新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记Lesson14.doc

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记Lesson14 【课文】

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音，然后回答以下问题。

Why do small errors make it impossible to predict

the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?

Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they

are worthless.

The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading

upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust

devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only

satellites can see.

The modern weather models work with a grid of points of

the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 120.2, then 12.03...

The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations

will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon

the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so

on up to the size of the globe.

JAMES GLEICK, Chaos

【New words and expressions生词和短语】

forecast n.预报

speculative adj.推测的

blizzard n.暴风雪

deteriorate v.变坏

multiply v.增加

cascade v.瀑布似地落下

turbulent adj.狂暴的

dust devil小尘暴，尘旋风

squall n.暴风

eddy n.旋涡

grid n.坐标方格

sensor n.传感器

humidity n.温度

meteorologist n.气象学家

Princeton n.普林斯顿(美国城市名)

New Jersey n.新泽西(美国州名)

fluctuation n.起伏，波动

deviation n.偏差

【课文注释】

1.beyond two or three days，超过两三天。

beyond 这个介词有很多用法：

①在或向 ( 某物 ) 的远处。

例句： The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.

这条路绵延持续越过村子直入山中。

②迟于或超过 ( 某一时间 ) 。

例句： It won't go on beyond midnight.

这不会持续到午夜以后。

③越出 ( 某事物 ) 范围 ; 超越。

例句： The bicycle is beyond repairis.=The bicycle is too badly damaged to repair.

这辆自行车已不能修理了。

④除(某事物 ) 以外;除了。

例句： He's got nothing beyond his state pension.

除了国家发的养老金，他一无所有。

2.deteriorate变坏，恶化。

If something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some way.

和 improve 是反义词。

例句： Food is apt to deteriorate in summer.

食物在夏天容易变质。

例句： The discussion deteriorated into a bitter quarrel.

这场讨论演变成了激烈的争吵。

3.multiply 乘; 增多，增加; 繁殖。

①表示两数相乘。

例句： 2 and 3 multiply to make 6.

2 和

3 相乘得6。

②增多，增加。

例句： Our problems have multiplied since last year.

自去年以来我们的问题增多了。

这篇文章中“ errors and uncertainties multiply

”的multiply 就是增加、增多的意思。

③繁殖，增殖。

例句： It is possible to multiply bacteria and

other living organisms in the laboratory.

在实验室能够繁殖细菌和其他生物。

4.cascade ，瀑布

①作名词，瀑布; 如瀑布般的。

例句： The water formed a cascade down the mountain.

水沿山泻下，形成一条瀑布。

②in cascades/cascades of，像瀑布一样。

例句： Climbing plants with their bright flowers hung

in cascades over the garden wall.

开出鲜艳花朵的爬藤植物瀑布般悬挂在花园墙上。

③作动词，如瀑布似的落下。

例句： Her golden hair cascaded down her back.

她的金发像瀑布似的披在背后。

5.a chain of，一系列，一连串。

例句： It is as if a single unimportant event set up

a chain of reactions.

仿佛一件小事引起了一连串连锁反应似的。

例句： The enemy tank car caught fire and set off a chain of explosions.

敌人的油车着了火，引起了一连串的爆炸。

6.of the order of ，大约。

7.all the way to ，一直，完全。

例句： The two runners contested the race closely it was nip and tuck all the way.

那两个赛跑选手竞争激烈，在赛程中一直不相上下。

例句： I'll back you up all the way.

我完全支持你。

【参考译文】

世界上的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六

七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。

原因是蝴蝶效应。对于小片的恶劣天气 -- 对一个世界性的气象预报

员来说，“小”能够意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪 -- 任何预测的质量会很快下降。错误和不可靠性上升，接踵而来的是一系列湍流的徵状，从小尘暴

和暴风发展到只有卫星上能够看到的席卷整块大陆的旋涡。

现代气象模型以一个坐标图来显示，图中每个点大约是间隔 60 英里。既使是这样，有些开始时的资料也不得不依靠推测，因为地面工

作站和卫星不可能看到地球上的每一个地方。假设地球上能够布满传感器，每个相隔 1 英尺，并按 1 英尺的间隔从地面一直排列到大气层

的顶端。再假定每个传感器都极极端准确地读出了温度、气压、温度和气象学家需要的任何其他数据。在正午时分，一个功能巨大的计算

机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每一个点上 12：01、12：02、12：03时可能出现的情况。

计算机无法推断出 1 个月以后的某一天，新泽西州的普林斯顿究

竟是晴天还是雨天。正午时分，传感器之间的距离会掩盖计算机无法知道的波动、任何偏平均值的变化。到12：01 时，那些波动就已经会在 1 英尺远的地方造成偏差。很快这种偏差会增加到尺10 英的范围，如此等等，一直到世界的范围。

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—－可编辑修改，可打印—— 别找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育资料——全册教案，，试卷，教学课件，教学设计等一站式服务—— 全力满足教学需求，真实规划教学环节 最新全面教学资源，打造完美教学模式

Lesson1 We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.

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新概念英语第四册课文：Lesson4 【课文】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录音，然后回答以下问题。 How did Vera discover she had this gift of second sight? Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls. One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles. Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and

新概念英语第四册第三单元课文原文(句型翻译)

Lesson 3 Matterhorn man 马特霍恩山区人Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed. 【句型名称】累进比较 【课文原句】Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. 【闯关练习】 The harder you work at your study, the better academic records you will have. 你学习越努力，你的成绩就越好。 The more we have, the more we want. 人欲无穷。 The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙碌，越感到高兴。 The happier you are about yourself and your life, the healthier you will be. 对自己、对生活越满意，就越健康。 The less effort you put into the work, the less you will achieve. 在工作中，你所付出的努力越少，