翻译教案
2005年度“陕西省精品课程”申报材料
附件四
翻译课教案
李本现编写
西安外国语学院英文学院
2005年7月
句子翻译
（Sentence Translation）
语序调整
I. Bilingual Reading
The Tower of London
The White Tower was started in 1076 and completed in 1097.It is the oldest of the twenty towers which used to stand here, of which many can still be seen today. The Tower of London was first built by William the Conqueror ( who reigned from 1066 to 1087) for the purpose of protecting and controlling the city. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist sights and attracts over three million visitors a year.
It was occasionally used as a Royal Palace for the Kings and Queens of England until the time of James I (who reigned from 1603 to 1625) but is the best known as a prison and execution place. Within the walls of the Tower, princes have been murdered, traitors tortured, spies shot, and Queens of England beheaded. One of the most famous executions was that of Anne Boleyn in 1536. She was the second wife of Henry VIII. He wanted to get rid of her because she could not give him a son, so he accused her of adultery. She was tried and found guilty. She asked to be beheaded with a sword, rather than the usual axe, which can still be seen in the tower. The sword and executioner were brought over specially from France and with one stroke the executioner cut off her head.
The Tower was also the scene of one of London's most famous mysteries, known as the mystery of the Princes in the Tower. King Edward IV died in 1483.He had two sons, Edward and Richard, and the elder of these, Edward, became king on his father's death. As he was only twelve years old, his uncle (Richard, Duke of Gloucester) became his Protector until the time of his coronation. Young Edward lived in the Tower, and the Duke persuaded Edward's brother to come and live there as well so that they could play together. But then the Duke announced that he was the new king, and he, not Edward, was crowned, calling himself Richard III.
After that, the boys were seen less and less and eventually disappeared. It is said that they were suffocated in bed by pillows being pressed over their mouths. It is believed that Richard ordered their deaths, although it has never been proved. In 1674,workmen at the Tower discovered two skeletons which were taken away and buried in Westminster Abbey in 1678. The bones were examined in 1933 and were declared to be those of two children, roughly the age of the Princes. However, the true facts have never been discovered. Today, the tower where the boys were imprisoned is known as the Bloody Tower.
(from Let's see London)
伦敦塔
白塔于1076年建造，完成于1097年。该塔是过去矗立在这里的20座塔中最古老的一座，其中许多座至今仍可看到。伦敦塔由征服者威廉第一（他从1066 年至1087年统制英国）兴建，用以保卫和控制这座城市。今天它是伦敦最受欢迎的旅游景观之一，每年吸引着300万以上的旅游者。
伦敦塔在詹姆斯一世时代（他于1603 至1625 年统治英国）以前，曾偶尔用作英国国王和王后的王宫，但如今它却以一所监狱和刑场而最为著称。在塔的围墙内，曾有一些王子被谋杀，叛徒受酷刑，间谍被枪决，英国王后被斩首。其中最著名的一次处决是1536 年对安妮·博林的斩首。她是亨利八世的第二位妻子。亨利八世因为她不能为他生出一个儿子而想遗弃她，于是就控告她与人私通。她在法庭受审结果被判有罪。她请求用一把利剑将她斩首，而不要用行刑时通常用的那把斧头（这把斧头一直保存在塔内，人们至今仍能看到）。于是特别从法国带来了剑并请了刽子手，刽子手利剑一挥，她的头便被斩下。（1）伦敦塔也是伦敦最著名的一起神秘事件的出事地点，那起事件称为塔内王子的疑案。1483 年英王爱德华四世亡故，身后留下两个儿子，爱德华和里查德，长子爱德华在父亲死后成为国王。(2)由于他仅仅12 岁，他的叔叔格洛斯特公爵理查就成为他的摄政王，直到他加冕时为止。年轻的爱德华住在塔内，公爵又劝说爱德华的弟弟也住到那里去，这样他们就可以在一起玩乐。但以后公爵宣布自己是新国王，是他而不是爱德华接受了加冕礼，并宣布自己为里查三世。
从此以后，两个男孩出现在人们面前的场合愈来愈少，最后终于消失不见了。据说他们是在床上被人用枕头捂住嘴巴窒息致死的。人们认为这是里查德下令谋杀的，尽管这种说法一直没有得到证实。1674年，在伦敦塔里干活的工人发现了两具骷髅，这两具骷髅于1678 年被带出伦敦塔并葬于威斯敏斯特大教堂。1933年经过对骨头检验后宣布，那是两个孩子的骨头，其年龄大致与两位王子的岁数吻合。(3)然而，人们至今未发现事实的真相。今天，囚禁那两个孩子的塔被称为“血腥塔”。
应可之译自《伦敦观光》
II. Questions for discussion:
1.Which technique was employed by the translator to treat the the first underlined sentence ?
2. Do you think you will combine the three SL sentences into one TL sentence when doing the second underlined sentence ?
3. Does this sentence sound correct ? If not, can you improve on it?
翻译知识：
语序：语序，实际指的就是词序。即词在词组或句子里的先后顺序。词序的变动能够使词组和句子具有不同的意义。英语句子比较注重突出重点，一般情况下总是把重要的话放在突出位置。形态变化、词序和虚词并称表达语法意义的三大手段。汉语没有英语丰富的时态和主从句变换手段，经常依靠各成分间的顺序（如时间顺序和逻辑顺序）完成叙事。因此，在进行英汉翻译时，就要格外注意语序的变化。例如：
1.The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
2.His chief contribution was making me realize how much more than knowledge we trainees had been getting from him.
他使我认识到，我们学员从他那里学到的，远远不只是知识，这是他最大的贡献。
3.The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.
小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。
在本句中，状语从句虽长，却不是主要的，所以置于主句之后。而汉译时，强调逻辑顺序标---先因后果，自然应当把主句放在句末。
III. 语序练习：
Trans1ate the following three sentences:
1.I warmly welcome those reforms and that success.
2.He was given a chair and asked to wait a little while as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.
3.I feel it a great honor to be asked to speak as a keynoter at the International Conference on Eastern Civilization.
IV. Translate the short passage into English:
The Empire State Building
Lonard Cottrell New York is a city of skyscrapers. How is it possible to build one of these giant buildings in the heart of the large, busy city? This selection describes the construction of one such building -----the Empire State Building in New York City.
It was the achievement of a new society, now equipped with materials and technology never before known to man. We have progressed so far that it is difficult to realize that, until the development of steel and concrete, less than a century ago, the architect's basic materials and techniques were hardly different from those of the Romans. Then, within twenty years, all this was changed .The width of a room and the height of a building could be almost what one pleased.
In 1885, in Chicago, the first skyscraper was constructed, the first building in the world to use a metal framework of Bessemer steel. The Chicago building was different in that each of its stories was complete in itself: the steel framework provided the necessary strength for the interior walls. This meant that the building co u ld,if n eces sar y,b e ea s ily re mo d e led o u ts id e a n d in s id e.
The best example of this technical achievement is located not in Chicago, but in
New York---the Empire State Building. It is one of the tallest buildings in the world ---- 1,472 feet, including the television tower. Its 102 floors of offices hold 16,000 people, the population of a fair-sized American town. Sixty-seven elevators carry its occupants from floor to floor at a speed of 1,200 feet per minute. It was completed in 19 months at a cost of $25000,000.
An extraordinary organization was involved in its construction. For years before the operation, every detail had been worked out to avoid waste of time, money, and energy. Materials were ordered and delivery dates carefully timed. Since part of the steel framework, plumbing, air cooling and heating systems were made ready away from the site, the contractor had to communicate with many mills and factories all over the country. Meanwhile, in New York, the foundation for the building was being prepared.
Then construction began. Exactly to the minute the material needed ----- steel, concrete, bricks, etc.----began to move into the construction site. The first piece of steel was put into place on April 7,1930.Only nine months later the steel framework had been completed,1,250 feet above street level. At the end of 1930,co nstructio n had been carried to the fu ll height o f 102 floo rs.
At the same time, plumbers were installing plumbing and heating systems ;the electricians were laying hundreds of miles of cable; carpenters, stoneworkers, bricklayers were clothing the framework with stone, concrete, brick, and timber. Four and a half stores were completed every week.
And all this was done in t he heart of a crowded city, with very little storage space, so that the arrival of each part had to be scheduled to minute, and the construction work so organized that there was no delay, and no one got in another's way.
Such an accomplishment called for not only the most skillful planning, but also for the complete cooperation of the laborers who actually built the skyscraper. The work had to be continued under all weather conditions and was often highly dangerous .On April 15,1931,about 19 months after preparation of the foundation, the Empire State Building stood, glorious and complete----the whole twelve hundred and fifty feet of it ( Since then, a television tower has added 222feet ).
( from Scenes of America)
第十三章正反译法
I. Bilingual Reading
What I Have Lived For
Bertrand Russell Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy-----ecstasy so great that I would
often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness ----- that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what---at least I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.
Love and knowledge , so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart, children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain makes a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.
This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
我的生活目的
有三种质朴而又十分强烈的激情一直支配着我的人生，即对爱的渴望、对知之求索和对人类苦难的无限怜悯。这三种激情，有如狂飙挟我四海漂泊，游移不定，飞越苦海的深渊，濒临绝望的边缘。
我寻求爱，首先在于爱能带来狂喜-----它是如此令人心醉神迷，我愿舍弃余生来换取这片刻的欢乐；我寻求爱，还因为爱能消除孤独-----那种当一个颤抖的灵魂从世界的边缘望着那冰冷、荒凉的无尽深渊时感到的那种孤独；此外，我所以寻求爱，还因为在爱的交融中，我看见了圣者和诗人所预想的天堂景象的神秘缩影，这正是我心中之所求，虽然人生似乎难臻此境，我最终却不负所求。
我怀着同样的激情来格物致知。我曾希望理解众人之心，我曾渴望了解星星缘何闪光，我也曾努力领会毕达哥拉斯赋与数的力量------主宰万物流变之力。(1)我虽未创斐然之绩，却也还算小有所成。
爱和知竭力引导着我超凡入圣，但怜悯又把我拉回了凡尘。声声悲号在我心中回响不绝。饥饿的孩子、惨遭压迫者折磨的苦难者、因依附儿子而被视为可憎重负的老年人以及整个孤独、贫困和痛苦的世界是对人们理想人生的嘲讽。我渴望减轻罪恶，却又无能为力，我也同样感到痛苦。(2)
这就是我的人生。我觉得自己并未虚度此生，若有可能，我将欣然再一次度过如此人生。(3)
周懿行译
I. Questions for discussion:
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/968197663.html,ment on the rendition and appreciate the translator's skillful use of Chinese rhetoical device in expressing the meaning intended by the SL author.
2.Read sentence one carefully and tell how the adjective "helpless" was treated.
3. "I have found it worth living" was rendered as 我觉得自己并未虚度此生。Can you offer a better version for this sentence?
II.正反译法：
A. 正说反译:英语以肯定形式表达，而汉译时用否定形式，或省去否定词。
1. Young lady, you'd better mind your own business.
小姐，我劝您莫管闲事。
2.Tell your old story to someone who believes it.
我才不信你这套老话呢。
3.I'll see you dead before I accept your terms.
见鬼去吧，我才不接受你的条件呢。
B. 反说正译：英语以否定形式表达，而汉译时用肯定形式，或省去否定词。
1.Oddly enough, he didn't seem to remember the name of his most favorite poet.
说也奇怪，他似乎忘了他最喜爱的诗人的名字。
2.If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening doesn't wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No.10 Broad Street. He's well known.
上星期日傍晚，有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如欲免于麻烦，还是将伞奉还布劳德街十号为妙。此君是谁，人人皆知。
3.I had not known him for 20 years without learning that he always kept in the left hip pocket the little book in which he put down his engagements.
我认识他已有20年之久，知道他左边后兜里总是放着一个小本子，里边写着他的约会安排。
III. Translate the sentences into Chinese:
1.He is no cleverer than his handsome-looking brother.
2.A pigtail was the last thing she'd like to wear in public.
3.I'm wiser than to believe what you call money talks.
IV. Translate the short passage into Chinese:
How to Grow Old
by Bertrand Russell
I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grown-up children not to
make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. In this case you must realize that while you can still render them material service, such as making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it is ----so at least it seems to me-----is to make your interest gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river----small at first, narrowly contained within its bank, rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the water grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases , the thought 0f rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
(from Portraits from Memory and Other Essays)
第十四章补偿译法
Bilingual Reading:
Let the New Year Hold No Terrors for Us
The Queen, in her 1996's Christmas message,offered Christian comfort to those who have suffered. But she recalled particularly the state visit of Nelson Mandela,"that most gracious of men."
To look back is not necessarily to be nostalgia. When I come to Sandringham each year, I like to reflect on what Christmas must have been like when King Edward VII, my great grandfather, and Queen Alexandera first came here as young parents. I remember my own childhood Christmases here, with my father and mother, and a
great family gathering, and now I delight in seeing my children and grandchildren enjoying the same traditions.
Christmas is the celebration of the birth of the founder of the Christian faith, an event which took place almost 2,000 years ago; every year, at this time, we are asked to look back at extraordinary story and remained ourselves of the message which inspired Christ's followers then, and which is as relevant today.
At Christmas I enjoy looking back on some of the events of the year. Many have their roots in history but still have a real point for us today. I recall, especially a dazzling spring day in Norwich when I attended the Maundy Service, the cathedral providing a spectacular setting. The lovely service is always a reminder of Christ's words to His disciples: "Love one another; as I have loved you." (1) It sounds so simple, yet it proves so hard to obey.(2)
In June came Trooping the Colour, a vivid reminder of this country's proud military tradition and of the discipline and dedication which our servicemen and women show in their taxing tasks of peace-keeping in many distant parts of the world.
Then, in October, I opened Parliament. This is not just a state occasion, but is also symbolic of the process of parliamentary democracy which we enjoy here in Britain and in so many countries of the Commonwealth. It is a process which seeks to express the ideal of the equality of all citizens under the law. So the past, with its traditions, has its lessons for us in 1996.This year, in our travels, Prince Philip and I have also been looking to the future. I and all my family have always felt that one of our most important duties is to express, in our visits overseas, the goodwill of our country towards friends abroad, near and far.
So, last spring, we visited Poland and the Czech Republic, where we saw the development of democracy and prosperity in countries which only recently were communist-governed. And everywhere we received the best of welcomes.
In the autumn we went to Thailand , where we renewed old friendships and witnessed the blending of tradition with a dynamic commercial spirit.
There was also a happy visit to this country by the President of France. And I shall never forget the state visit of President Mandela. That most gracious of men has shown us all how to accept the facts of the past without bitterness, how to see new opportunities as more important than old disputes and how to look forward with courage and optimism. His example is a continuing inspiration to the whole Commonwealth and to all those everywhere who work for peace and reconciliation.
Each year brings its share of difficulties for many families. This year has, I know, been no exception. And during it some have suffered bereavement of tragic and shocking kind. At such times, it is tempting for all of us, especially those who suffer, to look back in that way is to look down a blind alley. Better to look forward and say "If only". If only we can live up to the example of the child who was born at Christmas with a love that came to embrace the whole world.
If only we can let Him recapture for us that time when we face the future with children's unbounded faith .Armed with that faith, the new year, with all its challenges and chances, should hold no terrors for us and we should be able to embark upon its undaunted.
My family joins me in wishing each one of you a very happy Christmas.
让我们在新的一年不再担惊受怕
1996年英国女王圣诞贺词
回顾过去并不一定就是怀旧，每年我到桑德林厄姆来时，都爱想一下我的曾祖父国王爱德华七世及王后亚历山德拉作为年轻的父母第一次来这儿时的圣诞节会是什么样的。至今我还记得童年时代和父母亲一起在这儿过圣诞的情景，那么一大家子人都聚在一起，所以此时此刻看到我的儿孙们沉浸在这一节日气氛中，我感到由衷的高兴。
圣诞节是庆祝基督教创始人诞辰的节日，虽然这件事发生在几乎2000年前，但每年这个时候我们仍有必要回顾一下这个非凡的故事，并以此让我们记住这个当年曾激励过基督的追随者们，今天也同样与我们的生活息息相关的故事的启示。
值此圣诞之际，我很乐意回顾一下本年度所发生的一些事情，许多事情虽然有其历史根源，但对我们今天还有现实意义。此时我特别回想起了在偌里齐的绚丽的春日，当时我在那儿参加蒙德礼拜，教堂里面场面极为壮观。这种充满爱意的仪式不由让我想起基督曾对他的弟子们说过一句话：“人们要彼此相爱，就象我爱你们那样。”这句话听起来如此简单，可事实证明遵守起来却何其艰难。
6月迎来了行军旗敬礼分列式，它生动形象地体现了这个国家引以为自豪的军事传统以及我们的军人和女兵们在世界上许多遥远的地方担任维持和平这个艰巨的任务时所表现出来的纪律性和献身精神。
接着，在十月份，我召开了议会，这不仅仅是一个国事活动，同时也是我们这些在英国以及这么多英联邦国家的人享有的议会民主进程的象征。这个进程旨在表达法律面前人人平等的理想。因此我们在1996 年能从过去连同它的传统中吸取教训。这一年里，在我们的旅行中，菲利普亲王和我同样也在展望未来，我和我的家庭成员一直感觉到我们最重要的一项义务就是我们进行外事访问时表达我们国家对海外朋友良好的祝愿，不管他们是近还是远。正因如此，去年春天我们访问了波兰和捷克共和国，在那儿我们亲眼目睹了刚刚还是共产党执政的国家民主和繁荣的发展，我们所到之处受到了最隆重的欢迎。
秋季我们去了泰国，这次访问恢复了我们两国间过去的友谊，我们还亲眼目睹了传统与生机活泼的商业精神的有机融合。
法国总统也对我国进行了一次令人愉快的访问。我永远不会忘记曼德拉总统的国事访问。这位最具风范的男士已向我们所有人显示出如何毫不痛苦地接受过去的事实，如何去看待比过去争端更重要的新的机会以及如何充满勇气和乐观精神地去展望未来。他的榜样将成为一种持续的力量激励整个英联邦国家以及世界各地那些为和平统一而不懈努力的人们。
每一年都会给许多家庭带来这样那样的麻烦，我知道，这年也不例外。在这一年当中，有的人经历了痛失亲人这种至为悲痛的的严酷打击，在这种时候对我们所有的人，尤其是那些遭遇过不幸的人来说，往往禁不住缅怀往事然后说一句“要是…… 就好了……”。但那样回首往事只能是往死胡同里钻。最好的办法还是朝前看说一声“要是……”，要是我们能够无愧于那个降生于圣诞之时满怀爱心来拥抱整个世界的圣婴的话。
要是我们在以后的岁月里能够象童年时那样满怀信任之心来面对未来让“他”再为我们欣喜的话。只要有了那种信任，这个充满挑战和机遇的新的一年就一定不会再让我们担惊受怕，而我们则能够无所畏惧地跨入这一年。
我谨代表我们全家衷心祝愿人人圣诞快乐。
赵亚莉译
I.Questions for discusiion:
1.Read the underlined sentence numbered (1) and its translation and then detect the wording inappropriate in the context.
2."It" in the second underlined sentence is rendered as “这句话”. Is it the best diction to a Christain? If not, do you have another wording for the pronoun ?
3.Can we put the title of the passage into “祝我们在新的一年里国泰民安”？Why or why not ?
II．补偿法：翻译时由于两种语言结构上固有的差别无法越过或因修辞需要等等，译者便把上一句话中无法或不想传达的信息在下一句或另一段中再现出来，而从整个语篇考察不存在丟失信息的现象，这种翻译方法就叫补偿法。
例如：
The key to good note-taking is to be able to listen a lot and to write only as much as is needed to record the essence of a point or idea presented by the lecturer. Thus , students should endeavor to identify only the main points and ideas and to write them down in outline form.
笔记做得好的关键在于能听进很多内容而只写下其要点。所以学生应该努力辨别出老师所讲的主要论点和意见并把其概要记下
注意例句中的斜体部分，观察补偿信息在译文中的位置。
III. Translate the short passage into Chinese
Christmas
Washington Irving
Amidst the general call of happiness, the bustle of spirits, and stir of the affections, which prevail at this period ,what bosom can remain insensible ? It is, indeed, the season of regenerated feeling ------the season for kindling, not merely the fire of hosp itality in the hall,b ut the genial flame o f charity in the heart.
The scene of early love again rises green to memory beyond the sterile waste of years; and the idea of home , fraught with fragrance of home welling joys reanimates t h e d r o o p i n g s p i r i t s,---
------as the Arabian breeze will sometimes waft the freshness of the distant fields to the weary pilgrim of the desert.
Surly happiness is reflective, like the light of heaven; and every countenance, bright with smiles and glowing with innocent enjoyment, is a mirror transmitting to others the rays of a supreme and ever-shining benevolence. He who can turn churlishly away from contemplating the felicity of his fellow beings, and sit down darkling and repining in his loneliness when all around is joyful, may have his moments of strong excitement and selfish gratification, but he wants the genial and social sympathies which constitute the charm of a merry Christmas.
第十六章状语从句的翻译
Bilingual reading
The Happy Prince
High above the city, on a tall column, stood the statue of the Happy Prince. He was gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold, for eyes he had two bright sapphires, and a larger red ruby glowed on his sword-hilt.
He was very much admired, indeed. "He is as beautiful as a weathercock," remarked one of the Town Councilors who wished to gain a reputation for having artistic tastes; "only not quite so useful," he added, fearing lest people should think him unpractical, which he really was not.
"Why cannot you be like the Happy Prince?" asked a sensible mother of her little boy who was crying for the moon." The Happy Price never dreams of crying for anything."
"I'm glad that there is someone in the world who is quite happy." muttered a disappointed man as he gazed at the wonderful statue.
"He looks just like an angel, "said the Charity Children as they came out of the cathedral in their bright scarlet cloaks,and their clean white pinafores.
"How do you know?" said the Mathematical Master, "you have never seen one."
"Ah! but we have, in our dreams," answered the children; and the Mathematical Master frowned and looked very severe, for he did not approve of children dreaming. One night there flew over the city a little Swallow .His friends had gone to Egypt six weeks before, but he had stayed behind, for he was in love with the most beautiful Reed. He had met her early in the spring as he was flying down the river after a big yellow moth, and had been so attracted by her slender waist that he had stopped to talk to her.
"Shall I love you?" said the Swallow, who liked to come to the point at once, and the Reed made him a low bow. So he flew round and round her, touching the water with his wings, and making silver ripples. This was his courtship, and it lasted all through the summer.
"It is a ridiculous attachment," twittered the other swallows. "She has no money but too many relations; and indeed ,the river was quite full of Reeds. Then when the Autumn came, they all flew away.
After they had gone ,he felt lonely, and began to tire of his lady-love. "She has no conversation," he said. " and I am afraid that she is a coquette, for she is always flirting with the wind." And certainly, whenever the wind blew, the Reed made the most graceful curtsies," I admit that she is domestic," he continued, "but I love travelling and my wife, consequently, should love travelling also.
_ 快乐王子
快乐王子的像在一根圆柱上面，高高地耸立在城市的上空。他满身贴着薄薄的纯金叶子，一对蓝宝石做成他的眼睛，一颗大的红宝石嵌在他的剑柄上，灿烂地发着红光。
他的确得到一般人的称赞。一个市参议员为了表示自己有艺术的鉴赏力，说过：“他象风信标那样漂亮。”不过他又怕别人把他看作一个不务实际的人（其实他并不是不务实际的人），便变加上一句：“只是他不及风向标那样有用。”
“为什么你不能象快乐王子那样呢？”一位聪明的母亲对她那个哭着要月亮的孩子说，“快乐王子连做梦也没想到会哭着要东西。”
“我真高兴世界上竟还有一个人是很快乐的，”一个失意的人望着这座非常出色的像喃喃地说。
“他很象一个天使，”孤儿院的孩子们说，他们正从大教堂出来，披着光亮夺目的猩红色斗篷，束着洁白的遮胸。
“你们怎么知道？”数学先生说，“你们从没有见一位天使。”
“啊！可是我们在梦里见过的，”孩子们答道；数学先生皱起眉头，板着面孔，因为他不赞成小孩子做梦。
某一个夜晚一只小燕子飞过城市的上空。他的朋友们六个星期前就到埃及去了，但是他还留在后面，因为他恋着那根最美丽的芦苇。他还是在早春时遇见她的，那时他正沿着河顺流飞去，追一只黄色飞蛾，她的细腰很引起他的注意，他便站住同她谈起话来。
“我可以爱你吗？”燕子说，他素来就有谈到本题的脾气，芦苇对他深深地弯一下腰。他便在她的身边不停地飞来飞去，用他的翅子点水，做出许多银色的涟漪。(1)这便是他求爱的表示，他就这样地过了一整个夏天。
“这样的恋爱太可笑了，”别的燕子呢喃地说，“她没有钱，而且亲戚太多；”的确河边长满了芦苇，到处都是。后来秋天来了，他们都飞走了。”
他们走了以后，他觉得寂寞，讨厌起他的爱人来了。他说，“她不讲话，我又害怕她是一个荡妇，因为她老是跟风调情。”这倒是真的，风一吹，芦苇就行着最动人的屈膝礼。他又说，“我相信她是惯于家居的，可是我喜欢旅行，那么我的妻子也应该喜欢旅行才行。”(2)
巴金译
I. Questions for discussion.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/968197663.html,pare the TL rendition and the SL sentence and tell the reason for the conversion from two present participles to three predicates in Chinese.
2.Examine the last sentece and give your own translation.
II.状语的翻译
1.While it saved her life, an ensuing year of chemotherapy reduced the once stunning model to a bald shadow of her former self.
虽然手术挽救了她的生命，但接踵而来的长达一年的化疗使这位一度艳丽消魂的时装模特儿绣发脱落，枯瘦如柴，失尽夕日的风采。
While 引导的从句译成让步状语。
2．He said no word to his sister as she passed with a basket.
他妹妹提着篮子走过来，他连一句话也没跟她说。
时间状语从句可译成汉语中的联合复句。
3．As I sat down on that hot and humid evening, there seemed to be no solutions to the problems thrashing around in my brain.
黄昏时分，既闷热，又潮湿，我坐下来，满脑子翻腾起伏的问题似乎找不到解决办法。
译成汉语时，先交代背静情况，然后才叙述事件，这样更符合汉语的表达习惯。
4. My upbringing had been more that of a wild boy than of a young lady.
我早年的教育，使我不大像一个娇小姐，倒像一个野孩子。
比较结构不一定非用“比…较/更…”的字眼不可，要根据语境灵活翻译。III.Translate the following senteces into Chinese with reasonable accuracy.
1.Old Peter stood there speechless,for he was burning with anger.
2.Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.
3.A dog will bark more loudly and bite more readily when people are afraid if him than when they treat him with contempt, and the human herd has something of this same characteristic.
Translate the short passage into Chinese:
Borrowing a Match
Stephen Leacock You might think that borrowing a match upon the street is a simple thing. But any man who has ever tried it will assure you that it is not, and will be prepared to swear on oath to the truth of my experience to the other evening.
I was standing on the corner of the street with a cigar that I wanted to light. I had no match. I waited till a decent, ordinary man came along. Then I said: "Excuse me, sir, but could you oblige me with the loan of a match?"
"A match?" he said, " why, certainly." Then he unbuttoned his overcoat and put his hand in the pocket of his waistcoat. " I know I have one," he went on," and I'd almost swear it's in the bottom pocket --- or, hold on, though, I guss it may be in the
to p---just wa it t ill I p u t t hese p arce ls d o w n o n t he s id e wa lk."
"O h,d o n't t ro ub le," I sa id," It's rea lly o f no co nseq ue nce"--- "Oh, it's no trouble, I'll have it in a minute: I know there must be one in here somewhere"---- he was digging his fingers into his pockets as he spoke----" but you see thisn't the waistcoat I generally…"
I saw that the man was getting excited about it. "Well ,never mind," I protested; "if that isn't that waistcoat that you generally--- why,it does't matter."
"hold on,now !" the man said,"I've got one of the cursed things in here somewhere. I guess it must be in with my watch. No, it's not there either.Wait till I try my coat.If that confounded tailor only knew enough to make a pocket so that a man could get at it."
He was getting pretty well worked up now.He had thrown down his walking-stick and was plunging at his pockets with his teeth set."It's that cursed youngf boy of mine," he hissed;"this comes of his folling in my pockets. By Gad! Perhas I won't warm him up when I get home. Say, I'll bet that it's in my hip-pocket.You just hold up the tail of my overcoat a second till I …"
"No, no," I protested again," please don't take all this trouble, it really doesn't matter.I'm sure you need n't take off your overcoat, and oh,pray don't throw away your letters and things in the snow like that, and tear out your pockets by the roots! Please, please don't trample over your overcoat and put your feet through the parcels.
I do hate to hear you swearing at your little boy,with that peculiar whine in your voice.Don't---- please don't tear your clothese so savagely."
Suddenly that man gave a grunt of exultation, and drew his hand from inside the lining of his coat.
"I've got it," he cried." Here you are!"Then he brought it out under the light.
It was a toothpick.
Yielding to the impulse of the moment I pushed him under the wheels of a trolley-car and ran.
第十七章定语从句的翻译
Bilingual reading
The Difference Between a Brain and a Computer
The difference between a brain and a computer can be expressed in a single word: complexity.
The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us.
The human brain weighs three pound, but in that three-pound are ten billion neurons
and a hundred billion smaller cells. These many billions of cells are interconnected in vastly complicated network that we can begin unravel as yet.
Even the most complicated computer man has yet built can compare in intricacy with the brain. Computer switches and components number in the thousands rather than in the billions. What more, the computer switch is just an on-off device, whereas the brain cell is itself possessed of a tremendously complex structure.
Can a computer think? That depends on what you mean by think. If solving a mathematical problem is thinking , then a computer can think and do so much faster than a man. Of course, most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straight forward processes over again. Even the s i m p l e c o m p u t e r s o f t o d a y c a n b e g e a r e d f o r t h a t.
It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are " programmed" to do so. They can only do what men have them do. One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are programmed to do. Our genes program us the instant the fertilized ovum is formed, and our potentialities are limited by that program .
Our program is so much more enormously complex, though, that we might like to define thinking in terms of the creativity that goes into writing a great play or composing a great symphony, in conceiving a brilliant scientific theory or a profound ethical judgment. In that sense, computers certainly can think and neither can most humans.
Surely, though, if a computer can be made complex enough, it can be as creative as we. If it could be made as complex as a human brain, it could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do.
To suppose anything else is to suppose that there is more to the human brain tha n the matter that composes it. The brain is made up of cells in a certain arrangement and the cells are made up of atoms and molecules in certain arrangements. If anything else is there, no signs of it have ever been detected. To duplicate the material complexity of the brain is therefore to duplicate everything about it.
But how long will it take to build a computer complex enough to duplicate the human brain? Perhaps not as long as some think., long before we approach a computer as complex as our brain, we will perhaps build a computer that is at least complex enough to design another computer more complex than itself.(1) This more complex computer could design one still more complex and so on and so on.
In other words, once we pass a certain critical point, the computers take over and there is "complexity explosion". In a very short time thereafter, computers may exist that not only duplicate the human brain---but far surpass it.(2)
Then what? Well, mankind is not doing a very good job of running the earth right now. Maybe, when the time comes, we ought to step gracefully aside and hand over the job to someone who can do it better. And if we don't step aside, perhaps.
Supercomputer will simply move in and push us aside.
电脑与人脑的差异
电脑与人脑的差异，可以用一个字眼来概括：复杂性。大型哺乳动物的大脑，就其体积而言，是我们所知晓的最复杂的肌体。人脑只有3磅，但就在这3磅物质中，却包含着100亿个神经细胞，以及1000亿个更小的细胞。这上百亿上千亿的细胞相互联系，行成一个无比复杂的网络，人类迄今还无法解开这其中的奥秘。
即便人类现今研制出的最复杂的电脑，其复杂程度也无法与人脑相比。电脑的转换器和元件只是成千上万，而不是上百亿，上千亿。更重要的是，电脑的转换器仅是一种开关装置，而人脑细胞本来却有着极其复杂的内部结构。
电脑能思考吗？这取决于你如何理解“思考”的含义。如果解一道数学题可算“思考”的话，那么电脑也能“思考”，而且速度比人快得多。当然，大多数数学题只需通过机器不断重复某种简单的过程，就能得到解决。如今，即便简单的电脑也能胜任这一工作。
人们常说，电脑之所以能解决问题，只是因为它们给输入了解决问题的“程序”。它们只能作人让它们作的事。我们应该记住，人类同样也只能按“程序”办事。受精卵一形成，基因就给我们编好了“程序”，我们的潜力也就要受到这个“程序”的限制。
不过，我们的“程序”要复杂得多，因此我们更喜欢用创造力来界定“思考”的意义。有了这种创造力，就能写出伟大的剧本，创作不朽的乐章，提出卓越的科学理论，创立深奥的伦理观点。从这个意义上讲，电脑当然不能思考，人类的大多数也做不到。
可是，如果能把电脑造得足够复杂的话，那它一定能像人一样富于创造力。倘若电脑能像人脑那样复杂，它就能与人脑旗鼓相当，完成人脑所能做的一切。
如果还要设想什么的话，那就设想人脑除了构成他的物质之外，还有别的什么奥妙。人脑是由细胞按一定的方式组合而成的。假如真有别的奥秘存在，我们可从未发现任何迹象。因此，复制出人脑复杂的物质结构，也就复制出它的一切。
但是，硏制出一台复杂程度与人脑相当的电脑需要多长时间呢？也许不像有些人想象的那么长。早在我们研制出和人脑一样复杂的电脑之前，我们也许造出这样一台电脑，其复杂程度至少能使它设计出一台比它更复杂的电脑。这台更复杂的电脑又能设计出一台更更复杂的电脑，依此类推，一代代地研制下去。
也就是说，一旦我们过了某个临界点，电脑就会取得主宰地位，出现一个“复杂性爆炸”。此后用不了多久，就会出现这样的电脑，它不仅能跟人脑相匹敌------而且会远远胜过人脑。
到那时会怎么样呢？唉，反正人类现在也没有做好管理地球的工作。也许到那时候，我们真该豁达大度地让到一边，把工作交给更为称职的去做。如果我们不主动让位，也许超级电脑就会不客气地闯进来，把我们推到一边。
孙致礼译
I.Questions for discussion:
Study the English sentences and Chinese equivalents. Then comment on the
techniques employed in each of the versions.
1.Our “program”is so much more enormously complex, though, that we might like to define thinking in terms of the creativity that goes into writing a great play or composing a great symphony, in conceiving a brilliant scientific theory or a profound ethical judgment.
不过，我们的“程序”要复杂得多，因此我们更喜欢用创造力来界定“思考”的意义。有了这种创造力，就能写出伟大的剧本，创作不朽的乐章，提出卓越的科学理论，创立深奥的伦理观点。
2. In a very short time thereafter, computers may exist that not only duplicate the human brain---but far surpass it.
此后用不了多久，就会出现这样的电脑，它不仅能跟人脑相匹敌------而且会远远胜过人脑。
II.定语从句的翻译
在翻译定语从句时，可依照其逻辑、功能或结构翻成汉语的偏正词组，并列分句，或表原因、结果、让步、目的等的状语。
1.Even though we cannot see and hear, we can share thoughts, opinions, and concerns about issues that affect us.
尽管我们看不见也听不着，但能就涉及我们的问题交换看法和意见。（偏正词组）
2.There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people
I met.
我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着哩。（独立分句）
3.We took a passenger-vessel of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.
我们乘坐的客轮几乎每一个部件都有国家的某些标志。（译成谓语）
4.The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to tell to or to hear from.
大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。（原因状语）
III. Translate the sentences into Chinese:
1.There was something original, independent , and heroic about the drawing of the integrated circuit that pleased everyone.
2.He insisted on building another dam, which the reservoir didn't have much no use.
3.Those who cannot see the pros and cons on the method may underestimate the current situation and slight the seriousness of the social problems.
IV. Translate the short passage into Chinese:
Rich as a king
William I ,who conquered England some 930 years ago, had wealth, power and a ruthless army.Yet although William was stupefyingly rich by the standard of his time,
he had nothing remotely resembling a flush toilet. No paper towels, no riding lawn mower. How did he get by?
History books are filled with wealthy people who were practically destitute compared to me I have triple-tracked storm windows, Croesus did not Entire nations trembled before Alexander the Great ,but he couldn't buy cat food in bulk. Czar Nicholas II lacked a compound miter saw.
Given how much better off I am than so many famous dead people, you think I be content. The trouble is that, like most people, I compare my prosperity with that of living persons: neighbors, highschool classmates, tv personalities. The covetousness I feel toward my friend Howard new kitchen is not mitigated by the fact that no French monarch ever had a refrigerator with glass doors.
There is really no really no rising or falling standard of living. Over the centuries people simply find different stuff to feel grumpy about. You think that merely not having bubonic plague would put us in a good. But no, we want a hot tub too.
Of course, one way to achieve happiness would be to realize that even by contemporary standards the things I own are pretty nice. My house is smaller than the houses of many investment bankers, but even so it has a lot more rooms than my wife and I can keep clean.
Besides, to people looking back at our era from a century or two in the future, those bankers fancy
参考译文：
大约在930年前征服了英格兰的威廉一世拥有财富，权势和一支残忍无情的军队。然而，虽然按照他那个时代的标准，威廉是极为富有的人，可他却连类似冲水马桶的东西都没有。他既没有纸巾，也没有乘坐式刈草机。他是如何勉强过日子的呢？
历史书中记载的那些巨富们，与我相比实践上是很贫乏的。我拥有三层的防风窗，而克里萨斯却没有；能使全体百姓在他面前发抖的亚历山大大帝，却买不到散装的猫食。沙皇尼古拉二世连复式轴锯也没有。
比起那么多逝去的名人们，肯定我的经济情况好的多，那么你一定会认为我很知足。可令人烦恼的是，像大多数人一样，我也总是把我富裕的情况，与活着的人们相比，即与我的邻居，中学同学以及电视上的人物相比。对我的朋友霍华德家崭新的橱房，我垂涎三尺，而这种感觉并不因为即便是法国君主也未曾用过带有玻璃门的冰箱这一事实而丝毫减轻。
这里实践上并不存在生活标准的提高与下降的问题。多少世界以来，人们只不过是对不同的事物感到不满。你回以为只要不患黑死病，我们就会很高兴。其实不然，我们还想要个热浴缸。
当然，还有一种获得幸福的途径是：认识到我所拥有的一切，用现代的标准来衡量，也是相当美好的。我的房子比起那些银行投资家们的要小得多，但尽管如此，我的房子还是多得使我和妻子来不及保持干净整洁。
此外，那些在将来一两个世纪以后的人们回头看我们的这个时代，如银行里的那些特别装饰的豪华服务的热水浴缸，人们通常着泳装浸泡与缸中，起到放松，解乏和消除紧张的作用。
(《中国翻译》）
第十八章宾语从句的翻译
Bilingual reading
The Unhappy Way
Life for almost everybody is a long competitive struggle where very few can win the race, and those who do not win are unhappy. On social occasions when it is de rigueur to seem cheerful the necessary demeanor is stimulated by alcohol. But the gaiety does not ring true and anybody who has just one drink too many is apt to lapse into lachrymose melancholy.
One finds this sort of thing only among English---speaking people. A Frenchman while he is abusing the Governments is as gay as a lark. So is an Italian while he is telling you how his neighbor has swindled him. Mexicans, when they are not actually starving or actually being murdered, sing and dance and enjoy sunshine and food and drink with a gusto which is very rare north of the Mexican frontier. When Andrew Jackson conquered Pensacola from the Spaniards, his wife looked out of the window and saw the population enjoying itself although it was Sunday. She pointed out the scandal to her husband, who decreed that cheerfulness must cease forthwith. And it d i d.
When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as it might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.(1) The one that goes least deep is the necessity for subservience in some large organization. If you are an energetic man with strong views as to the right way of doing the job with which you are concerned, you find yourself invariably under the orders of some big man at the top who is elderly, weary and cynical. Whenever you have a bright idea, the boss puts a stopper on it. The more energetic you are and the more vision you have, the more you will suffer the impossibility of doing any of the things that you feel ought to be done. When you go home and moan to your wife, she tells you that you are a silly fellow and that if you became the proper sort of yes-man your income would soon be doubled. (2) If you try divorce and remarriage it is very unlikely that there will be any chance in this respect. And so you are condemned to gastric ulcers and premature old age.
专业英语翻译教案
浙江师范大学 外国语学院 课程大纲及教案 专业名称：英语专业 课程名称：《翻译》（1） 主导教材：毛荣贵《新世纪大学英汉翻译教程》所属课程组：翻译组 课程负责人： 适用年级：英语专业本科2003级200 5 —200 6 学年第一学期
翻译（1）（2）课程大纲 一、课程概况 课程名称：翻译 课程类别：专业基础课课程编号：030903081，030903082 学分：4 学时：68 开课学期：五、六 二、课程教学目标和要求 1、[教学目标] 通过本课程的教学，帮助学生有效提高翻译实践能力和理论认识，达到高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲对其翻译能力的基本要求，即：能运用翻译理论与技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语，译文忠实、流畅，译速每小时250-300个英文单词汉字，使之可以胜任未来的中学英语教学以及其他涉及翻译能力的工作。 2、[课程要求] 本课程为系列专业基础课，由英译汉和汉译英组成，要求学生按顺序修读。为达到课程教学的目的，采用讲练结合的方式，布臵相当数量的课后作业要求学生按时按量完成，并积极参与课堂讨论。 三、教学内容与教学安排 1、[教学内容要点] 本课程教学以实践为主，理论为辅，重点是翻译技巧的介绍与练笔，翻译内容涉及各类文体、各个领域。课程安排按照讲练结合的原则展开，帮助学生有步骤有针对性地训练翻译的基本技能。通过大量的练习和讲评，强化学生对不同文本语体特点和翻译原则的认识，为其将来从事翻译工作或运用英语作为工作语言打下坚实的双语转换实践基础。 2、[教学安排] 本课程教学依据教学大纲，安排在本科三年级上、下两学期进行，共计68学时，其中36学时为英译汉，32学时为汉译英，每周2学时。教学计划允许授课教师在具体操作中有一定的灵活度，但至少应包含以下3部分的主题内容： 1)翻译概述（含翻译的标准、原则、过程、中外翻译简史及翻译名家的主要观点等）； 2)翻译技巧讲练（介绍主要的英汉互译技巧，结合学生的练笔进行讲评）； 3)多视角的翻译实践与研究（不同领域的翻译实践及其操作原则与技巧，如外来词 翻译、报刊标题及新闻翻译、旅游翻译、科技翻译、广告翻译、文化与翻译等； 在实践的基础上开始涉猎翻译的前沿理论，提高学生对翻译的理性认识，目的在 于训练其解决问题的探索能力，为其将来从事翻译实践或理论研究开辟一个窗 口）。 四、教材及主要参考资料 教材： 毛荣贵：《新世纪大学英汉翻译教程》，上海交通大学出版社2002年版 毛荣贵：《新世纪大学汉英翻译教程》，上海交通大学出版社2002年版
《英汉翻译课程教学大纲》
英汉翻译课程教学大纲 一、课程的目的和任务 《英汉翻译教程》和《汉英翻译教程》的教学目的和任务是，从英译汉和汉译英的一般规律和原则出发，围绕翻译的基本理论、英汉异同的对比以及翻译实践中成功或失败的实例，介绍汉英两种语言的对比与分析、各类文体的语言特点以及不同翻译方法，向学生传授基本的翻译理论和常用方法、技巧，通过反复实践培养学生汉英翻译基本技能。通过学习，学生能够熟练地运用已掌握的英语基本语法和词汇等知识，忠实、准确、通顺、完整地将汉语句子、段落和短文译成英语，并对文化差异有着较强的敏感性，能够较好地处理英汉互译中具有民族特色的形象、比喻等，胜任一般性的政治、经济、文化、科技、应用文等的翻译工作。同时，还要注重培养学生严谨的学风，避免不求甚解、逐词死译和望文生义。 适当补充口译实践，训练学生在政治、经济、文化等方面的能力，并提高学生的政策水平和涉外工作能力。 二、课程的基本要求 《英汉翻译教程》和《汉英翻译教程》课程的教学分为翻译方法和技巧训练阶段和短文翻译两个阶段，其分别要求是： １、翻译方法和技巧训练阶段的基本要求： （1）、词汇： 掌握10000－12000 个词汇以及这些单词构成的常用词组；正确而熟练地使用其中5000－6000 个词 汇及最常用的搭配，能够运用到汉英互译中。 （2）语法： 熟练地使用各种衔接手段，连贯地表达思想，侧重语法结构在翻译过程中的理解和应用。 （3）阅读能力： 能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评，理解文章大意，分辨事实与细节；能读懂有一定难度的 历史传记及文学作品，理解其真实含义；能分析上述题材文章的思想观点，语篇结构，语言特点和修辞手法。 （4）翻译能力： 能借词典将文字资料译成理解正确、表达准确、译文连贯通顺具一定修辞手段的规范语句，写译的速度达到每小时250－300 词。 2. 短文翻译阶段的基本要求： （1）词汇 1
《翻译理论与实践》教学大纲=
《翻译理论与实践》教学大纲 课程中文名称：翻译理论与实践 课程英文名称：The Theory and Practice of Translation 学分：2 总学时：36 课程性质：学位专业课 适用研究生专业：英语语言文学 一、本课程的性质和任务 本课程是我校英语语言文学硕士学位研究生专业课，适用该学科的3个主要研究方向：语言学与应用语言学、英美文学、翻译。是研究译学理论及实践技能的一门专业基础学科。 本课程的任务是：使研究生通过本课程的学习，获得翻译方面的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能。了解语言学理论和文学理论等在翻译学研究和翻译实践中的应用，着力培养学生具有翻译学科意识及翻译理论研究的创新意识，对翻译研究和学习产生浓厚兴趣，并正确应用翻译理论指导翻译实践，掌握较高的英汉互译能力。 二、本课程的教学内容和基本要求 一、翻译理论与实践概述 1．熟悉翻译的定义，判断翻译是科学和/或艺术。 2．认识翻译的目的、弄清翻译的任务。 3．了解翻译的标准、熟知翻译的过程。 4．分析译者的素养。 5．了解原文作者、译者与译文读者的关系。 二、翻译理论的基本概念 1．了解中国翻译理论中的基本概念，理解三不易、五不翻、五失本、案本、信达雅、信达切、信与顺、化境、形似与神似、三美、猫论、以及忠实与通顺等的内涵。 2．了解西方翻译理论中的基本概念，理解翻译三原则、等值翻译、功能对等、动态对等、形式对等、文化翻译观、民族主义翻译观、女性主义翻译观等的内涵。 3．了解翻译理论中的不同学派，如：文艺学派、文学-文化学派、语言学派、莱比锡学派、解构学派、交际学派、社会符号学派、释义学派、摆布学派、辨证逻辑学派、翻译研究学派等。 4．了解翻译学的不同分类，熟悉并尽可能掌握比较翻译学、描写翻译学、普通翻译学、特殊翻译学、应用翻译学、玄翻译学的基本特征。 5．了解异化与归化，学会如何在翻译过程中应用异化或归化。 6．学习了解翻译界对翻译单位的定义，掌握翻译单位（音位、词素、词、词组、句、语段、语篇）在翻译中的可行性。 三、英汉语言差异与译文可接受性 1．了解英汉两种语言的主要差异。 2．了解英汉两种语言表现在形合与意合上的差异。 3．比较英汉语言的词类、词性的异同。 4．比较英汉语言在表达上的视点差异。 5．比较英汉句型结构的异同。 6．了解并掌握翻译过程中的词性转换。 7．了解并掌握翻译过程中的主被动关系转换。
第二章 翻译的性质 策略和方法
第二章翻译的性质、策略和方法 2.1 什么是翻译？ 定义林林总总，可谓太多，但有一点很明确，翻译不是一个单纯的语言转换过程，它牵涉到不同的社会和文化内容，是一种跨语言（cross-linguistic）、跨文化（inter-culture）、跨社会（cross-social）的交际活动，是把“原语”SL（Source Language）的语言、文化信息用“的语”TL（Target Langue）的语言形式进行转达的活动，是具有不同语言文化背景的人相互交际、交流思想、达到相互了解的一种媒介。因此，从这个意义上说，翻译是一种更换语言形式和转移信息内容（包括思想、意义、情感、修辞、文体、风格、文化等）的复杂的思维及表达活动（毛荣贵）。而对这一活动规律的探讨和研究必然牵涉到哲学、美学、思维学、文化学、语言学、社会学、历史学等诸多领域，从这一点来看，我们可以说，翻译是一门科学。 翻译还是一门艺术。在翻译实践中，离不开直觉(instinct)、推敲(word-weighing)、灵感(inspiration)、顿悟(insight)等艺术思维方式，离不开各种艺术手段和技巧的运用。翻译，特别是文学翻译，展示的是一种语言表达艺术，在不悖原文的基础上，力求尽量完美地再现原文的语言艺术风采。 翻译更是一种艰苦的创造性劳动，需要大量的实践和积累，需要有广博的知识和丰富的见识。译者虽不需通晓各门专业，但至少应是一位“杂家”。翻译离不开原文文本和译文读者，否则成为无本之木、无的之矢，谈不上“翻译”二字，因为它离不开原文的限制。因而有人说它是“戴着镣铐跳舞”，不能长袖舒展，随心所欲。在这一过程中，译者常常为一词一句的理解和表达而煞费苦心，固有“一名之立，旬月踌躇”之说。 从形式上看，翻译有口译、笔译之分。口译又可分为交传（consecutive interpretation）和同传（simultaneous interpretation）两种形式。各自的标准和要求也不一样。口译强调“快捷、准确”（quick and accurate response）和“通顺”（smoothness），笔译则要求在“准确”与“通顺”的基础上，还要深究原文内涵，讲究行文用字自然得体、通顺地道。 而按体裁划分，翻译又可分为文学翻译、科技翻译、经贸翻译、时政翻译、法律翻译、旅游翻译、公文翻译、医学翻译以及广告宣传翻译等等。除文学翻译外，其它体裁大多归属于应用翻译的范畴。 2.2 什么是应用翻译？ 应用翻译，英语又称为pragmatic translation，practical translation或applied translation。（方梦之[M]，2003：前言），是一种以传递信息为主要目的、又注重信息传递效果的实用型翻译，它的最大特点是实用性强，应用面广，其范围几乎涵盖当今政治、经济、社会、文化生活的各个领域，大大不同于强调艺术审美与文学欣赏的文学翻译。就内容来看，它几乎囊括了除文学翻译以外的所有作品，“包括人们日常接触和实际应用的各类文字，涉及对外宣传、社会生活、生产领域、经营活动等方方面面”。而就文本体裁而言，它“包括政府文件、告示、科技论文、新闻报道、法律文书、商贸信函、产品说明书、使用手册、广告、技术文本、科普读物、旅游指南等各类文本”（方梦之[J]，2003），甚至还包括各种通俗读物。 从文体特征来看，“信息性、诱导性和匿名性是这类文本的主要特点”（方梦之[J]，2003）。信息性是指突出传递真实世界的客观信息和现象，在形式与内容的关系上，它往往重内容而
汉英翻译教案
汉英翻译教案 I 提示 ·原文来源 林庚、冯沅君主编，1980年，《中国历代诗歌选》（下编二）。北京：人民文学出版社。 ·译文来源 < 1 >译文1为翁显良译，选自翁显良，1985年，《古诗英译》。北京：北京出版社。 < 2 >译文2、3选自吕俊、侯向群编著，2001年，《英汉翻译教程》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。 <3>译文4为Schlepp译，见黄国文《从<天净沙? 秋思>的 英译文看“形式对等”的重要性》。《中国翻译》2003年第2期。 <4>译文5为丁祖馨&Burton Raffel译，见黄国文《从<天净 沙? 秋思>的英译文看“形式对等”的重要性》。《中国翻译》2003年第2期。 ·语体特征与翻译策略 < 1 >篇章本单元为一首曲，作者马致远（1250-1323）是
元代戏曲家，但散曲更著名。《天净沙?秋思》不仅是 他的代表作和元朝散曲小令中的杰作，也是脍炙人口、历代传诵的名篇。全曲描写一个秋暮行人的见闻与心 情，情景均嫌衰飒。 < 2 >句式曲，源于民间，属于可以合乐歌唱的长短句，是诗词发展到元代的新的文学形式。曲和诗词的区别 是：曲没有字数限制，而诗词是有字数限制的。不过 在句式结构上，曲与诗词一样，句式结构多为名词或 名词词组，很少使用完整的简单句或复合句，这是因 为在短的篇幅中“要舒展相当丰富的想象，不能不力 求简洁，凡可以省去而不至于影响语意的字，往往都 从省略。”（王力.2002：261）由于多种原因而省略 去主语、谓语或其他成分，或是介词或是连词，但是 所省略的部分究竟是什么，往往又是很难确定的；即 便如此，诗句的大意还是容易猜着的；诗人以大意的 表达为满足。（王力.2002：270）所以在这个意义上，汉语的意合性在诗/词/曲的运用中达到极至。汉语是 一种诗歌式语言。 < 3 >语义散曲是一种吟唱，用韵密，几乎是句句押韵，而且不准换韵，一韵到底。散曲用词也比较口语化， 整体上的语言都是朴素新鲜的。 < 4 >翻译策略传统的翻译研究中有这样一种倾向，即重
翻译理论与实践教案
翻译理论与实践 电子教案 专业名称：商务英语专业 课程名称：《翻译理论与实践》 主导教材：冯庆华《实用翻译教程》(英汉互译) 所属教研室：英语专业教研室 任课教师： 适用年级：商务英语专业本科三年级
Teaching Plan for Translation (1) #Title of Lesson: A Brief Introduction to Translation Week 1 #Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period） #Teaching Objectives： 1．Help the students achieve a basic understanding of translation: its nature, classification, evaluation criteria, the role of translator, etc. 2．Briefly introduce to the students the development of translation in China. #Key Teaching Points： 1．The nature and evaluation criteria of translation. 2．The difficulties involved in translating process. #Teaching Contents: I.Discussion: ●What is translation? ●What is a successful translation? ●What difficulties might occur in translating process? A.What is translation? 1.Key words: source language(SL) / receptor language / target language(TL); reproduce; message / information; equivalence / correspondence 2.Nature of translation (Eugene A. Nida): Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 3.Classification of translation: a.Oral interpretation / written translation b.Human translation / machine translation c.Literary / scientific / political / commercial translation d.Domestication (naturalization) / foreignization (estrangement, alienation) e.Literal translation / free translation B.What is a successful translation? 1.严复：信、达、雅(faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance) 2.傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神 似 3.钱钟书：诱、讹、化 4.Eugene A. Nida: natural / close; dynamic/functional equivalence C.What difficulties might occur in translating process? https://www.sodocs.net/doc/968197663.html,nguage / Cultural Barriers Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures.
英语翻译教案 (8)
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关于文学翻译的论文范文2篇
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英汉互译一第1课教案
广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案 编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作 课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光 教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班
《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法 （A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches） 1. Introduction Translation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century. In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad. 2.The Origin of Translation Language makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life. Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4). In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, and
《翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲
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文学翻译中译者的翻译策略
路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索- 百度文库 11 文学翻译中译者的翻译策略 作者：蒋新亮 摘要:文学翻译的策略,是文学译者不可回避的问题。究竟是采用“归化”策略,还是采用“异化”策略,成为众多翻译理论工作者非常关注的话题。介绍了中西方对“归化”和“异化”的研究、“归化”和“异化”的对立及“归化”和“异化”的统一。通过关于“归化”和“异化”策略关系的分析,提出过度的“归化”和“异化”都会对文学翻译造成不利影响,不能简单地采用这种或那种策略;文学译者应根据文学翻译的目的,采用不同的翻译策略来从事翻译活动,在“归化”和“异化”策略中寻求最佳的结合点。 关键词:文学翻译;翻译策略;归化;异化 在人类文明史上,翻译一直是传播外来知识的重要渠道。翻译,不但能促进一个民族文化的延续,还能给这种文化输入新的血液。诚如季羡林先生所说:“倘若拿河流来作比,中华文化这一条长河,有水满的时候,也有水少的时候,但从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入。注入的次数大大小小是颇多的。最大的有两次,一次是从印度来的水,一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化之所以能长葆青春,万英灵药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉!” 因此,从文化交流的高度来认识翻译活动,无疑有助于我们从更深的层次来把握翻译活动的本质。在翻译过程中,译者如何处理出发语和目的语的文化差异是一个亟待解决的难题。对这一问题通常有两种截然不同的观点:一种观点提倡“异化”,即以出发语为导向;另一种观点提倡“归化”,即以译入语为导向。“归化”和“异化”是文学翻译过程中两种不同的翻译策略。这两个术语最初是由劳伦斯·韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)基于德国哲学家施莱尔马赫(Schleiermarcher)的理论在他的著作《译者的隐身》中提出的。Schleiermarcher认为,“要帮助译作的读者在不脱离译入语的情况下正确而完全地看懂原作,可以采取两种途径。一种是尽可能地不打扰原作者的安宁,让读者去接近作者;另一种是尽可能地不扰乱读者的安宁,让作者去接近读者。”但是对这两种翻译,他并没有用专门的术语来概括。英国著名翻译理论家Schuttleworth和Cowie在著作《翻译研究词典》中明确提出“归化”和“异化”(“domestication”和“foreignization”)这一对翻译策略术语。此后,许多翻译家及学者从不同角度深入研究这个课题。 一、中西方对“归化”和“异化”的研究 现在的“归化”和“异化”之争就是直译与意译之争的延伸。“归化”的主旨以译入语文化为中心,而“异化”的主旨是以出发语文化为中心。翻译不是孤立的、静止的,双语转换的原则应以译出语文化为依托,以译入语文化为基础,以两种语言的最佳结合为追求目标。中西方分别对归化与异化做了大量的研究。 1.西方研究“归化”和“异化”理论的代表人物。“归化”理论最著名的代表人物是美国交际翻译理论家奈达(Nida),他提出了动态对等、功能对等和其他一些翻译理论。根据这些理论,“归化”的目的是最大限度的使目的语读者做出与出发语读者一样的反应,它强调的是译文的交际功能,只有译入语读者获取了与出发语读者一样的信息才能说这个翻译文本是忠实的。 正如“异化”理论的代表人物劳伦斯·韦努蒂(Venuti)指出的,试图把结构主义理论付诸实践并提出了阻抗式翻译来反对传统的、通顺的翻译。阻抗式翻译可以有助于保留原文的语言和文化差异,译出有陌生感和疏离感的文本。然而,就交流而言,“异化”翻译也有不足。由于存在不熟悉的表达方法和语法结构,在交流中会对译入语普通读者产生信息传递的障碍。 2.中国对“归化”和“异化”的研究。中国对“归化”和“异化”的研究始于直译与意译之争,在历史上可分为三个时期:
《英汉翻译》教学大纲
《英汉翻译》教学大纲 课程编号： 课程名称：英汉翻译 课程模块：三年制英语教育专业的专业方向必选课 课程属性：必修课 学时：总学时为36学时，一学期内上完，每周2课时。 先修课程：综合英语；英语泛读；英语口语；英语听力 适用专业：三年制英语教育专业 成绩考核：考试课 开课教研室：英语教研室 一、课程性质与任务 课程性质：《英汉翻译教程》是英语专业的必修课，教学分配在英语专业二年级进行。 课程任务：《英汉翻译教程》任务是，从英译汉和汉译英的一般规律和原则出发，围绕翻译的基本理论、英汉异同的对比以及翻译实践中成功或失败的实例，介绍汉英两种语言的对比与分析、各类文体的语言特点以及不同翻译方法，向学生传授基本的翻译理论和常用方法、技巧，通过反复实践培养学生汉英翻译基本技能。通过学习，学生能够熟练地运用已掌握的英语基本语法和词汇等知识，忠实、准确、通顺、完整地将汉语句子、段落和短文译成英语，并对文化差异有着较强的敏感性，能够较好地处理英汉互译中具有民族特色的形象、比喻等，胜任一般性的政治、经济、文化、科技、应用文等的翻译工作。同时，还要注重培养学生严谨的学风，避免不求甚解、逐词死译和望文生义。适当补充口译实践，训练学生在政治、经济、文化等方面的能力，并提高学生的政策水平和涉外工作能力。 二、课程教学内容、学时安排与要求 第一章翻译概论 【教学目的要求】 通过介绍世界和中国翻译史中理论与实践的发展情况,使学生对翻译标准、翻译基本方法、翻译中的可译性与不可译性等理论与实践问题有初步的了解，认识到翻译工作的重要性。 【教学重点难点】 注意在翻译练习中体现并强调翻译理论的运用。 【教学内容】 翻译的作用与使命，翻译的标准，翻译的方式，笔译与口译，可译性与不可译的补偿，中国翻译史，翻译练习
实用英汉翻译教案(第一)
1. 翻译的定义 1) To render in another language. --American Heritage Dictionary 转换成另一种语言。--《韦氏大词典》 2) “Translation is the expression in one language (or target language 译入语) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原语), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”–Dubois 3) “把一种语言的文字用另一种语言表达出来”--《辞海》、《现代汉语词典》 翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。这一活动分为口头和书面两种形式，有时在不同的语言之间进行，有时在同一国家的不同民族和地区之间进行，这种实践活动更多的应用于前者。 2. 翻译的目的 翻译作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践，学习翻译的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。翻译是较高层次的一门课程，其主要对象为英汉两种语言都达到了相当水平的学生和自学者。因此通过翻译，对已掌握的听说读写的能力可以进行一次全方位的检验，找出漏洞，弥补不足，并使这些能力在应用中得到巩固和提高。学习英语的主要目的是搞翻译，而翻译又可以反过来进一步促进学习。 3. 翻译的历史 1）Translation in Bible On the history of translation there is a central paradigm in the western countries. That is the history of translation in the Bible, the most translated book in the world. Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there… Then they said, ―Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest (otherwise) we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.‖And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the Lord said, ―Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.‖ So the lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of the earth. 上帝造人之后，赐福于人，人们安居乐业。然后，一群无聊人士希望后世记住这个时代，决心合力修建一座通天高塔，即Babel Tower。上帝恐慌，不希望这个奇观建成，于是让人们分化成不同的语言，令其不能交流。之后，因为沟通不畅，工程被迫放弃，而且人类从此不再团结，因为语言不通而分化成不同部落，并由于沟通问题，经常发生战乱，因此再无力撼动上帝的权威。巴别塔就是通天塔，比喻不可能完成的工程，也表示变乱（人类不再团结）。拜Lord所赐，我们今天要拼命学英语，外国人也要受汉语煎熬。而且，各种分歧，甚至战争，都或多或少由语言文化沟通不良引发。 2) Translation in China Actually the earliest translation can be dated back to ancient time. Versions in two languages used in