新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
2.Stereotype:定型主义 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.
3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中心主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of thing s in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard.
4.Culture:Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.
5.Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.
6.Worldview: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and w ith “being”.
7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world.
8.Globalization: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b915596052.html,munication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbal and nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do.
10.Elements of communication process:交流过程的基本原理
（1）.context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context.
（2）.The participants: in communication play the roles of sender and receiver, sometimes—as in face-to-face communication—of the messages simultaneously.
（3）. messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.
（4）. A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message.
（5）. noise: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of mea ning. External noise: sight, sound…Internal noise: thoughts, feeling…Semantic noise: unintended meaning aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding.
（6）.Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the massage has been heard, seen, or understood.
11.Abraham Mslow (亚伯拉罕?马斯洛) –five basic needs五个需求
1. physiological needs—food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life
2. safety needs—physically safe, psychologically secure
3. belongingness needs—accepted by other people and needs to belong to a group or groups.
4. esteem needs—recognition, respect, reputation
5. self-actualization needs-the highest need of a person
12.Culture Dimensions 文化维度
13.A High-context: 内向型communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Eg. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American. self-effacement隐匿自我
A Low-context:外向型communication is just the opposite, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code, and the context or situation plays a minimal role. Eg. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American, French, English self-enhancement凸显自我
Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”. High-context interaction, in comparison, stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.
Eg: In Scene 1 and spell out everything that is on their minds with no restraints. Their interaction
exchange is direct,to the point, bluntly contentious, and full of face-threat verbal message. Scene 1 represents one possible low-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.
In Scene 2, has not directly expressed her concern over the piano noise with because she wants to preserve face and her relationship with . Rather, only uses indirect hints and nonverbal signals to get her point across. However, correctly “reads between the lines” of verbal message and apologizes appropriately and effectively before a real conflict can bubble to surface. Scene 2 represents one possible high-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.
Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles self-enhancement and self-effacement凸显自我，隐匿自我
In the direct verbal style, state ments clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions and are enunciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the indirect verbal style, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speaker’s actual intentions and are carried out with more nuanced tone of voice.
14.Colors: Black: death, evil, mourning, sexy; Blue-cold, sad, sky, masculine; Green-envy, greed, money; Pink: feminine, shy, softness, sweet; Red: anger, hot, love, sex; White: good, innocent, peaceful, pure; Yellow: caution, happy, sunshine, warm
15.Functions of Nonverbal Communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating contradicting
16.Confucian teaching key principles: 1.Social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people. 2. The family is the prototype for all social relationships. 3. Proper social behavior consist of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself. 4. People should be skilled , educated, hardworking, thrifty, modest, patient, and persevering.
Four books and five classical: The Analects of Confucian <论语>, Mencius <孟子>，Great Learning <大学>，The Doctrines of Mean <中庸> / Classic of poetry <诗经>，Book of documents <尚书>, Book of kites <礼记>, Classic of changes <周易>, Spring and Autumn Annals <春秋>. 仁义礼智信：merciful, justified, polite, intelligent, honest
17.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simple our tool for reporting ideas, language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought. The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speaker
Influence: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has alerted people to the fact language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reveals a people’s view of its total environment. Language directs the perceptions of its speakers to certain things; it gives them ways to analyze and to categorize experience. Such perceptions are unconscious and outside the control of the speaker. The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it offers hints to cultural differences and similarities among people.
18.The way people speak
High involvement高度卷入: 1. talk more 2. interrupt more 3. expect to be interrupted 4. talk more loudly at times 5. talk more quickly. Eg. Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, African
High considerateness高度体谅: 1, speak one at a time 2. use polite listening sounds, 3. refrain from interrupting, 4. give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Eg. Mainstream American
19.文化维度Orientation—Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck Beliefs and Behaviors
20.Chinese VS English-----Chinese: open, visual, old. English: close, changing, modern
21.Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication跨文化交际中的绊脚石
(1) Assumption of similarities假定相似(2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations不用言语表达的误解(4) Preconception先入为主的概念的固定形式(5) Tendency to evaluate评价意图(6) High anxiety焦虑(7) Conclusion
22. Essentials of Human Communication
(1) Communication is a dynamic process. (2) Communication is symbolic. (3) Communication is systemic.
(4) Communication involves making inferences. (5) Communication has a consequence
23. How is language related to culture
Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other. In our own environment we aware of the implications of these choices. All languages have social questions and information questions. The point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context the cultural usage. In addition to the environment, language reflects cultural values.
24.More words/expression→important role in culture
In Chinese we have many kinship terms, some of which seem to have no equivalents in English. Compared with Chinese, English has fewer kinship terms. The difference is not just linguistic; it is infundamentally cultural.
25.A culture’s conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives: 1. informal time;
2. perceptions of past, present, and future;
3. monochromic and polychromic.
26.Monochronic(M-time) 单维时间and polychromic(P-time)多维时间
Monochronic people:美国人Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously. Are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Emphasize promptness. Are accustomed to short-term relationships.
Polychromic people: 中国人Do many things at once. Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions. Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are committed to people and human relationships. Change plans often and easily. Are more concerned with people close to them(family, friend, close business associates) than with privacy. Borrow and lend things often and easily. Base promptness on the relationship. Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.
27.Adapting to a New Culture
culture shock.: Any number of symptoms征兆can occur during cycles of culture shock. These symptoms can be (1)physiological (2)emotionally (3)communication
Predeparture stage:Stage one: everything is beautiful. Stage two: everything is awful. Stage three: everything is OK.
Adaptation and reentry再进入Methods: 1. patience. 2. meet new people. 3. try new things. 4. give yourself periods of rest and thought. 5. work on your self-concept. 6. write. 7. observe body language. 8. learn the verbal language.
新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.
跨文化交际教学大纲
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别： 考核类别： 适用专业: 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化 的不同层面有所了解，以提高学生的交际能力。在 传统的外语教学中，人们往往忽视文化的重要作 用，只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力 的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引 进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识， 更好地与外国人沟通，减少和避免误解。 二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感 性，更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课 程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 专业必修课 考试 适用对象: 本科
三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课，是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的
了解及跨文化交际意识，提高驾驭英语语言的能力，从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识 中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源，帮助学 生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表 层上很容易识别，但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史，思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communi cati on Across Cultures （ 4 学时）
跨文化交际期末试题[完整]
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
(完整word版)跨文化交际教学大纲
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 1
二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2
了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures（4学时） 3
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
跨文化交际 期末复习资料
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元
1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43
跨文化交际期末
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-
1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a r i b b o n s t r e t c h i n g f r o m t h e p a s t i n t o t h e f u t u r e. 2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. 3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural backgrounds 4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country. 5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture. 6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture. 7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity. 8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.