英汉互译翻译和实践技巧1_12单元参考答案解析

Unit1

1.Every life has its roses and thorns.

人生总是有苦有乐, 甘苦参半。(人生的道路既铺满鲜花, 又充满荆棘.)

2.I’ll have Lisa where I want her.

我要丽莎去哪里她就得去哪里

3.He carried his age astonishingly well.

他一点儿都不显老，面容年轻得令人惊讶。

4.She’d never again believe anything in trousers.

她再也不愿相信任何男人了.

5.He was a dead ,he met his Waterloo this time.

他是一个神枪手，可这一次却遭到惨败。/ 他遭遇了滑铁卢。

6.Nixon was pleased by the distinction,but not overwhelmed.

尼克松对受到的破格礼遇非常高兴，但并没有受宠若惊。

7.Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression.

而中国是一片令人惊讶、日新月异的土地。

8.After the failure of his last novel,his reputation stands on slippery ground. 、

他上一篇小说写砸了, 他的名声从此岌岌可危.

9. looked radiant,too,and for the first time gobbled up her dinner like a little

pig.

索耶太太也容光焕发，第一次大口大口吃饭，活像一只小猪。

10.He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now and then wiped

his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.

他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时有哪个一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。

11.It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose

it,of not being conscious of health until we are ill.

还是那句老话：物失方知可贵，病时倍思健康。

12.When we are in buoyant health,death is all but seldom think of it .The days

stretch out in an endless we go about our petty tasks,hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life.

当我们年富力强时，死亡几乎是难以想象的事。我们很少想到死。来日方长，前途无量。

于是，我们忙于琐碎的事物，根本意识不到我们对生命的漠然态度

13.A greeting card can warm a heart,hold a hand ,lend an ear,pat a back light up

a face,tickle a funny bone,dry an eye,surprise a child,woo a sweetheart,toast

a bride,welcome a stranger,wave a good-bye,shout a bravo,blow a kiss,mend a

quarrel,ease a pain,bost a morale,stop a worry and start a tradition.

一张贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它令人喜洋洋，缭的心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人一温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手告别，高声喝彩，送上飞吻，也可以平息争吵，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。

Unit2

1.Needing some light to see by,the burglar crossed the room with a light step to

light the light with the light green shade.

夜贼需要一点亮光来辨识四周，于是轻步穿过房间，去点亮带有浅绿色灯罩的灯。

2.All citizens in this nation are subject to the law.

这个国家的全体公民都必须服从法律。

3.Payment are subject to change in keeping with inflation

支付随通货膨胀的变化而变化。.

4.Subject to the fulfilment of other formalities,they shall be granted all

necessary permits.

在他们履行其他正式手续的条件下，可授予他们一切必要的执照

5.Before it begins to work,the yeast is subject to disruption caused by

fluctuations in temperature.

酵母在发酵之前，易受温度起伏变化的干扰。

6.Accession shall be subject to approval of a two-third vote of the Directors of

the Government Body.

就任须得到董事会三分之二以上的成员同意。

7.Samples are subject to a series of tests in the lab,te object of which is largely

to determine the correct processing methods to be adopted in each case.

样品在实验室经过一系列的检验，其主要目的在于针对不同情况来决定采用恰当的加工方法。

8.The mechanism o the process,slow and delicate,often escapes our attention.

这种作用过程既缓慢又微妙，经常逃过微妙的注意。

9.Under capitalism drugs and alcohol are used by some as an escape mechanism.

在资本主义社会，毒品和酒被一些人用作逃避现实的途径。

10.But people are apt to marvel at an ingenious mechanism and obliterate the man

who makes it.

但是人们往往对精巧的器械大为惊异，却忘记了制造它的人。

11.Perhaps this is the very mechanism of the creators of our nation who hold these

truths to be self-evident.

我们国家的缔造者们认为这些真理是不言而喻的，或许这正是他们的匠心所在。

12.And,again as a result of the development of modern technology,mechanism in

philosophy became an upstart.

随着现代技术的发展，哲学中的机械论再度变得盛极一时。

13.The two model cariants of the socialist economic mechanism are to be

distinguished from the point of view of market function.

对于社会主义经济体制的两种模式需要从市场功能的观点来加以区别。

Unit3

the passage of time,my admiration for him grew more more and more.

我对她的仰慕之情与日剧增

has long been an enemy of stilted and pretentious English.

他一向反对矫揉造作的英语

audience attended the performance varied from tens to thousand .

看演出的观众少则几十人，多则数千人。

observers have commented favorably on the achievement you have made in this

direction

思想独立的观察家们对你们这方面所取得的成就给予了很好的评价。

wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of people of the old generation back to 36 yeares ago.

难怪老一辈的许多人一见到它就会想到36年前的往事。

is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.

目前我国各地对各种消费品的需求量已大大的增加。

of all the glorious tales written about the for independence from Britain the fact is hardly known that a blank man was the first to die for American independence 读遍了关于美国为摆脱关于英国统治争取独立而进行革命的堂皇纪事，也很艰难弄清第一个为美国独立捐躯的原来是个黑人。

buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug,and cried like a child

我心理十分难受，一头扎进被单和毯子中，像孩子一样哭了起来。

thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing ,

小偷战战兢兢地坦白了所干的坏事。

sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering around the two men.

水手们欢欢乐乐，蜂拥而至，将这两人围城一团。

enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the cool support of water.

我喜爱那洁净的暖风吹拂在我的皮肤上使我陶然欲醉，也喜爱那清凉的流水吧我的身体托浮在水面上。

was a truth of which I had for some time been conscious that a figure with a good deal of frontage was ,as one might say ,almost never a public instituin.

一段时期以来，我注意到了一条普遍规律，不妨说，仪表堂堂的人大抵不是什么社会名流。Unit4

do not so much divide the world as unite it.

海洋与其说是分隔了世界不如说是连接了整个世界。

she came to, she saw smiling faces around her.

她苏醒过来，看见周围一张张笑脸。

planet we live on is not just a ball of inert material.

我们居住的星球并不仅仅是一个由惰性物质组成的球体。

4,。The pupil of the eye responds to the change of light intensity.

瞳孔随光线的强弱变化而缩小放大。

in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.

勇敢过度，即成蛮勇，感情过度，即成软弱，简约过度，即成贪婪。

6.Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man..读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔写使人准确。

host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.

热情的主义又是切肉，又是倒茶，又是上菜，又是切面包，谈啊，笑啊，敬酒啊，忙个不停。

digital camera is easy to operate, versatile, compact and has a pleasing modern design.

这种数码相机操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。

scientific hypothesis can be proven-or, perhaps more importantly, disproven-but a poem, a picture, or a piece of music, cannot.

一条科学假设可以被证实，或被否定，后者可能更为重要。而一首诗，一张画，或一曲音乐却不能。

make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.

读史使人明智，读诗人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修饰之学使人善辩。

Unit5

1．If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.

你要是迁就他，他会得寸进尺。

trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you.

不要自找麻烦。

true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.

与人同乐才是真乐。

is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it.

说有饭大家吃并不完全正确。

was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness.

他从容不迫，和蔼可亲。|他举止不慌不忙，十分友好。

may cause illness that could be passed on to our children and grandchildren.

放射线可以引起遗传性疾病。

capable of causing disease are known as pathogenic, or disease-producing germs.会引起疾病的细菌称为致病菌。

generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy source to transport men from place to place.

世世代代以来，煤和石油一直被认为是人员运输的主要能源。

9．Patients with influenza must be separated from the well lest the disease should spread from person to person.

流感病人必须与健康的人隔开，以免疾病传播。

the 18 species of penguins, 8 have chosen the environs of the South Pole as their habitats.

在18种企鹅中，有8种栖息在南极四周。

developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and

abound in natural resources.

这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。

order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature.

为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行，人类和大自然不断进行斗争。

is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.

冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节；虽然树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却很美丽。

14.Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge, has given man the practical

result of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by others.

人类对科学的研究，对知识的寻求，其实际结果是使自己具有抵御天灾人祸的能力。

Unit 6

1.It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to

maintain flight.

要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行，这很容易。

2.He was dumb-founded at her insistence that he explain where every cent of his

allowance had gone.

她非要他讲清楚他的每一分钱都到哪儿去了，他哑口无言。

3.That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our

abilities,characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.

这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。

4.Behaviorist,in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that

blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other vantages that whites enjoy.

相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。

5.He would be a rash man who should yenture to defy world public opnion and act

arbitrarily.

如果有人敢于公然蔑视世界公众舆论而一意孤行，那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。

6.I was all the more delighted when,as a result of th einitiative of your

government,it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.

由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重提访问之事，这使我感到特别高兴。

7.Accounts are given of huge mountains sinking,of former plaiins seen heaved

aloft,of fires flashing out amid the ruin.

大山沉陷，平原隆起，火焰喷射，周围是一片废墟，这些都有报道。

8.The president has also called for an annual moment of silence at8;46 a. time,when

the first plane hit the first tower.

总统也号召每年的这一天，在东部时间8:45，也就是当第一架飞机撞上第一座塔楼的时

刻全国默哀。

9.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result

in serious disease if certain important elements are missing。

如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含任何有害的物质，也会引起严重的疾病。

10.Can you forge against these enemies in a grand and global alliance,North and

South,East and West,that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind Will you join in that historic effort

你们能不能部分东南西北，建立起一个对付这些敌人的全球联盟，以保证全人类享有更为丰富的生活你们是否愿意参与这一历史的努力

11.Many more visitors than it can comfortably accommodate poured into it ,off the

regular steamers,off chartered motorboats and off yachts;all day they ambled up the towpath ,looking for what

游客太多了，这小地方接待不过来。搭班船的、坐包船的、驾游艇的，一批批涌到，从早到晚，络绎不绝，漫步爬上纤路。他们想看什么呢

Unit7

1.One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.

新到一个陌生的邻里，越小心越好。

2.I'm wiser than to believe what you call money talks.

我才不至于蠢到相信你所说的金钱是万能呢。

3.Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection.

再漂亮的东西，只要仔细观察，也会发现某种缺陷。

4.He would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life.

叫他干什么他都愿意，只要不再过以往那种日子就行。

5.I know it is a square peg in a round hole; still, it serves after a fashion.

我知道此物方枘圆凿，十分不配；但尽管如此，还是勉强顶用。

6.Africa is not kicking out western imperialism in order to invite other new

masters.

非洲将西方帝国主义踢出国门并不是为了请进其他的新主子。

7.Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with

dignity

双方都认为可以不失体面地接受这个和平方案。

8.All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat

9.燃料中的所有化学能并非都可以转化成热能。

10.All graduates from the Foregin Languages Institute will not be appointed to

do translation work.

外语院校的毕业生并非人人被分配去做翻译工作。

11.All these various losses,great as they are ,do not in any way contradict the

law of conservation of energy.

所有这些能量耗散，尽管很大，却都和能量守恒定律无矛盾。

12.All other sources of heat besides the sun would not raise the temperature

of the eatth1/4 degree F.

除了太阳的热源以外，所有其他热源都不能把地球的温度升高四分之一华氏度。

13.Not all sounds made by animals serve as language,and we have only to turn

to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

动物发出的声音并不都起语言作用。只需以发现蝙蝠的回声定位这个不同寻常的事为例，我们就能知道声音起着严格的功利作用。

14.The contemporary phenomenon of motorcar worship is to be explained not least

by the sense of iindependence and freedom that ownership entails.

当代社会崇尚汽车的现象其部分原因可以解释为：一个人有了汽车，便可以自由行动，不依赖他人。

15.The target is wrong,for iin attacking the tests,critics dicert attention from

the fault that lies with ill-informed or iincompetent uses.

（把标准化测试作为抨击）目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

16.One may as well be asleep to read for anything but to improve his mind and

morals, and regulate his conduct.

读书如果不是为了培养才德和端庄品行，还不如睡大觉好。

17.Few things are impossible in themselves：and it is often for want of will,

rather than of means, that men fail of success.

事情很少有做不成的；其所以做不成，与其说由于条件不够，不如说由于缺乏决心。

18.In one broadcast Anna Roosevelt ,the wife of President Franklin

Roosevelt ,said,”we cannot be too tired to win peace if our civilization is to go on.”

富兰克林·罗斯福总统的夫人安娜·罗斯福有一次在广播中说：“如果想使战后的文明持续下去，我们付出多大的艰辛争取也不过分。”

19.It is nothing for a big,strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in

the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus,much less stand up and offer his seat to her,as he ought.

为了抢占地铁或公交汽车上的最后一个座位，身强力壮的中学生可以把老太太推开，更别提站起来给老太太让个座了----这对他们来说简直不算回事儿。他们本不应该这样做。

UNIT8

1.The oil of the world will have been used up,and man will be using the more

convenient power obtained from the splitting of the atom.

全世界的石油将会用尽，到那时人们将使用通过原子裂变获取的更为方便的动力。

2.There are some radioactive isotopes which are produced artificially by

bombardment of nuclei with neutrons.

有几种放射性同位素是通过用中子轰击原子核而人造出来的。

3.Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to

loud continuous noise.应当注意缩短人们在强噪声环境中的停留时间。

4.Much has been said about the complexity of embryonic stem-cell research.

关于胚胎干细胞研究的复杂性已经谈的很多了

5.Goodyear ,an American,had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber

could be made hard,non-stick ,and yet elastic.

多年来，一个名叫古德伊尔的美国人一直在努力寻找一种方法把橡胶做的硬而不粘，但却有弹性。

6.We are taught that business letters should be written in a formal style rather

than a personal one.

我们学过，写商务信件要用规范的格式，而不能像个人信件那样随便。

7.She told me that her master had dismissed reason had been given;no objection

had been made to her had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.

她告诉我，男主人已经雇了她。没有对她说明任何理由，对她的行为也没提出任何异议。

而且不许她向女主人申诉。

8.The increasing speed of scientific development will be obvious if one considers

that TV ,space craft,and nuclear-power ships,which are taken for granted now,would have seemed fantastic to people whose lives ended as recently as 1920.

电视机、宇宙飞船和核动力舰艇对今天的人们来说不是什么新鲜事物，但对于生活于20世纪20年代以前的人来说，却似乎是不可思议的东西。考虑到这一点，科学发展的速度之快就显而易见了。

9.The rusting of iron is one example of corrosion, which may be described as the

destructive chemical attack of a metal by media with which it comes in contact, such as moisture,air and water.

可以认为，腐蚀状态是金属接触湿气、空气和水等介质后形成的破坏性化学侵蚀，而铁生锈只是其中的一个例子。

10.Pure science has been subdivided into physical science, which deals with the

facts and relations of the physical world, and biological science, which investigates the history and makings of life on the planet.

理论科学分为自然科学和生物科学，前者研究自然界各种事物和相互联系，而后者则探讨地球上生物的进化历史和形成条件。

11.It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been

declining alarmingly. Students are requested to remind themnselves of the rules of the borrowing and returning of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books wikk in the future be strictly enforced.

近来我们发现本馆的图书库存正在急剧下降，此事令人关注。现提醒大家注意借书还书规则，别忘了其他同学也需要借阅。今后将严格执行借书规则，凡逾期不还者将照章处罚。

12.A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this

bureau’s possession. It is noted that the letter was received two months ago,and after study,returned to your view of the foregoing,it is regretted that your office has no record of its the letter is found,it would be appreciated if this bureau was notified at noce.

最近找到了卷宗，发现本局并无此信。根据记录，该信于两个月前收到，经研读已寄还贵处。照此看来，贵处似无收信的记录，甚为遗憾。如能查明此信，请即通知本局，不胜感激。

Unit9

1.Whatever from is used by the majority of educated speakers or writers is correct;

or as Sweet puts it, “Whatever is in general use in a language is, for that

reason, grammatically, correct.”

大多数受过教育的人说话或写作时使用的英语就是正确的英语，或如斯威特所说：“凡是语言中广泛使用的说法（仅仅这一理由）都可以认为在语法上是正确的。

2.He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he

sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.

他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打责骂。

3.It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly

that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection

认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。

这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。

4.It is not that the scale in the one cases,and the balance in the other,differ

in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

这并不是说，使用磅秤和使用天平这两种情况在构造原理或工作方式上存在什么差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上更准确的多。

5.There are several reasons why he no longer appears to be the magician the world

press had made him out to be, an illusion which he failed to discourage because, as he would admit himself, he has a tendency toward megalomania.

全世界报界曾经把他渲染成魔术师一般的人物，他也没有阻止人们制造这种错误印象，因为他自己也承认有一种自大狂的倾向。现在他也不再像是这样一种人物了，这里有几个原因。

6.….but since what used to seem to the great majority of civilized humanity the

assurance of another life beyond the grave has come to seem to more and more people less certain,a feeling for the value of human life has become deeper and more widespread.

但是对于绝大多数受过教育的人过去所深信的所谓人死后另有生命，现今这种观念已经为越来越多的人所怀疑，所以人们对生命的价值认识越来越深刻，其范围也越来越广。

7.He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “step up” toward what

all Americans are thought to want when they grow up: money and power.

所有美国人受的教育是长大后应该追求金钱和权力，而我却偏偏不要明明是朝这个目标“迈进”的工作，他为之大为解。

8.He poured into his writing all the pains of his life and the convicion it had

brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up.

他在作品里倾诉了自己一生的痛苦和这种痛苦给他带来的一种信念，认为如果受剥削的阶级奋起反抗，世界就会变得更美好。

9.There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save

drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.

很久以来，海员中有一种迷信，认为海豚会把快四的人推到水面把他们救起，或者在溺水人周围形成防御队形，保护他们不受鲨鱼伤害。

10.Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly

bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.

再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员。

11.For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do

not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

例如：测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

12.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that

animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

Unit10

1.Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling

to a visiter.

美国人的许多风俗习惯似乎令初来乍到的游客费解。

2.They saw the first glimmerings of the “new economic order”for which many Third

World countries have long been clamoring.

他们看到了许多第三世界国家长期呼吁的“经济新秩序”的一线曙光。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ac13854835.html,te 19th century saw all the unicersities in the United States adopt the credit

system,which benefited students a great deal.

19世纪末，美国所有大学已实行学分制，学生们从中受益匪浅。

4.Each day we make choices that affect our lives and sometimes the lives of others.

我们每天都要做出选择，其选择结果会影响自己的生活，有时也影响别人的生活。

5.While at a mueum , one can frequently rent a small recording machine that will

eplain the objects on display as you move through the museum.

在博物馆参观的时候，常常可以租用一个小录音机，一面参观，一面听有关展品的录音解说。

6.The fire season takes care of the property that managed to survive the deluge.

勉强躲过洪水劫难的财物，又在火灾多发期被吞噬了。

7.In countries where people remain in one town or city for most of their lives,the

social customs are quite different.

有些国家的人民几乎终生未离开过某一乡镇或城市，所以其社会风俗大不相同。

8.In fact,many Americans who could afford to hire a cook or driver do not employ

them.

其实，许多美国人都花得起钱请厨师，雇司机，但他们不那么做。

9.Privite schools in the US have a wide range of programs that are offered to meet

the needs of certain students.

美国私立学校开设的课程很多，以满足某些学生的各种需求。

10.Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer

of which it froms a part,thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer.

现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的袖珍式微型计算机。

11.A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority

are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.

人们所知道的几个恒星并不比地球大多少，但绝大多数恒星却非常巨大，每个星球容纳成千上万个地球还绰绰有余。我们不时可见大得足以容纳亿万个地球的巨星。

12.There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble

or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be the chief interest and pride.

最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神和费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津乐道地与她丈夫谈政治，谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她最感兴趣并最引以为荣的东西。

Unit 11

1.When Zhou Enlai's door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height

with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.

周恩来的房门打开了。他们看到了一位身材修长的人，比普通人略高，目光炯炯，面貌引人注目，称得上英俊。

2.Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to

find that Mr. Pickwick had disappeared.

当这一小伙人回来发现皮克威先生不见了的时候，那惊愕之态简直无法形容。

3.When I try to understand what is that prevents so many Americans from being as

happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are twp causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.

为什么如此多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。

4.The assertion that it was difficult,if not impossible,for a people to enjoy its

basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic,social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.

如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断，在那时几乎无可置疑。

5.Aluminum remained unknown until the 19th century, because nowhere in nature is

it found free, owing to its always being combined with elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.

因为在自然界的任何地方都找不到处于游离态的铝，所以直到19世纪铝才为人们所知。

铝总是喜欢和其他元素结合在一起，最常见的情况是和氧的结合，因为铝对氧有很强的亲和力。

6.Marjorie has been raised by a scheming aunt to find a millionaire dollars and

marry it. So when at17, she felt in love with a poor medical student, the aunt promptly arranged to take her niece abroad. In the 90s that was still standard technique.

马乔里由老谋深算的姑母抚养长大。姑母总算想方设法要让她嫁一个百万富翁。因此，当马乔里十七岁那年爱上了一个学医的穷学生时，姑母马上就安排将侄女带出国。虽说是九十年代了，但这仍不失为拆散爱侣的典型做法。

Unit12

1.There are swift flowing reivers,slow,sluggish rivers,mighty rivers with several

mouths,rivers that carry vast loads of alluvium to the sea,clear,limpid rivers,rivers that at some seasons of the year have very much more water than at others,reivers that are made to generate vast quantities of electricity by their power,and rivers that carry great volumes of traffic.

有的河水流湍急，有的河流速缓慢，有的大河出海口有好几处，有的河带着大量冲击土入海，有的河清澈见底，有的河的水量在一年中的某些季节较少，而在某些季节里却多得多，有的河可利用其动力大量发电，有的河承担着大量的交通运输。

2.Is the claim of the G&C Merriam Company,propably the world’s greatest dictionary

maker,that the preparation of the work cost $ million,that it required the efforts of three hundred scholars over a period of twenty-seven years,working on the largest collection of citations ever assembled ini any language---is all this a fraud,a hoax

G&C麦里姆公司大概是世界上最大的字典编纂者。它声称这项编纂工作耗资350万美元，300多名学者为此辛勤工作长达27年，对搜集到的语言中最大量的词语例证作了编辑加工。难道它声称的所有这些是为了欺骗和愚弄人民的吗

3.All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting

from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.

为了保证全体会员国拥有加入本组织后应获得的权益，所有会员国应一秉诚意，履行依照本宪章所承担之义务。

4.Americans who would be patriots must try to learn what it is that they have in

common, what it is in the public that is worth cherishing and preserving; until they know that, their patriotism will have no more content than a bright, loud afternoon parade.

美国人如果想要成为真正的爱国之士，就必须努力探求他们之间的共同之处，努力探求在这个国度里值得珍惜和恪守不渝的究竟是什么。如果他们做不到这一点，那么他们的所谓爱国主义充其量只是一场自我炫耀的午后大旅行。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ac13854835.html,puter language may range from detailed low level close to that immediately

understood by the particular computer,to the sophisticated high level which can be rendered automatically acceptable to a wide range of computers.

计算机语言有低级的也有高级的。前者比较详细，很接近于特定计算机直接能懂的语言；

后者比较复杂，适应范围广，能为多种计算机所自动接收。

第四章 翻译的技巧参考译文

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英汉互译实践与技巧作业

英汉互译实践与技巧 学 院：水利与建筑工程学院 专业班级：电气 xxx 班 姓 名： xxx 学 号： 201xxxxxxx

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英汉互译实践与技巧1--13单元汉译英部分原句+答案

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说明：翻译题目在四六级考试中占5%。为中翻英题目。 翻译题目破题通法： 1、精研2006年6月24日至2009年6月共七套新四级翻译真题，或2006年12月至2009 年6月共六套新六级翻译真题，彻底搞懂每个考点，诸多考点反复重考； 2、背熟四、六级考试核心词组； 3、掌握四、六级翻译核心语法点，如虚拟语气、倒装句、定语从句、状语从句、主语从句等。 例题：请在5分钟内填空完毕。 1、Because she knew French, she （比我们有利）. 2、It’s important that the librarian（确认图书按时归还）. 3、The regulations doesn’t (生效) until the first of March. 4、My mother wanted me to （从事教育工作）. 5、After arriving at your new university, the following may assist you in （减轻文化冲击所带来的紧张感）. 1、答案：had an advantage over the rest of us 解析：1）词组：have an advantage of（比…有利） 2）时态：根据前半句的knew，此处应使用一般过去时 2、答案：make sure the books (should) be returned in time 解析：1）从句：主语从句it is important that … 2）虚拟语气：此处主语从句应使用should + 动词原形，should可以省略 3）语态：此处“按时归还”应使用被动语态be returned 4）词组：make sure（确认） 3、答案：come/go into effect 解析：词组：come/go into effect（生效）

英汉互译技巧

第五次课 I.应该没有考Change of voice 被动语态和主动语态的变化 Four situations when passive voice is used in English: 1.When the agent is not known or is not necessary to know 2.When emphasis is on the action or the object rather than on the agent 3.When the speaker is not willing to reveal the agent 4.When use of passive constructions can help link the sentence with its context 可以翻译成英语被动句的汉语句子包括（反之亦然）： 1．有标志的汉语被动句：“受、挨、遭、遭受、被、得到、给、叫、让、由、为……所、加以、予以、等等” 2．无标志的汉语被动句：形式主动，意义被动 3．部分无主句可以翻译成英语被动句 4．一些习惯用语可以翻译成英语被动句或It句型：“有人、人们、大家”作主语；“据说、据报道、据推测、据估计、据信、可以肯定、必须指出、有人主张、众所周知 等等” 他粗心大意，应当受到批评。不用被批评 He should be criticized for his carelessness. 这个问题必须在适当的时候予以处理。不用被处理被动语态在翻译的时候尽量不用被字 The problem must be dealt with at an appropriate time. 代表将由民主协商选举产生。 The representatives will be elected after democratic consultation. 艾滋病病毒只能通过血液或其他体液传播。 The AIDS virus is only transmitted by blood and other body fluids. 血债要用血来还。 Blood debts will have to be paid in blood. 到现在为止还没有得出结论。 So far no conclusion has been arrived at. 为这事已经拨了大笔款项。 A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose. 可以有把握地说，会议会如期举行。 It may be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule. 人们发现橡胶是很好的绝缘体。 Rubber is found to be a good insulating material. 据说人在弥留之际都要回顾他的一生，就像看一部电影，一切都历历在目。 It is said a dying person tends to recollect his whole life, like seeing a film. II.不考Positive and Negative ways of expressing an idea Negation in translation: 正说反译/反说正译法。为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。

英语翻译技巧

英语翻译技巧 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT

01英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换 形合与意合 定义及理论知识 1 英语是语法型语言，重语法结构：其语义通过形式表达出来。比如用 and 表示并列关系，用 if 表示条件关系，用 because 表示因果关系等。句子成分之间的逻辑关系靠关联词等显性连接。 汉语是语义型语言，通常汉语各分局之间的联系主要是通过逻辑纽带或语序之间接地表现出来，句子成分之间靠隐性连贯。 实例分析 2 ① Dear dear, think of me, if you won't think of yourself. When should I do when you die 哎呀！你就是不为自己着想，也得我我想想，你死了我怎么办呀 （译文中省略介词of和连词when、if） ②爹，你就是不为自己着想，也得为我想想，也得想到......俺娘。 Dad, think of me... and my mummy, if you won't think of yourself. （译文中增补介词of和连词if） ③ I may be wrong and you may be right, and by an effort, we may be nearer to be the truth. 也许我是错的，你是对的。我们做出努力，就会更接近真理。 （译文中省略了连词and） 举一反三 3 1. 听到这个消息，他满眼是泪。

2. 中国将努力促进国内粮食增长，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于95%。 02 英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换 形合转为意合 英译汉——形合转为意合 1 在英译汉时，要摆脱原文形合结构的束缚，尽可能采用意合方法，才能符合汉语的表达习惯，使译文流转自如，明白晓畅。 另外，英语中除了多用关联词外，还有其他连接手段，包括通过词的形态变化表示各种语法概念。 泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler）对“好的翻译”所下的定义是：“原作的长处完全移注在另一语文里，似的译文文字所属的国家的人能明确地领悟，强烈地感受，正像用原作的语文的人们所领悟的，所感受的一样” 实例分析 2 ① Some delighted films made by the late Dr. Arnold Gesell of Yale University show little creatures who can barely talk investigating problems with all the zeal and excitement of explorers, making discoveries with the passion and absorption of dedicated scientists.(Gilbert Highet, The Pleasure of Learning ) 由已故的耶鲁大学阿诺德·盖塞尔博士拍摄的几部有趣的电影表明，还没学会说话的小家伙们竟以探险家般的热情和兴奋来探究问题，以热诚的科学家们那种激情和专注来进行研究发现。 （句中 made by 构成过去分词短语作定语，修饰 films，两个现在分词investigating 和 making 则与宾语 creature 一起构成复合宾语。汉语中的动词没有词形变化，因此在汉语中就不必分谓语动词和非谓语动词）

英语翻译的十大方法

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练，因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 一、增译法 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： ①、What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何（增译主语和谓语） ②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） ③、Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词） ④、就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词） ⑤、只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词） ⑥、这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。 This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词） ⑦、在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。 In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语） ⑧、三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注释性词语） 二、省译法 这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如： ①、You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. 你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词） ②、I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

翻译技巧-4

Amplification & Omission增词法和减词法 翻译的标准首先是忠实于原文。那么，忠实是否就意味着我们在翻译过程中不能增加词也不能减少词呢？实际上并非如此。美国著名翻译学家奈达曾经说过“Translation is translating meaning”，在翻译过程中主要是准确表达出原文的意思，而不必拘泥于原文用词的形式。英汉两种语言不论在词汇上还是在句法上都存在着显著的差异，一味拘泥于原文的形式，有时会令人费解、语句罗嗦或偏离原文的意思。适当地增加一些词或者省略一些词，恰恰是为了达到忠实于原文或者通顺流畅表达的目的。下面分别举例介绍一下英汉翻译过程中常见的增词和减词的用法。 1．增词法 增词法并不是说译者可以随心所欲地增加任何词。一般说来，增加的词尽管没有出现在原文字面上，但实际上其意思都隐含在原文中。经常使用的增词法有以下几种情况： (1)增加表示时态和复数的词 英语具有某些综合形语言的特征，可以通过名词、动词的词形变化来表现时态和复数。而汉语则是典型的分析形语言，词形本身没有变化，要表示时态和复数需要通过增加相应的时间副词或表示复数的词。所以一定要注意在汉语译文中添加这些词，如： 例1：His father was a fisherman. He was as poor as we are. 译文：他父亲过去是个渔夫。那时候他和我们现在一样穷。 例2：The agreement will come into force next spring. 译文：协议将于明年生效。 例3：Lion is the king of animals. 译文：狮子是百兽之王。 例4：As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases. 译文：众所周知，空气是许多种气体的混合物。 (2)增加语义表达中需要的词 增加语义表达中需要的词，是指为了使译文表达通顺流畅而根据汉语的表达习惯增加的一些词。经常增加的语义表达中需要的词有动词、名词、形容词、副词和量词。 1) 增加动词 汉语句子中动词占优势，使用的频率很高。因此英汉翻译中经常需要根据上下文的意思添加一些动词，使译文表达更加清楚、通顺，如： 例5：He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 译文：他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束。 例6：I must finish this paper before class. 译文：我必须在上课之前做完这篇论文。 例7：The sports meeting is schedule for May 4. 译文：运动会定于五月四日举行。 例8：The molecules get closer and closer with the pressure. 译文：随着压力增大，分子排列得越来越紧密。 2)增加名词 英语中有大量由动词或形容词派生的抽象名词，在翻译这些词时，有时需在其后增加一些名词才能把词义表达得更加完整、自然，如： 例9：I was deeply impressed by the backwardness of the mountainous area. 译文；山区的落后状况给我留下了深刻印象。

英汉互译技巧4

第二章英汉语言对比 A comparison between English and Chinese 第一部分 Part One If one wants to be a qualified translator, one should, first of all, have a penetrating study and careful comparison of the similarities and differences between these two languages so that one may find the corresponding laws and methods in the translation between them, do translation effectively and ensure the quality of translation. 刘重德《文学翻译十讲》 Procedures of today ?Similarities between English and Chinese ?Differences between English and Chinese (vocabularies and grammars) ?Exercises in class ?Assignments of today 英汉语言的相同之处 similarities ?词类划分: ?汉语： 实词（content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词 虚词（empty word)：介词、连词、语气词、助词（结构助词―的‖、―地‖、―得‖，时态助词―着‖、―了‖、―过‖，情态助词―吗‖、―呢‖、―吧‖、―啊‖、―嘛‖、―了‖等）?英语： 实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词 虚词（function word):介词、连词、冠词、助动词（shall, will, have/has, do/does/did/done, be） ?英语量词，汉语冠词 ?E.g. a chair, the earth, a book, etc. 英汉语言的相同之处 similarities ?词类划分 ?句子要素:都有主语、谓语、宾语（表语）、定语和状语的划分。特别是主语和谓语，从本质上来说都是英、汉两种语言的主要组成框架(S+V+O/P) e.g. I like your new hairstyle. 我喜欢你的新发型。 It is cute. 它很可爱。

英语翻译技巧实例

英语翻译技巧 5.拆句法和合并法： 这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如： （1） Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译） （2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译） 6.倒置法： 在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或

进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如： （1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置） （2）I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置） （3）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置) 7.倒置法： 在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如： （1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

汉译英翻译技巧分析解析

汉译英翻译技巧 一、分清主从(Subordination) 汉语句中各分句关系比较松散，所以在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。句中重点往往在后。英译时，要突出重点或主句，其他部分可分别用介词短语，非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。 1、没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。 Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social production proceed. 2、他们一听到“反霸”就火冒三丈,这充分暴露了他们那霸权主义的蛮横嘴脸。 The fact that they fly into a rage at a mere mention of the expression“anti- hegemony”is enough to reveal their true colours as a domineering hegemonists. 3、有人以为社会主义就了不起，一点缺点也没有，哪有这个事? Some believe that socialism is just perfect, without a single flaw. How can that be true? 4、但是，象我们常说的那样，道路总是曲折的，前途总是光明的。 But as we have often said, while the road ahead is tortuous, the future is bright. 二、选词用字（Diction） 在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。 1、每个民族都有它的长处，不然它为什么能存在？为什么能发展？ Every nation has its own strong points. If not, how can it survive? How can it progress? 2、树雄心，立壮志，向科学技术现代化进军。 Foster lofty ideals, set high goals and march forward for the revolution of modernization of science and technology. 3、我国的社会主义建设，需要一个和平的国际环境，需要一个国内安定团结， 天下大治的局面。 For its socialist construction, China needs an international environment of peace and a domestic situation of stability, unity and great order. 4、论技术，她那时还不如我，但思想却比我高得多。 Professionally she was then not yet my equal, but ideologically she was head and shoulders above me. 三、增益（Ampification） 汉译英时的“增益”技巧的运用,有时是为了使英美人理解原文的精确含义,有时是为了遵循英语的行文习惯。 1、交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only then can you do your work well. （英语行文时人称代词，物主代词用得较多） 2、她挑水，生炉子，洗东西，忙个不停。 Fetching water, building the fire, washing --- she had her hands full every minute. (增益为了意译) 3、他们一听说有新任务，就坐不往了。

翻译常用八种方法

考试复习 一、英汉互译下列习语（每小题2分，共20分） 书上或日常生活中常出现的一些习语或成语。 二、将下列句子翻译成中文，并指出使用的翻译技巧（每小题3分，共30分） 翻译常见的八种技巧： 1．重复repetition 在翻译中被称为一种技巧，自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复，而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义：在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。一般说来，重译法有如下三个作用：一是为了明确；二是为了强调；三是为了生动。 We have to analyze and solve problems．我们要分析问题，解决问题。 2．增译addition/amplification 什么叫增译法?我们可以这样确定它的定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语，这就叫增译法。 送君千里，终有一别。 ，yet the parting must come at last．3．减译法deletion 和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。它是增译法的反面：以同一个译例来说，在英译汉中如果用增译法的话，在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。把第二节中的31个例子倒译的话(即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英)，所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。 关于减译法，应该记住这样一条总原则：减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的；换言之，减译法是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词，但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。 此外，冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词)、关系副词，等等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现，要使译文忠实而地道，减译法就自然必不可少了。例如： A book is useful． 书(是)有用(的)。 4．词类转移法conversion 在翻译时，由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这就叫词类转移法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。当然主要是指词类的变化，如原文中的名词可以转移成译文中的动词等词类。众所周知，语言是个无限制生成的系统，在翻译实践中，词类转移的情形也是千变万化的。重要的是，要知道在翻译中为了保证译文忠于原文并使译文合乎表达习惯，可以改变词类。下面所举的例子可以说明词类转移的一些常用情况。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort． 这句话的英译文应该说是忠实而地道的，但分析一下汉英文中的词类，却很少是对应的。原文中的词类到了译文中，差不多都发生了变化：“学好”是动词，意思上相应的英文词mastery是名词；“随便”是副词，意思上相应的英文词是作表语的easy，等等。假若译文中的英文词类、词序都与汉语完全相同，不作任何改变，那么这就不成一句英文句子了。 5．词序调整法inversion