新核心综合学术英语教程 4 Unit 2 参考答案

Unit 2

?评估母乳喂养的锐减程度

?assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding

?不良改变的诱发因素

?the major factors responsible for the negative change

?就住房和一般生活成本而言

?in terms of housing and general cost of living

?被奶瓶文化所取代

?give way to the “bottle culture”

?补充其他食物

be supplemented with other foods

?对延长母乳喂养产生不利影响

?Militate against prolonged breast-feeding

?宏观经济与社会文化因素的复杂交织

?complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors

?把负面的变化归因于从发达国家舶来的态度和影响

?attribute the negative change to attitudes and influences imported from the developed world

?不符合母亲的营养意识

?fall short of the mother’s nutritional awareness

?等同于极端的个人及社会贫困

?be synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty

Task 1 (Page 32)

1. D

2. C

3. E

4. A

5. B

6. L

7. K

8. O9. J10. N11. F12. M13. M14. H

Task 2 (Page 33)

1) The report attempts to evaluate current maternal perceptions of infant-feeding among

different ethnic, religious, cultural, and socio-economic groups in Nigeria. The research questions include: What is the current situation of the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria?

What are the major factors responsible for the negative change? How to institute corrective educational measures? (B)

2) The metropolitan Lagos is heterogeneous in its ethnic and socio-economic composition. (B)

3) Most of the earlier reports attributed the negative change to attitudes and influences

imported from the developed world and the preference for bottle-feeding by the urbanized African. (L)

4) For most Nigerians, urban existence means extreme individual and community poverty.

Implicit in this is a great pressure on mothers to spend more time trying to augment the family income at the expense of caring adequately for their children. (M)

5) Childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s lives than

ignorance on the mother’s part. (N)

Task 3 (Page 42)

1. h

2. j

3. m

4. n

5. q

6. v

7. u

8. a

9. t10. b 11. s12. l 13. c14. d15. r16. p

17. e18. o19. k20. i21. g22. f23. w

Task 4

1) The government accorded him the rank of Colonel.

授予，给予present with, grant, confer, give, render

2) She did not understand the dimension of her plight.

方面scope, extent

3) Today his company continues to thrive.

兴旺，繁荣flourish, bloom, prosper, grow rich

4) The discrepancy between press and radio reports is obvious.

差异difference, disparity, divergence, disagreement, dissimilarity, incongruity, contradiction, inconsistency, incongruousness, discordance

5) None of these buildings are noteworthy for their architecture.

值得关注的，重要的，显著的

great, magnitudinous, important, notable, signif icant, exceptional, towering, extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable

6) We will institute some legal proceedings against the company.

开始实行，着手，提起（诉讼）

initiate, introduce, originate, launch, start, begin

7) She keeps extolling his managerial skills.

赞美acclaim, praise, pay tribute to, glorify, applaud, compliment

8) They attribute their success to external causes such as luck.

归因于ascribe, assign, credit

9) The heterogeneous society of today should be taken into account.

各种各样的varied, mixed, diversified, assorted, diverse

10) The great virtue of camping is its cheapness.

优点plus, strength, advantage, asset, benefit, merit

11) Going grey is not necessarily synonymous with growing old.

等同于equivalent to, identical to, equal to, the same as, identified with, tantamount to, similar to

12) She felt an overwhelming desire to have another child.

难以抑制的，强烈的overpowering, strong, compelling, uncontrollable, compulsive, irresistible, forceful, powerful

The most formal ones are: disparity, ascribe, augment, incongruity, acclaim, initiate, burgeon, compelling, confer, pay tribute to, incongruous, tantamount to, discordance, compulsive, identi- fied with, assorted, merit

Task 5 (Page 44)

1) At least 29% of the families had incomes below N 2oo every month, which was much lower

than the minimum required living in a city ranked among the most expensive in the world when it comes to housing and general cost of living.

2) As could be clearly seen from the present study, th ere was a wide gap between women’s

actual infant-feeding practice and their opinions on what the practice should be like. In most of the cases the mothers’ nutritional awareness is better than their actual practice, and this is contradictory to the widely held beliefs that those illiterate and urbanized women suffer from inappropriate counseling.

3) M ost of the earlier reports believe that people’s attitudes chang e negatively because of the

influences from the developed world and the preference of bottle-feeding to breast-feeding by the urbanized African. Clearly such explanations are too simple and only suit a small number of people for they neglect the harsh realities of urban existence, which makes it diff icult for the mothers to prolong breast-feeding.

Task 6 (Page 44)

Main idea: Research shows that childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s lives than ignorance on the mother’s part.

Task 7 (Page 45)

The major objective of the research paper is to assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding as well as the factors responsible for the negative change, and measures to tackle the problem. The study sample comprised 558 randomly selected women residents in Surulere, Nigeria. An interview was conducted by a standard questionnaire to obtain information. Research shows that the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria is mainly due to the harsh realities of urban existence, which means extreme individual and community poverty. The current trend will not be reversed if the major structural defect of urban life in the developing world is not eliminated or controlled. Much can be done to educate the mothers on the use of hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.

Task 10 (Page 45)

Breastfeeding Faces Challenges in China

Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specif ic condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.

Upon hearing her baby wail, Zhang Shuyi finds herself at her wit’s end. Although she was

previously confident that she would be able to breastfeed her child properly, she worries that she might not be able to give her baby enough milk.

After giving birth to her son two years ago, 35-year-old Zhang, a doctor at the Capital Institute of Pediatrics in Beijing has continued to practice exclusive breastfeeding in strict accordance with international standards.

Task 12 (Page 54)

1) Para K Its topic sentence: Complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors inf luence infant-feeding practices in the developing countries.

2) Para O Its topic sentence: Perhaps more lasting benefits will be achieved by emphasizing the education of mothers on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.

Academic Survival Skills

Task 1 (Page 58)

Question 2S trong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that “for most Nigerians, urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty” for the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children. W eak author version: For most Nigerians, the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children, thus “urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty”(Anyanwu, 1985).

Question 3 Strong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that it would be better if emphasis could be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally availab le staple foods.” Weak author version: It will be better if emphasis can be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods” (A nyanwu, 1985).

Task 2 (Page 59)

1) Direct quotation. 2) The original source is quoted with a brief explanation in the beginning of the sentence. 3) The original source is quoted with the author’s comment inserted in the middle of the sentence.

Task 3 (Page 59)

A summary is much shorter than the original source for it only contains the main idea, omitting the details, while a paraphrase is usually the same length as the original source, making changes in vocabulary and structures about some diff icult words and expressions.

Task 4 (Page 60)

2) Chinese big cities suffer from congestion due to the steadily increasing number of vehicles.

3) Some complex sentences may be meaningless.

4) Learners are active for they attempt to learn from their experiences.

5) Some educators believe that the choice of major makes the biggest difference for students entering college, while others think differently.

6) Social networking services (SNS) has changed the way people socialize.

7) Hirshi and Gottfreds on advance the theory of “self-control”to explain people’s propensity to commit or refrain from crimes.

Task 6 (Page 64)

Paragraph 2 Summary:Gordon and Taylor argue that the difficulties experienced by people with writing will become easier if they learn to deal with their reactions to it appropriately. Paragraph 3 Summary:Frick argues that education has been signif icantly changed by technology at some major turning points in history. The f irst example was the primitive modes of communication in prehistoric times.

Paragraph 4 Summary: Hewitt believes that acts of academic dishonesty undermine the validity of the measure of learning.

Paragraph 5 Summary: Edelso argues that besides natural resources, there are more important factors determining the wealth of people—the fundamental political and legal institutions of a nation.

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staggering惊人的 unprecedented史无前例的 entail要求 mediocre二流的平庸的，劣质的elaborate复杂的 effluent工业废水 disruption有限，限定，限度 traverse穿行 magnitude程度 particulate微粒，颗粒 *consensus一致意见 concentration浓度 *liability不利因素 *menace威胁 *portend预示 pathogen病原体 *striking显著地 augment增加 emergence出现 *intractable难处理的 *massive巨大的 central重要的 *devastating毁灭性的 *aggravate恶化，加重，是恼火 *plausible貌似可信的 *entail使需要，承担 *triple三倍的 *intractable不听话的 *pose造成，形成 *staggering蹒跚 *emergence出现 *resurgence复活，再现，再起 *contribute to导致，引起，为。。。做贡献*center on集中于 *on a par with等同于 *pin down准确界定，确定 *detract from贬低 kindle点燃 revere尊敬

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Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit

综合学术英语教程 答案

综合学术英语教程2答案 Unit 1 Multidisciplinary Education Keys to the Exercises Approaching the Topic 1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to become experts in their field of interest. 2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with people from a diverse set of disciplines. 3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach. 4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers. 2. 1) f 2) d 3) a 4) e 5) g 6) m 7) j 8) k 9) l 10) i 11) b 12) h 13) c 4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach (6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment 6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies. 2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinary studies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers. 3) Open. 4) Open. 5) Open. Reading about the Topic 3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy, ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc. 2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT. 3) Names of intellectual giants. 4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner and architect. 4.Set 1: 1) c 2) e 3) d 4) h 5) a 6) g 7) f 8) b Set 2: 1) e 2) a 3) h 4) b 5) c 6) f 7) d 8) g 5.(b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D (f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A 6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard in design. 2) First was da Vinci’s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ields of knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci’s character was his respect for and fascination with nature. The third quality of da Vinci’s character was an enthusiastic demand for hands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real world.

新核心综合学术英语教程同步词汇练习Unit1

词汇练习 Unit 1 1. Schools are advised to work together with parents to address the issue of addiction to computer games. A) speak to B) deal with C) take down D) go for 2. None of the servants were ____ when Mr. Smith wanted to send a message. A) available B) approachable C) attainable D) applicable 3. Decades of ____ might have been partially responsible for our ignorance of development abroad. A) insulation B) irrigation C) integration D) isolation 4. They have always regarded a man of ____and fairness as a reliable friend. A) robustness B) temperament C) integrity D) compactness 5. It is true that ____ a wild plant into a major food crop such as wheat requires much research time. A) multiplying B) breeding C) magnifying D) generating 6. Extensive reporting on television has helped to ____ interest in a wide variety of sports and activities. A) assemble B) generate C) yield D) gather 7. They stood gazing at the happy ____ of children playing in the park. A) perspective B) view C) landscape D) scene 8. Though he was born and brought up in America, he can speak ____ Chinese. A) fluid B) smooth C) fluent D) flowing 9. Forty-five years of conflict and ____ between East and West are now a thing of past. A) conviction B) compatibility C) collaboration D) confrontation 10. Mary once ____ with another musician to compose a piece of pop music. A) merged B) collaborated C) coincided D) constituted 11. The tenant must be prepared to decorate the house ____ the terms ofthe contrast. A) in the vicinity of B) in quest of C) in accordance with D) in collaboration with 12. All human beings have a comfortable zone regulating the ____ they keep from someone they talk with. A) distance B) scope C) range D) boundary 13. These goods are ____ for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market. A) essentially B) completely C) necessarily D) remarkably 14. In many cultures people who were thought to have the ability to____ dreams were likely to be highly respected. A) interpret B) intervene C) inherit D) impart 15. It has been scientifically proved that man does have some inherent abilities that other species don’t possess. A) genetic B) internal C) peculiar D) inborn 16. Having had her as a professor and adviser, I can tell you that she is an ____ force who pushes her students to excel far behind their own expectations.