英国文学史复习资料 .doc

1.Classicism(古典主义):A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music th at reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Cl assicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reas on, clarity, balance, and order.

2. Critical Realism批判现实主义: Realism is

a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an a ctual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to a literary meth od based on detailed accuracy1of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more gene ral attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of roma nce in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life. 4. Enlightenment启蒙主义: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th century. It w as an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlightener s fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. I

t was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the societ y was the enlightenment or ―education of the people. 5. Renaissance文艺复兴: Re naissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it ref ers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, wit h the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went t o embrace the rest of Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one i s a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance i s the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Hence, humanism, which reflected th e new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, is the key-note of the Renaissance. The gr eatest of the English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare.

6 Soliloquy(独白): Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.. 7. Neoclassicism新古典主义:th e Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This t endency is known as Neoclassicism. 8. Romanticism浪漫主义:imagination, emoti on and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteri stics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individu alism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imag ination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature. 9. Sentimentalism

感伤主义:it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain En lighteners in social reality. (The representatives of sentimentalism continued to strug gle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of b ourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. ) The phil osophy of the enlighteners, through rational and materialistic in its essence, did not ex clude senses, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cul t of nature and, a cult of a "natural man" whose feelings display themselves in a mos t human and natural manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocrats. 10. So nnet十四行诗:Sonnet is a type of poem consisting of one single fourteen-line stanz a. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into Englan d in the early 16th century. English sonnets in terms of structure, largely fall into tw

o classes: Italian form (It consists of 14 iambic pentameter lines: the first 8 lines for

m the octet, which rhymes, the remaining 6 lines) and the Shakespearian (or English f orm) form. The former divides its 14 lines of iambic pentameters into two parts: one o

ctet--- abbaabba and the other sestet--cdecde; while the latter consists of three quatrai ns (abab cdcd efef) and a final couplet（gg）. The three quatrains develop the poem’s s ubject consistently and the couplet condenses the emotion into an epigram. Shakespea re and Milton are very good at sonnet.11.Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体) A heroic coup let is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poet ry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentame ter lines. Traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative p oetry, a sequence of rhyming paris of iambic pentameter. 11. Metaphysical poetry 玄学派:Metaphysical poetry is a kind of realistic, often ironic and witty, verse combi ning intellectual ingenuity and psychological insight written partly in reaction to the c onventions of Elizabethan love poetry by such seventeenth-century poets as John Don ne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Traherne, and Andrew Marvell. One o f its hallmarks is the metaphysical conceit, a particularly arresting and ingenious typ e of metaphor. The features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms an d strange images. 12. The Victorian period(维多利亚时期) In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging express ion of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representa tion of realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to critic ism of the society and the defense of the mass. They were all concerned abou t the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social in stitutions, the decaying social morality, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>T heir truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and stro ng criticis m of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actualim provement of the society.4> Charles Dick ens is the leading figure of the Victorian period. 13. University Wits(大学才子) :refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated fr om either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to be come professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playw rights.They were called” University Wits”14. Gothic novel(哥特式小说) :Gothi c novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, w as one phase of the Romantic movement. It is futile to struggle against one's fate. Th e mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel; it is so replete wit h bloodcurdling scenes and unnatural feelings that it is justly called "a novel of ho rror". Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural. 15. Historical novel(历史小说)：A novel in which the action takes place during a specitic hi storical well before the time of writing. And in which some attempt to make t o depict accuratlly the customs and mentality of the period. The central charac ter---real or imagined--- is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger h istoric conflict of which readers know the outcome, the pioneers of this genre were walter scott and cooper. 16.Dramatic monologue (戏剧独白)is a type of poe m writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresse s an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essen tial temperament and personality.

3. Chaucer

His career can be divided into several periods ：

The Canterbury tales <坎特伯雷故事集>

He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, Frenc h, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own w ay. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbur y. Pilgrims tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unit e the various tales。

写作风格：1) it gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time 2) the dramatic stru cture 3) Chaucer’s humor 4) Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever sin ce the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the u pper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer used t he native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful langua ge. He increased the prestige of the English language.

贡献：(①Chaucer's language now called Middle English is vivid, smooth and exac t. He is the first great poet writing in the current English. 2. His contribution is to lie s chiefly in his introduction of various rhymed stanzas of various types. Especially h e introduced rhymed stanzas from France to English, instead of the old alliterative An gle Saxon poetry.3.He is the first great poet to write in the current English. His produc tion of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as th e literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consist of several di alect, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London as the foundation for m odern English speech.)

William Shakespeare

生平–1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlai n’s company, became very famous. He became a shareholder in the Globe and bough t a big house in his hometown. He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地：Stra tford-on-Avon, Warwickshire。作品 -2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets

His plays-1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances

The importance of his writing( more can be added) ：

1) Shakespeare represented the tread of history in giving voice to the desires and aspi rations of the people.( peace) ;2) Shakespeare’s humanism. His plays reflected the s pirit of his age;3He was a great poet ;4. He was a master of the English languae. 5） H is first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI ;6）十八行诗：Sonne t 18 is one of his most beautiful sonnets. In the poem he has a profound med itation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth b y poetry to the one he loves. A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but th e beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the perm anence of poetry. The rhyme of the poem is abab cdcd efef gg. Construction: a. Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot constructio n. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Ro man sources. b. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually s everal threads running through the play.

中古时期

1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》Sir Gawain and Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》

2.Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟）：The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》

文艺复兴时期

1.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》Francis Bacon: Essays《随笔集》Thus Wyatt

2.Edmund Spenser: The Fairy Queen《仙后》

3.William Shakespeare: Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day)

四大悲剧：Hamlet King Lear Mecbeth

喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》；Twelfth Night《第十二夜》

悲喜剧：Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

17世纪英国文学

1.John Donne: A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分离：莫忧伤》

2.John Milton: Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》

3.John Bunyan: Pilgrim's Progress《天路历程》

18世纪英国文学

Novel：

1.the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism (novels, prose, dramas, poetry)

2.Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》

3.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游记》

4.Henry Fielding: The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling《汤姆琼斯》

4.Thomas Gray: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》

5.Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism《论批评》

6.William Blake: pre-romantic; Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》，Songs of Experience《经验之歌》

7.Robert Burns: A Red Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》

Drama: Richard Brinsley Sheridan: The School for Scandal《造谣学校》

浪漫主义时期1798-1832

1.William Wordsworth: the Lake Poets; The Prelude《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reaper《孤寂的割麦女》；features: poet of nature and human heart

2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》

3.George Gordon Byron: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan《唐璜》When We Two Parted《昔日依依别》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希腊》

4.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression)

5.John Keats: sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery; Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》；Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》

6.Walter Scott: Father of Historical Novel; combine historical fact and romantic imagination

7.Jane Austen: wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic; Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》；Emma《爱玛》

8.Charles Lamb: Poor Relations《穷亲戚》; Dream-children《童年梦幻》; A Reverie《幻想曲》维多利亚时期

1.summit：realistic novel

2.Charles Dickens: critical realist writer; humour, wit, happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(London & Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution); David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》；Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》；Hard Time《艰难时世》；Great Expectations《远大前程》；Dombey and Son《董贝父子》；Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》

3.William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair《名利场》(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time; to criticize the values measured by wealth)

4.George Eliot: novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights; Adam Bede《亚当比德》(social inequality)；The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；Silas Marner《织工马南》

5.Alfred Tennyson: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》；Crossing the Bar《过沙洲》

6.Robert Browning: dramatic monologues; My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》

7.The Bronte Sisters:

Charlotte: Jane Eyre Emily: Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne: Agnes Gray《安格尼斯格雷》

20世纪英国文学

1.Thomas Hardy: feature:past and modern, critical, realism, determinism; Tess of The D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔丝》；Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》

2.John Galsworthy: From the Four Winds《四季的风》；The Man of Property《有产业的人》；The Silver Box《银盒》

3.George Bernard Shaw:《华伦夫人的职业》；Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》; The Apple Cart《苹果车》

4.Oscar Wilde: aestheticism; The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子》；The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林格雷的画像》

5.D.H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers《儿子和情人》；The White Peacock《白孔雀》

6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of- consciousness; feminist; To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》；Mrs Dalloway《达洛维夫人》

James Joyce: Ulysses《尤利西斯》(stream of consciousness, a modern prose epic); Dublin ers《都柏林人》

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

英国文学史期末复习重点

英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档

英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. Artistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400 (首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. ①坎特伯雷故事集： first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ③声誉之宫 Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档

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