was a child，he did not understand wine. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. Everyone knew what happened and that she was worrieＤ． （３）that和what的区别。
大学英语四级翻译常考句型短语整理
education 教育 input in education 教育投入 communal participation 社会参与 enhance the moral awareness of 提高……的思想品德 professional ethics 职业道德 credit system 学分制 guarantee job assignments 包分配multidisciplinary 多学科的 key university 重点大学 national expenditure on education 国家教育经费 account for…% 占百分比 intercultural communication 国际文化交流equal stress on integrity and ability 德才兼备 to become educated through independent study 自学成材 compulsory education 普及教育 preschool/elementary/secondary/higher/ education 学前/初等/中等/高等教育 adult education 成人教育 vocational and technical education 职业技术教育 institutions of higher learning 高等学校inservice training course 在职进修班compulsory/optional course 必修/选修课 record of formal schooling 学历 diploma 文凭，学历证明 二、常用句型 1、It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say. 2、强调句型 It is not who rules us that is important , but how he rules us. 3、"All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(very+形容词) He was all gentleness to her. 4、利用词汇重复表示强调 A crime is a crime a crime. 5、"something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like 译为"有点像，略似。" They say that he had no universty education , but he seems to be something of a scholar. 6、同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。 Those pigs of girls eat so much. 7、as…as…can(may)be It is as plain as plain can be. 8、"It is i n(with)…as in(with)"
四大语法整理概要
NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ 动词 一、被动语态 1、被动语态的构成： 语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语动词间的关系，英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，在句中be动词要有人称和数的变化。【口诀】被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。注意：只有及物动词才有被动语态。 2、被动语态的用法： 【口诀】谁做动作不知道，说出谁做没必要；承受者需被强调，被动语态运用到。
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词+be +过去分词”构成，原来带to 的情态动词变成被动语态后“to ”仍要保留。口诀：情态动词变被动，情态加be 加“过分”，原来带to 要保留。 如：---We have to look after the dog. ---The dog has to be looked after by us. ③含有宾语补足语的被动语态： 含有宾语补足语的句子，宾语变为主语后，宾语补足语改为主语补足语，原来的位 置一般不变。 如：---We keep food cold in the fridge. ---Food is kept cold in the fridge. 注意：主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to 的不定式，在变成被动句的主语补足语时，to 不能省去。 如：---She heard him sing a song just now. ---She was heard to sing a song just now. 二、过去完成时 1、概念：表示过去的过去 2、过去完成时：即过去的过去所发生的事情！ 3、构成：主语＋had ＋过去分词。 4、用法： ①表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作，常与由b y ，before 引导的时间状语连用。 如：We had learned 5000 words by the end of last month. 到上个月底为止我们已经学了五千个单词 I had finished the composition before supper. 晚饭前我就已经把作文写完了 ②表示过去某一动作前已完成的动作，常与when ，before 等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。 如：When I woke up it had already stopped raining. 我醒来的时候雨就已经停了 I hadn ’t learned any English before I came here. 我来这儿之前没学过英语 ③用于宾语从句或间接引语中。 如：I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission. 我想知道谁不经允许就把雨伞拿去。 He told me that he had passed the exam. 他告诉我他已通过考试。 三、情态动词 1、概念： 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情 态 色 彩，表 示 说 话 人 对 有 关 行 为 或 事 物 的 态 度 和 看 法，认 为 其 可 能、应 该 或 必 要 等。情 态动词后面加动词原形。 2、分类： ①只做情态动词：m u s t ,c a n (c o u l d ),m a y (m i g h t ), ②可做情态动词又可做实意动词：n e e d ,d a r e NIZ LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE LUWENJIE NIZ 好久不见 别来无恙
英语四级翻译常用词汇及基本句型
英语四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化京剧 Peking opera 秦腔 Qin opera 功夫Kungfo 太极Tai Chi 口技 ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏 shadowplay 折子戏 opera highlights 杂技 acrobatics 相声 witty dialogue comedy 刺绣 embroidery 苏绣 Suzhou embroidery 泥人 clay figure 书法 calligraphy 中国画 traditional Chinese painting 水墨画 Chinese brush painting 中国结 Chinese knot 中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术 paper-making 指南针 the compass 青铜器 bronze ware 瓷器 porcelain; china 唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝cloisonne
秋千swing 武术 martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化 Confucian culture 道教 Taoism 墨家Mohism 法家 Legalism 佛教 Buddhism 孔子 Confucius 孟子 Mencius 老子 Lao Tzu 庄子 Chuang Tzu 墨子 Mo Tzu 孙子Sun Tzu 象形文字 pictographic characters 文房四宝（笔墨纸观）the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone) 《大学》The Great Learning 《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean 《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius 《孙子兵法》The Art of War 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms 《西游爷己》Journey to the West 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions 《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes 《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror 《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals
初中英语语法知识难点整理(精品)
初中英语语法知识难点整理 英语语法知识难点（一） （一）形容词和副词 I．要点 A．形容词 1、形容词的用法 形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting. 某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如： The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city. The English like to be with their families. 多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序： 冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers. 2、形容词比较等级的形式 （1）规则形式 一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如： great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest important-more important-(the)most important （2）不规则形式 good (well)-better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst many (much)-more-most little-less-least （3）形容词比较等级的用法 ①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如： He is cleverer than the other boys. This one is more beautiful than that one. ②表示两者以上的比较，用"the +形容词最高级（+名词）+of(in) …"如： He is the cleverest boy in his class. ③表示两者是同等程度，用"as +形容词原级+as". 如： He is as tall as I. I have as many books as you. ④越… 越… 例如：The more I learn, the happier I am. ⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好 又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly. 你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。 ⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day. 那一天是最令我担心的一天。 I have never had a better dinner.