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雅思写作议论文类型及考试规律解析

雅思写作议论文类型及考试规律解析
雅思写作议论文类型及考试规律解析

雅思写作议论文类型及考试规律解析

朗阁雅思考试研究中心

很多考生在平时的时候拿到一个雅思话题反应时间还算是比较正常的,但是在考场上的话一般都是会反应比较慢一点,再加上一些考场紧张的情绪就比较难定下心来进行解题,因此很多考生在考场上就会显得不知所措,不知道从哪里下手了。如果我们想要在雅思考试中拿高分首先要克服考场的紧张心理,其次考生们必须要做到在面对一个考题的时候要用争取的方法!

那么正确的做法应该是什么呢?肯定是先审题,后得出文章结构,再做Brainstorming, 然后再下笔写文章。这些可以称为动笔前的解题三部曲。然而很多考生在考试过程中都会遇到一个常见的问题,就是看到一个题目不知道如何去把握结构,结构的混乱往往就会造成文章逻辑的混乱。当学生们想到要用上面方法的时候很多都已经来不及重新构思,甚至考试都已经接近尾声了,还有一些学生抢时间的进行修改,但是最后的效果却比最初的构思还要差,到考官手里的很多都已经呈现出面目全非的状态了!

朗阁雅思考试研究中心的专家通过长期的总结与研究得出,从应考方面而言,在接触一个雅思议论文题目时,我们必须要掌握的是文章的结构。严谨的结构对观点的表达有事半功倍的作用。近几年的雅思议论文考题,可以归纳为两大类:讨论类和分析解决型。下面我们就结合2012年截止到目前的考题来做进一步的分析。

一、分析解决型

此类问题模式通常会给出一个话题,要求考生分析产生此问题的原因,并给出一些缓解的方法。我们首先也通过今年的真题来熟悉一下此类问题模式。

(1)People aim to achieve the balance between their work and lives. But few people achieve it. What are the causes of the problems? How to overcome it? (12.03.08)

(2)City dwellers seldom socialize with their neighbors today and the sense of community has been lost. Why has this happened and how to solve this problem? (12.06.16)

上面两题中出现的信号词分别是causes, overcome, solve和why。所以有这四个词我们可以确定它们为分析解决型,和讨论类题目有着本质的区别。它们所对应的文章结构见下图。

Introduction:

Background + layout

Body:

1. Reasons/Problems

Topic Sentence + Reason One/Problem One + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Two/Problem Two + Supporting Sentences

2. Suggestions/Effects

Topic Sentence + Suggestion One/Effect One + SS

+ Suggestion Two/Effect Two + SS

Conclusion:

Restatement of the Body

上述结构是分析解决型的一种非常常见的对应结构,我们应该问什么答什么。有时题目会出现只问problems或reasons, 结构也要相应的发生变化,即只回答几个问题或原因。

二、讨论类

何为讨论类文章,即对一个给定的观点以及与其相对立的观点进行讨论,或就一个话题的两个对立的方面:积极和消极方面进行探讨,发表自己的观点。顾名思义,讨论类文章分为观点类讨论和优缺点讨论。这两种议论类型所对应的问题模式常见的有:Do you agree or disagree…? What is your opinion? To what extent do you agree or disagree? 等。

1. 请看下面今年的真题来熟悉此类问题模式

(1)Some people think that the government should establish free libraries in each town. Others, however, believe that it is a waste of money since the public can use the Internet

at home to obtain information. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion. (12.01.12)(2)Some people think the developments of technology make people’s life more complex, so we should make the life simpler without using technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (12.02.18)

(3)It is expected that there will be a higher proportion of older people than young people in many countries in the future. Do you think it is a positive or negative development? (12.03.10)

(4)In modern world, it is no longer necessary to use animals for food or use animal products, for instance, clothing and medicines. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (12.04.28)

(5)In most countries, prison is an effective solution to the problem of crime. Some people think it is a more effective solution to provide education for those who violate the law. What is your opinion? (12.05.12)

(6)Some people think news has no connection to people's lives, so it is a waste of time to read the news on the newspaper and watch television news programs. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (12.06.09)

以上六题中有对一个观点发表自己观点的,也有给出两个观点再发表自己观点的,也有对一个话题的两个方面进行论述的,这些都属于讨论类,其中2、4、5、6题属于观点类讨论,而1、3题为优缺点讨论。

2. 结构分析

单边论证

熟悉了问题模式后,我们来分析一下其所对应的文章结构。以上六种问题模式,考生在未接触雅思前较熟悉的是Do you agree or disagree?和What is your opinion? 而通常这两类问题所对应的文章可以用以下的五段论结构来完成:引言段(introduction)提出观点,正文(body)三段通过三个理由来对观点进行论证,结尾段(conclusion)重申一下自己的观点。因为此种结构只对自己支持的观点进行论证,因此叫单边论证,可以用下图来表示:

Introduction:

Background + My Opinion

Body:

1. Reason One + Supporting Sentences(以SS表示)

2. Reason Two + SS

3. Reason Three + SS

Conclusion:

Restatement of My Opinion

上述结构中的supporting sentences在议论文中的体现方式是一些论证方法,如举例(exemplification),对比对照(contrast & comparison),列数据(raising figures),让步(making concession)等来对自己支持的观点进行论证,使考官信服。而此类结构也是中国学生较熟悉的议论文结构,在各类中国的考试中,如高考英语、大学四六级考试等,应用也较广。但是单边论证的缺点,就中国学生而言,是较难扩展论证过程,而且像讲道理、举例子等论证方法必须正确使用,显示其逻辑性才能得到高分。

双边论证

然而通过总结发现,近年来,剑桥真题后面考官提供的高分甚至满分范文都采用了另一种论证方法,称为双边论证。双边论证基本为四段论,它与单边的最大区别在于正文,正文两段分别对题干提出的两个观点或优缺点进行论证。我们也通过下图来认识此种结构:

Introduction:

Background+ My Opinion/Layout

Body:

1. Opinion One/Advantage

Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences

2. Opinion Two/Disadvantage

Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Three + Supporting Sentences

Conclusion:

Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/more disadvantages than advantages)

此类结构是双边倾向性结构,是双边结构中的一种。对于大多数中国学生来说,双边结构较单边结构最大的优点是论证过程比较容易扩展。双边论证是指正文两段分别论述一下两个观点或优缺点。可以做一个有趣的比喻,双边论证的结构就像是在打一场官司,引言段引出话题,可以看作是书记员来宣布审理的案件,正文两段分别是两个观点,可以理解为被告和原告的辩护律师来列举对自己有利的证据,结尾段得出观点,即法官在总结了被告原告律师的发言后,得出自己的答案,同意哪一方,是否定罪。

通过上面对单边、双边结构的介绍,考生可得出结论,上面列举的6个问题,2、3、4、5、6题可用单边论证,而这5题都可以用双边论证来写,第1题只能用双边论证,题干已经明确要求讨论两个方面。

三、考题规律

得出文章的结构是解题的基础和关键,但事实上,在考试过程中,因为时间很紧,花在得出结构上的时间就应该相应的缩短,朗阁雅思考试研究中心建议考生在拿到一个题目审题后,应该在二十秒左右的时间内就反应出文章的结构。考生可通过上述结构自己在考前准备模板,这对提高解题速度有很大的帮助。分析完上半年的真题及结构,我们再来看看今年议论文的考题规律。

1. 议论文话题以社会热点为背景,主题集中在社会类话题上

在第一阶段已考的19个议论文话题中,以纯粹考察社会现象为主的话题达到10个,而其他话题中也都与社会影响有或多或少的关系。而这10个话题也都是当今社会热点议题的反应,包括经济、全球化、老龄化、新闻媒体、动物保护等多方面。其他9道题目中,也直接或间接地涉及到社会生活不同领域的重点内容,比如说社交能力对成功的影响,如何平衡工作与生活的关系等。

以往的重点教育类话题反而淡出了人们的视野,只有一道题考察到了教育方面的内容,并且是一个考生熟悉得不能再熟悉的话题:学习与其他活动在大学生生活中的权衡比较。而较学术的科技类问题出题比例也不高,并且出题形式也很传统,分别问到了“图书馆与网络资源的比较”以及“技术对生活的影响”。抽象类问题出现了一次,有些新意地问到了考生对“野心”的看法,但不能免俗地仍然与个人成功进行了结合。

2. 社会类话题更注重细节,要求考生有实用且具有逻辑性的文章内容

从上文所总结的出题主题来看,话题的选择上并没有太多变化,几乎所有涉及到的话题在平常的练习中应该都能接触到。但值得注意的是,在社会类问题的出题上,题目不再是笼统地询问某一大领域(比如经济,文化等)的整体影响如何,而是将具体情况列得很详细。比如在已考的经济类话题中,分别询问到了有关于政府该如何对待中外公司的经济贡献以及跨国公司对全球化进程的影响问题。

如果考生审题不细心,对题目分析不全面的话,很容易造成照搬以前文章,偏离主题的结果。并且从高比例的社会类问题出题可以看出,考官更需要考生在文章中能够有见解地、在对当今社会实际情形有所了解的基础之上,提出自己的看法观点,给予符合社会现实及发展逻辑的支持理由。而不是像纯学术类问题一样,堆砌专业的词汇,罗列高深的理论,最后却让人觉得言之无物。

综合上述分析,2012年到目前为止的雅思写作难度和规律从目前的考试情况来看还算波澜不兴,大作文总体上讲难度不大。预计在接下来的考试中,写作也应该是比较平稳进行的。建议考生应该更多地关注到出题的特征,在将每种结构了然于胸的前提下,进行有针对性地练习,这样才能达到“事半功倍”的效果。

(本文来自朗阁教育SAT培训教研组,供广大考生学习使用,转载请注明出处)

2015年雅思写作大作文真题解析

2015年6月6日雅思写作(一) 题目类别society 提问方式Discussion 考试题目 Some people prefer to provide help and support directly to those in their local community who need it. Others, however prefer to give money to national and international charitable organizations. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 有人认为给需要救助的人自己的帮助更加可取,有人认为给有需求的国家或国际援助组织提供经济援助更加重要,讨论两种观点,给出你的意见。 Although people in industrialized countries lead a high standard of living, it is undeniable that there are still 1.2 billion people living below the poverty line. In order to solve poverty-related problems, I feel that all kinds of help should be encouraged and respected. Giving a helping hand to those who are in need in the local community seems reasonable. It is because even in the richest countries, there are still a lot of people, such as disabled people and orphanages, suffering from famine and extreme poverty. For this reason, it is easy and convenient for us to help our fellow citizens, such as donating food or clothing to them, so that we can see the result of our actions immediately. By contrast, it is rather difficult to track expenditure of international aids, which might result in corruption in some cases. Those who donate money to domestic and international charities believe that the collection of money has a tremendous effect on the poor countries compared with other forms of help. This is because few people are able to donate a large amount of money to construct schools, hospitals and roads in poor areas. Instead, governments and charities can achieve this. International aids can also purchase vaccines which are available in developed countries by using the money raised worldwide and save millions children’s life. In my view, minor proportion of donated money and other sorts of help should be appreciated equally as long as the money reaches to those who need it desperately. The government could run campaign and encourage door-to door help. At the same time, charitable organizations should make every penny count for donors.(word count:274)

雅思写作地图题深度解析(上)

雅思写作地图题深度解析(上) 朗阁海外考试研究中心姜芮 在雅思小作文中,流程图和地图题无疑对于广大考生来说都有不小的威胁,很多考生在遇到此类型的题目时,会变得手足无措,不知道应该从何写起。许多考生抱着侥幸的心里,往往不重视此类小众题目的备考,结果作文分数受到了很大的影响。在本系列文章中,朗阁海外考试研究中心写作组的专家将着重对雅思写作地图题做一个深度解析。 我们用两个经典的地图题真题为例,在近两年出现的数次地图题中,多数都是属于这类“三格地图”。 WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The diagram below shows the development of the village of Kelsby between 1780 and 2000.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. 在审题过程中我们需要特别注意以下几点: 1. 时态:关注时态是小作文能否取得高分的关键,同样对于地图题,我们也应该很好地注意时态,本文的时间是明确的,都是过去的时间,因此全文应当使用一般过去时。 2. 顺序:该图属于动态的地图题,这种类型的地图题一律按照时间顺序来写。在这道题中,也就是按照图的顺序依次来写,不要把元素拆开。如果是静态的地图题(即不涉及时间变化的题型),则按照空间顺序来写。在描述单幅地图时,我们可以采取上北下南的顺序描述,或者从左到右的顺序也可以,但值得注意的是,如果地图上有明显的方向标示,那就要根据这个标示来描述。 下面我们一起来分析文章的写作。 第一段:Introduction 引言段就是把题目进行改写。原文中的diagram,可以替换成figure,原文中的shows,可以改为illustrate, demonstrate, reveal, indicate等词。宾语development,可以替换成transformations,也可以改为宾语从句how the village of Kelsby developed/ changed. 题目中给出的时间比较模糊,可以具体化为in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 【例文】The three maps illustrate how the village of Kelsby changed in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 第二段:描述1780年的地图 1780年的情况只涉及到静态的数据,因此只需要用存在句即可表达,不涉及任何变化的单词。但是,考生非常容易把这些元素全部用there be这个句型来表达,从而导致句式单一。表示存在的句型除了there be之外,还有非常简单的have句型,还有lie/ be located/ be situated这样的结构。另外还有一种倒装句型,比如“桌子上面有一本书”,可以翻译为on the desk is a book. 除此之外,要注意几个元素的顺序问题。这里有四大元素:住宅区homes,树林woods,农场farms,还有一条河流river。理论上只要按照一定的空间顺序(比如顺时针、逆时针,从左到右)都是可以的,但是要考虑家庭数量的变化是导致其它所有变化的根本原因,因此建议先写住宅区homes。 还有就是土地单位的表达,land是不可数名词,因此不能说a land,只能说a piece of land。为了表达更加精确,可以用a plot of land(一小块),a stretch of(一长片),a large expanse of(一大片)。 另外朗阁海外考试研究中心提醒考生们还要注意方位词的表达。地图题中常用的方位词有:in the east/ west/ south/ north of ...; in the eastern/ western/ southern northern part of ...; 如果是在角落,可以用in the southwestern corner of ...; 在河流的上/下游:at the lower/ upper reaches of the river; 在河岸:alongside the riverbank; 在河流的南端:at the southern end of the river.

雅思写作题目解析:年轻人不快乐的原因

雅思写作题目解析:年轻人不快乐的原因抽象类: In some countries, young people are not only richer but also safer and healthier than ever before. However, they are less happy. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? 在一些国家,年轻人更加富有,安全,健康,但是,他们还是不快乐,原因何在,如何解决? 思路拓展:幸福的源泉 1. 做自己喜欢的事情 2. 学习的乐趣 3. 朋友带来的乐趣 4. 生活的简单轻松 5. 梦想的实现年轻人不快乐的根源: 客观上: 1. 有些青少年来自单亲家庭,或者是暴力家庭,缺乏温暖和关爱,很难快乐。 2. 应试教育和填鸭教学使很多成长中的年轻人不堪重负,更谈不上发展自己的兴趣爱好,放松休闲,所以,很多年轻人不快乐。 主观上:

1. 幸福感其实和自我的期待值相关,欲望好像是盐水,越喝越渴。有时候,年轻人想要提升自我,但是,又缺乏力量,想要后退,又不甘心,欲求不得的焦虑正是不快乐的根源之一。 2. 罗素在论及快乐的时候提及朋友和爱好能够是快乐的重要源泉,所以,个人爱好很少以及交际圈很小的人,很难获得更多快乐。 解决策略: 1. 父母承担对于子女的责任,为他们营造快乐健康的成长环境。 2. 教育者协助学生们调整心态,同时,缓解学业负担,丰富校园活动。 3. 年轻人积极交友,培养乐观人生态度,发展个人爱好,获得更多快乐源泉。 原创语料库: 1. numerous youngsters = a great many teenagers = a number of young people n 很多年轻人 2. youngsters = teenagers = adolescents = the young = young adults = those who are in the formative years n 年轻人 3. acquire = attai n 二 obtai n v 获得... 4. well-being = pleasure = happiness n 幸福 5. feel cheerful = feel delighted = feel happy v感到快

至雅思写作大作文真题解析

年月至月雅思写作大作文真题解析

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题目类别教育与科技提问方式利弊判断 考试题目 Some people say that playing computer games is bad for children in every aspect. Others say that playing computer games can have positive effects on the way children develop. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 分析:教育与科技、教育与媒体可谓是雅思考试的热点,而且这些话题跟广大考生们息息相关。平时对生活多一些思考,备考期间针对话题词汇和句型多写多练,这些都是理想分数的 保障。 文章结构:4段 首段:导入话题,表达立场。 主题段1:玩电脑游戏对孩子的各方面有害。 主题段2:玩电脑游戏对孩子的成长有利。 结尾段:总结上文,重申立场。 In recent years, the prevalence of computer games has exerted a significant effect on children’s life. As to whether they affect children negatively, there is an endless debate. Despite the fact that playing computer games is an effective way to relieve pressure, the problems associated with study and health cannot be neglected. Clearly, playing computer games is regarded as a main factor leading to poor academic performance. With the entertaining nature, computer games will easily distract children from their studious pursuits. With the passage of time, children will probably fall behind their peers in academic development. In addition, when children spend too much time playing computer games, they are less likely to participate in physical activities, which is one reason why many children suffer from obesity. As a result, these overweight children’s confidence may be undermined and their health may be negatively influence as well. Despite these disadvantages, the advantages can still not be ignored. First of all, the latest research shows that game-playing helps children to home their communication and interpersonal skills. In many cases, players work together in teams to achieve goals, competing against other players. Therefore, their social skills and teamwork spirit are put to the test. Also, computer games can have positive and therapeutic effects on players. Games provide an opportunity for children to decompress and tune out of strains and stresses of everyday life. Giving their time to rest is critical for emotional and mental well-being. In conclusion, it is not advisable for children to play computer games, for the reasons that it not only has a negative impact on their study, but also makes them lose confidence, although computer games provide a form of relaxation.

2019-2020-雅思写作真题超详细分析-word范文模板 (1页)

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