英文合同常用词汇与句型
英文合同常用词汇与句型
初步学习了英文合同的整体结构后，读者可能仍然觉得一头雾水，感觉不到对
本合同结构从何处下手进行具体的解读。没有关系，读者只需要与大家一起继
续阅读就会发现那些固定在英文合同结构中的术语原来都是如此的简单和易
于理解。为什么呢？因为整个英文合同结构不过是一个个英文条款组成的而已，
同时，其中还有大量的定型化的有很强规律可循的常用条款（即前文提到的通
）。而且，构成这
用条款“General Provision”
以及其他常见“Useful Provision”
些条款的词汇、短语和句型也存在着很强的重复性。所以说掌握这些条款以及
组成这些条款的常见句式和词汇，就成为攻克合同英语阅读的关键。如果读者把合同的结构比作人体的骨骼，那么这些通用及常用条款就是这些骨骼组合在
一起的穴位与脉络。事实上，研究由这些条款组成的合同结构不但对高效阅读
英文合同有帮助，而且对于英文合同起草能力的培养也是大有裨益的，因为这
可以帮助读者在起草合同时达到结构的完整和健全，从而有效地避免合同漏洞。
读者在掌握普通英语（比如通过大学英语四级考试）后进入到专业英语学习阶
段时，首先遇到的障碍就是这些由平时不太熟悉的词汇与句型表达的专业含义。
如果可以把英文合同结构比作“森林”，那么英文合同中常用的词汇与句型便是
其中一类重要的“树木”。所以，重点研究这类专业表达的规律，是掌握英文合
同阅读的一个重要技巧。本章中，读者将用两节内容训练读者对合同词汇和句
型的掌握。第一节着重讲解，第二节着重练习。
第一节英文合同词汇与句型解析
法律英语难学，基本上是当代中国法律人的一个共识。难在何处呢？可能法律
英语词汇的掌握就是第一只拦路虎。当我们打开英文合同时，经常会发现非常难
以理解，即使是常用的合同条款中也充斥着大量的难以理解的词汇。例如下面
这句话（在下文中将进一步解析）
“Limits on Indemnification. No indemnification is required under Section [insert the number of the Section in which Party B agrees to indemnify Party A] until the aggregate amount of Losses [plus Litigation Expenses] exceeds [$500,000], and then only for the amount by which the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses exceeds [$500,000].”
学过法律英语的人都知道，这个句子实际上在法律英语句子中是比
较短小和简单的一句，语法问题难不倒我们，难的是里面的几个关键的词汇，比如indemnification、indemnify 、Indemnifiable 、aggregate、Litigation以及exceed。如果我们知晓上面的列举的几个所谓法律英语词汇的含义分别是：补偿
（名词）、补偿（动词）、补偿（形容词）、总计、诉讼、超出，那么本句就
很容易理解。它的含义实际上就是指：
“补偿限额。只有损失总额（加上诉讼费用）超过（$500,000）时，才能根据第（插入乙方同意补偿甲方的条款编号）条要求补偿，此时也只对可补偿费用中超
过（$500，000）的部分进行补偿。”
除了生僻的词汇以外，我们还要注意大量的我们平时熟悉但不能按照普通英语
含义理解的词汇。这样的词，我们称之为“熟词生义”。这些词汇的存在也是我们
这个词汇。大家都知道它的含义是“放必须解决的一个问题。比如，“abandon”
弃”，但在法律英语里它的常见含义却变成了“弃权”和“委付”，即：在一般的民事法律关系中，其可以被理解为“弃权”，在商事保险法律关系中，其可以理解为“委付（保险标的物发生推定全损时，由被保险人把保险标的物的所有权转让给
，大家对这个词
保险人，并向保险人请求赔偿全部保险金）”。再比如“service”
非常熟悉，都知道它是“服务”的意思，但在法律英语中它的含义却被特定地引申成了“送达”，经常被用在与法律诉讼程序相关的表达上，比如“accept service of 即可以理解为“对令状送达的接受”。
the writ”
除了以上我们遇到的两类词汇外，还有一类法律英语专用词汇。它们基本上之
出现在法律英语中，在其他地方根本见不到它们的身影。比如在法律文件中我
们前文已经提到的大量像therein（在其中）、thereinafter（在下文中）、thereof （其）、thereto（附随）、herewith（与此一道）、whereas（鉴于）、thence（从那里）、aforesaid (上述的)等词汇中，由here/there/where等表示方位的副词与
in/after/in/of/with等介词连在一起构成的古旧英语。此外也会见到一些英语的外来词，比如拉丁词汇。我们知道在英国的法制史上，法律曾有一段是用拉丁文写就的。所以，不可避免的在当代英美法律文件中仍可以见到一些拉丁文身影。具体到如何学习和记忆英文合同中的这些词汇和短语，笔者认为通过对英文合
同中的短语和句子的理解和记忆是读者掌握战胜这只拦路虎的好方法。以下内
容是笔者在实际工作中积累的一些最常见的合同英语表达，认真研究学习它们相信对读者会有帮助。 1.开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍）
合同
The contract is made and entered into on_____day of____(month),____(year),by and between:___(hereinafter refered to as the “Party A”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of____,with its registered office located at___,and
___( hereinafter refered to as the “Party B”),and inpidual,with nationality
of___residing at___.
参考译文：本合同于___年___月___日签订，双方当事人为：依照___州法律组织
，主营业地为___，与___国籍的___（以下简称
设立的___公司(以下简称“甲方”）
“乙方”），居住于___。
注释与说明：
（1）by and between
表示合同由哪些当事人订立，如果是三方或三方以上当事人则使用“by and
among”。
（2）organized and existing
。
在表明法人身份时，可以使用此表达方法或者使用“incorporated and existing”
（3）registered office
此表达意思为“注册所在地”，另外一个常见词是“principal office(主营业地)”。
2.过渡条款
Now therefore,in consideration of the pmises and covenants described
hereinafter,Party A and Party B agree as follows:
参考译文：
因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定：
注释与说明：
表示“在当事人提供的对价基础（1）“in consideration of the pmises and covenants”
这个词。在一般场合下它是上”而非仅指“考虑到……”。读者应重点理解“pmise”
指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，比如“ancillary pmises(附属房产)”、“business pmises(营业场所)”。但是，在英文合同它却变成了“前提条件（可以引申理解为‘对
直接含义就是“基于对此前提价’）”，“in consideration of the pmises and covenants”
条件和承诺的考虑”，引申理解为“基于对价”。
3.结尾条款
IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized repsentatives of both parties on the date and year first written above.
参考译文：
本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特
此证明。
注释与说明：
的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。（1）“in witness whereof”
在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。
（2）“execute”
4. favor
favor”的意思主要有两种：
“in favor of somebody”=“in one’ｓ
（1）以某人为受益人
We have instructed our bank to open an irrevocable documentary letter of credit in your favor（in favor of you）. The amount is $ 1300.00.
参考译文：我们已通知我方银行开立以你方为受益人的、不可撤消的、跟单信用证，其金额为一千三百美金。
注释与说明：
A．irrevocable是指“不可撤销的”含义。其词根为“revoke撤销”，在合同法中对“要
，以防止拼写错误。约”的撤销即为“revoke”
，但应注意其名词形式为“revocation”
（2）有利于某人
“The balance of power between contracting parties usually tips in favor of the party who drafts the written contract.。”
参考译文：合同双方的缔约力量的天平常常向起草者倾斜。
注释与说明：
A.除本要点所讲favor用法之外，读者还应关注balance一词在法律英语中的常
见含义。除表示“平衡”外，其还经常表示“结余”，比如“account balance(账号余额)”。
5.subject to sth
“subject to sth”:
(1)遵从、遵守
This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits(1983 Revision),International Chamber of Commerce,Publication No.400.
参考译文：本信用证遵守国际商会第400号出版物，即《跟单信用证统一规则（1983年修订版）》
(2)根据(法律、法规、合同等)
Subject to this section,an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are pscribed by rules made under subsection(5).
参考译文：根据本条规定，上诉应该根据（5）款订立的规则内规定的方式提出，
并须受该规则所规定的条件限制。
(3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于……”，“隶属于……”，“使经受……”。
Rates of Exchange often subject to alterations．
汇率经常处于变动中。
Ancient Rome subject at most of Europe to her rule．
古罗马征服了大半个欧洲。
We must subject all the applications to careful scruting.
我方必须对所有的申请进行仔细的审查。
（4）由上述第（3）个含义引申为“办理”、“存在”
Where validity of a contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or
registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such
provision shall govern.
法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的，依照其规定。
注释与说明：
A.本句译文中“应当办理XX手续”的结构还可以直接使用“go through famality”
这
个短语。比如“go through customs famalities（办理通关手续）”。
Where a standard term is subject to two or more interptations, it shall be interpted
against the party providing it. Where a discrepancy exists between the standard term
and a non-standard term, the non-standard term pvails.
对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式
条款和非格式条款不一致的，应当采用非格式条款。
6.除非……另有规定
“除非……另有规定”的多种表达句式
（1）unless the context otherwise requires
In this Ordinance,unless the context otherwise requires, “state”means a territory or group of territories having its/their own law of nationality.
参考译文：在本条例中，除非上下文中另有规定，“国家”指拥有自身国籍法的一
领域或一组领域。
注释与说明：
A.除了使用require之外，常见的同义词还有privide，stipulate，specify等。
（2）save(except) as otherwise provided 应注意的是在此表达中的save 和except
可以互换使用。
Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail
shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands
sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.
参考译文：除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出后8日应视
为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。
注释与说明：
A. herein=in here=in this legal document
B. hereof=of here=of this legal document
7.without pjudice to
的基本含义是“不损害……”。但在不同语境下，仍可分以下两“without pjudice to”
种具体含义：
（1）“在不影响……的原则下”
Withou pjudice to section 24,the following will shall be treated as properly executed.
参考译文：在不影响第24条的原则下，以下遗嘱视为正式签署。
（2）“不妨碍……”
The Party A shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without pjudice to the Party A’s right to claim compensations.
参考译文：不妨碍甲方索赔权，甲方仍有权取消部分或全部合同。
注释与说明：
注意理解“cancel”
一词。在合同法中，有合同解除制度。常用的英文表达为“cancel”
。
和“rescind”
8.如果
“如果”的表达方式：以下四种方式均可以表达假设关系，但应注意其假设的程度
，
是呈逐一递减的状态的，即使用should时可能性最小，其次为“in the event”
即等于普通英语中的“if”）
。
再次为“in case”
，最后也是最常见的是“where”（
（1）where
Where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period.
参考译文：如果雇员被给予任何一段期间的年假，则雇主最迟须于该段期间后的
第一个发薪日给付该雇员该段期间的年假薪酬。
A.注释与说明：
，比如
，这一表达在此处实际上就代替了“of”
应注意理解本句中的“in respect of”
（货物损坏之赔偿）”所以“ annual leave pay “acution in respect of damages to goods
（该段期
in respect of that period”
就可以简化理解为“annual leave pay of that period
间的年假薪酬）”。另外，需要提示的是在英文合同中最常见的两个表示“关于”
。
外还有“with respect to”
的表达除了“in respect of”
（2）in case
In case of any discrepancy, the Chinese language text shall pvail.
参考译文：如有差异，以中文文本为准。
(3) in the event
In the event of a breach, there is a greater chance that a court will enforce explicit terms.
参考译文：如有违约，则法院极有可能执行明确的合同条款。
(4)should
Should the Party B not make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Provision 18 to this contract,the Party A shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Party B agrees to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.
参考译文：如果乙方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力而未按照合同规定的
期限交货，则只要乙方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付中扣除，甲方便同意
乙方延期交货。
注释与说明：
一词在表示假设时，使用倒装语序。
读者应注意“should”
9. any person who does…shall…
“any person who does…shall…”
表示“任何做某事之人应……”。
Any person who is an employee at the commencement of the period during which the business or part thereof is closed down for the purpose specificed in subsection(1),and
who is not otherwise entitled to annual leave pay in respect of any day during that period,shall,as regards the period beginning on the appropriate day and ending on the day pceding the first day of the close down,be entitled to annual leave calculated in accordance with subsection (4).
参考译文：任何因第（1）款所指明目的而停业或部分停业期间开始时已经成为
雇员之人，若非因该次停业而无权获得该段期间任何一天的年假薪酬，则就始
于适用日而止于停业首日之前一日之期间，应有权享有按照第4款计算的年假。
注释与说明：
本句斜线部分是本句型的机构，应注意排除文中大量插入语的干扰。
10. for the purpose of
就……而言
“for the purpose of”：
For the purpose of this Agreement, “control”shall mean either the ownership of fifty-one percent or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the
right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.
参考译文：就本协议而言，“控制”系指拥有在股东大会上有投票权的百分之五十
一或以上的公司普通股股本，或拥有任命公司董事会中多数董事的权利。
注释与说明：
在英文合同和其他法律文件中的很多情况下，这个句型并非是指“为了XX目的”
而是指“就XX法律问题而言”。其他例子比如“for the purpose of Article XX（就
XX条款而言）”。
11.provided that
但是
“provided that”：
（1）Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Party A after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as
a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise.A new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Party A and the Party B.
但是甲方在本协议所产生的租赁关系期满后获得的租金或中间收益的行为，不得
被认为构成弃权或是对本协议的违反，亦不得认为构成了一个新的租赁期限或
其他任何解释。新的租赁关系的产生只能以甲方和乙方以书面订立的形式为之。
注释与说明：
一词，表示转折时常常使用本结构及本结构的变形
A.英文合同中很少使用“but”
。同时，应用此结构时大多会像下面例（2）一样，“…provided, however, that…”
放在句子的后半部分，表示转折。
（2）This Agreement commences on the date the last party signs it and expires after [number] years, unless it is terminated earlier as provided in this Agreement. At the expiration of this Agreement, the parties may negotiate a renewal or extension of the term, provided that the Party B is in full compliance with this Agreement at that time. 参考译文：除本协议另有规定外，本协议自最后在其上签字的一方签字时生效并
于[]年后失效。在本协议失效之际，合同当事人可以协商延长合同期限，但是
乙方在彼时应完全符合本协议的要求。
12.notwithstanding
即使，表示一种让步。
“notwithstanding”：
（1）If the Party A places an order within the time designated in this offer, the price for the goods will remain firm notwithstanding any variation in the costs of producing the goods.
参考译文：如果在要约指定的时间内，由甲方发出了订单，则货物价格应保持不变，即使生产成本发生变化。
（2）Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein,insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.
参考译文：即使存在与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制亦应当以各方同
意为准。
注释与说明：
A．在英文合同句子中有两个常见的结构性标志词汇，即此处的表示让步关系
。在较复杂的句子中读
的“notwithstanding”
和前述的表转折关系的“provided that”
者经常会见到这两个表达方法同时使用，阅读的技巧在于全句的主干一定不会出
引导的让步和转折从句中。比如下面的例
和“provided that”
现在“notwithstanding”
子（注意斜体字标出的部分）：
The indemnity, release, holding harmless, defendance and protection obligations assumed in Article XX shall apply in respect of the full liability of the indemnitee for
claims, notwithstanding the indemnitee may be entitled to contribution thereto from any other person and notwithstanding such liability may relate to negligence of a third party, provided that in such event the indemnifying party shall be fully subrogated to the rights of the indemnitee against such third party.
参考译文：规定在XX条款中的补偿、免责、免受损失、以及抗辩和保护的义务
应适用于与被补偿人相关的所有责任；即使被补偿人还可向他人主张权利，即
使该等责任可能与第三人的过失相关；但是在此等情形下，被补偿人应将其可向
该等第三人主张的权利让与补偿人。
阅读提示：
A. 读者应理解在本句中实际上存在五方关系人，即补偿人（indemnifying party）、被补偿人（indemnitee）、第三人（third party）、他人（any other person）以及隐含的“向被补偿人主张权利的他人”。本条款实际上会出现在某些复杂的商事合
同中，比如“甲方（被补偿人）向乙方（补偿人）购买由丙方（他人，通常是保险公司）质量承保的某种产品。结果甲方在使用该产品时，因为丁方（第三人）
过错造成了戊方（可向被补偿人主张权利的他人）的人身伤害。”此时，为了甲
乙双方为避免此类事件发生后发生扯皮，所以就常常在双方的产品买卖合同中
进行类似本条款的约定。
B.读者应理解本条款中的句子主干在于The indemnity, release, holding harmless, defendance and protection obligations assumed in Article XX shall apply in respect of the full liability of the indemnitee for claims，而不是notwithstanding和provided that 引导的让步和转折从句。
13.here/there /where+in/after/of等介词
herein/hereafter/hereof以及therein/thereafter /thereof等
构成的虚词。
加上“by/in/after/of/to/with”
英文中有大量这种由“here/there/where”
所指代的
理解的关键就在于将后面的介词前置然后再加上“here/there/where”
this/that/which，最后再根据上下文解析出实际含义。
注释与说说明：
。比（1）here 常常指代“本法律文件”，所以在英文合同中便常常指代“contract”如herein即为“in this contract（在本合同中）”。
（2）there虽没有具体的指代，只能根据上下文推敲；但是他们经常可以理解为
汉语中的“该等、及其、由此、其中”等等虚词。比如下面的这个例子：
If a technological achievement accomplished by an inpidual was an assignment from the legal person or other organization with which he formerly served and was chiefly
accomplished by utilizing the material and technological resources of the legal person or other organization with which he is currently serving, the rights and interests therein shall be determined in accordance with the agreement reached between the legal person or other organization with which the natural person formerly served and the one with which he is currently serving. If they fail to reach an agreement, the two parties shall share the technological achievement reasonably in proportion to their contributions to the accomplishment t hereof.
参考译文：
个人完成的技术成果，属于执行原所在法人或者其他组织的工作任务，又主要利用了现在法人或者其他组织的物质技术条件的，应当按照该自然人原所在和现
所在法人或者其他组织达成的协议确认其中权益。不能达成协议的，根据对完成
该项技术成果的贡献的大小由双方合理分享。
hereby=by this contract herein=in this contract hereafter=after this contrat
hereof=of this contract hereto=to this contract herewith=with this contract
thereby=by that therein=in there thereafter=after that thereof=of that
thereto=to that therewith=with that whereby=by which wherein=in where
whereafter=after which whereof=of which whereto=to which wherewith=with where 14.as of the date
as of the date of XX:追溯性地表示“自某年某月某日起”
The contract is effective as of a certain date
参考译文：本合同自某年某月某日起生效。
15.in question
表示“该、此”
“in question”
A price to be paid by the Party A under its obligations of the
buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.
参考译文：甲方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价
格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。
16.根据
“根据”的常见表达方式
(1)subject to (参见前文第5点)
(2)in accordance with
In case no settlement can be reached,the dispute shall be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.
参考译文：如未达成和解方案，则纠纷应当提交给中国国际贸易仲裁委员会，根据该会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。
(3)pursuant to
To give notice pursuant to this Agreement, a party must send written notice to the other party at the address stated in this Agreement.
参考译文：根据本协议给予通知，一方必须向本协议中规定的另一方地址发送书
面通知。
(4)in compliance with
Each party shall contribute his paid in capital in compliance with the items specificed in the schedule to the contract.
参考译文：合同各方应根据本合同附件中所载明的项目进行出资。
17.including but not limited to
“including but not limited to”：
包括但不限于
All intellectual property rights associated with the goods—including but not limited to company names, trade names, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, patents, designs, and copyrights—remain the property of the Party B, provided that any such rights associated with particular specifications supplied by the Party A are not the Party B's property.
参考译文：与货物相关的所有知识产权，包括但不限于公司名称、商业名称、商
标、服务标记、商业外观、专利、设计、著作权，均属于乙方财产，但是甲方
提出的任何与特别规定相关的权利不属于乙方财产。
18.常理解为“有权利做某事”的英文表达
“有权利做某事”的几种常见表达方式
(1)have the right to do
Where the obligee does not notify the obligor its pision, consolidation or change of domicile so as to make it difficult for the obligor to perform the obligations, the obligor has right to suspend to perform or have the subject matter deposited.
参考译文：债权人分立、合并或者变更住所没有通知债务人，致使履行债务发生
困难的，债务人可以中止履行或者将标的物提存。
注释与说明：
A.domicile表示住所，例如“rescidential domicile（经常居住地）”。
B.“have sth deposited”
表示“提存”。
(2)be entitled to do
The Party A is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the Goods at the [Party B's place of business or point of shipping].
参考译文：在[乙方营业地或运输地]甲方有权自行或委托其代理人检验货物。
(3)do sth at one’s option or/and discretion
(4)have the authority to do
19．有义务做某事
“有义务做”的几种表达方式
(1)have the obligation to do
(2)be obliged to do
Party A was obliged to sell their house in order to perform his obligation.
甲方有义务出卖房产以履行义务。
(3)be liable/responsible to do
20．英文合同中常见的几种“担保物权”
学习几个重要的担保物权概念
(1)encumbrance：在财产上设定的他物权的总称，包括mortgage,charge,pledge,lien
等。可简称为“权利负担”。
(2)mortgage：特指不动产抵押，“按揭”。
(3)charge：抵押，包括动产抵押和不动产抵押。
(4)pledge：质押
(5)lien：留置
Party A further repsents and warrants that the Land is free and clear of any and all
claims, charges, easement, encumbrances, lease, covenants, security interest, liens,
option, pledge, rights of others, or restrictions, whether imposed by agreement,
understanding, law, equity or otherwise.
参考译文：甲方进一步陈述和保证，土地不存在任何权利主张、抵押、地役权、
权利负担、租约、契约、担保权益、留置权、购买权、质押、他人权利或限制，
无论是以协议、谅解、普通法、衡平法还是其他方式设定。
21. 合同英语中“因为”的表达方法
（1）owing to
（2）attributable to
Should the Party A be unable to arrange insurance in time owing to the Party B’failure to give the above-mentioned advice of shipment by cable or telex,the Party B
shall be held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such
failure.
参考译文：如果甲方不能及时安排买保险的原因是乙方未能以电报或电传方式发
出上述装运通知，则由此产生的损失和损害赔偿责任应由乙方承担。
(3)due to
crime of being defaulted due to professional misconduct in signing and executing
contract.签订、履行合同失职被骗罪
(4)in view of
In view of the personal nature of the service to be performed under this Agreement by
you, you cannot assign or transfer any of your obligations under this Agreement.
参考译文：因为本协议中待贵方履行的服务有人身性质，贵方不能转让本协议中
贵方的任何义务。
(5)by virtue of
The purpose of the contract can not be realized by virtue of force majeure.
参考译文：因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的。
涉及”和“与……相关”的表达
22. “
(1)in respect of
Notwithstanding Provision 16.1, Party B shall not be entitled to claim for itself in
respect of any Force Majeure in Provision 16.1.
参考译文：即使有16.1条款之规定，乙方仍无权根据与该条款相关的不可抗力
规定提出索赔。
(2)with respect to
Party C or New Company shall retain all rights with respect to the specifications,
plans, drawings and other documents and Party B undertakes not to disclose the same
or pulge any information contained therein to any third party without the prior written consent of Party C or New Company.
参考译文：丙方或新公司应保留相关说明书、计划书、图纸和其他文件的所有权
利且乙方应承诺未经丙方或新公司事先书面同意不得披露上述文件或泄露上述
文件所包含的任何信息给第三方。
(3) pertaining to/pertaining thereof
Broker is in the business of brokering real estate loans and engages sales repsentative
to perform services pertaining to such business.
参考译文：经纪人是指，在房地产贷款经纪业务中聘用销售代表进行与该业务相
关的服务的人。
(4)pertinent
All activities of the Cooperative venture company shall be governed by the laws,
decrees and pert inent rules and regulations of the People’s Republic of China.
参考译文：合作经营企业的一切活动均应受中华人民共和国的法律、法规及相关规定和规章调整。
表示“引起，招致”
23. “incur”
In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance pmium thus incurred shall be borne by the Party B.
参考译文：如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由甲方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外
的费用。
24.英文合同中的“尽力做某事”
(1)use all reasonable endeavors/efforts to do sth
Except as contemplated by this Agreement,from the date hereof through the Closing Date,Mattel shall cause TLC Subsidiary to use commercially reasonable efforts to conduct its business in the ordinary course in all material respects.
参考译文：除本协议另有规定外，从本协议日期到成交日，Mattel公司应促使TLC子公司竭尽全力在所有实质方面按照通常程序进行交易。
(2)make full endeavors to do sth
Both parties shall make full endeavors to get the ratification within 60(sixty) days.
参考译文：双方应努力在60天内获得批准。
(3)exert one’s efforts to do sth
25.表达“禁止某种行为”的句式
“禁止某种行为”的两种表达方式
(1)to refrain/abstain from doing sth
(2)pvent sb from doing sth
26. 对“commit”
的理解
commit sb to doing sth
He has committed himself to complying with the contract.
参考译文：他承诺将信守合同。
27.undertake的含义和用法
(1)to accept the responsibility
When you undertake to do sth, you commit yourself to doing it.
注释与说明：
A.注意比较理解其与commit的用法
(2)to promise to do sth
28. amount to
（1）“构成”
Many statements do not amount to offers.
参考译文：许多声明并不构成要约。
（2）达到
All those items amount to $90 000.
参考译文：所有项目的总额达到90 000美元。
29.waive
弃权”
(1)=give up, relinquish a right “
On settling the matter privately she waived her right to file a suit against his breach of
the contract.
参考译文：通过私下解决的方式，她放弃了对他提起违约之诉的权利。
不再强制要求”
(2)=not enforce a requirement “
Given the Party B’s pcarious financial situation, the Party A waived the requirement of timely payment.
参考译文：考虑到乙方不稳定的经济状况，甲方不再强制要求乙方按时付款。
30.合同中表示“对比（contrast）”的词汇及其用法
(1)whereas/while
Whereas/while other countries were inspired by the Enlightenment to codify laws and draft constitutions, Britain clung to a common law tradition.
参考译文：虽然法典化和成文宪法影响了很多国家，但英国仍然坚持了其普通法
传统。
(2)differ from/be different from…in that
Many countries differ from/are different from England in that they have a written constitution.
参考译文：很多国家不同于英格兰之处在于它们拥有成文宪法。
(3)in contrast/by contrast
The English judge takes no part in deciding guilt or innocence. The French judge,
in/by contrast, reaches a verdict together with the jury.
参考译文：英国法官并不参与确定被告人是否有罪；相比之下，法国法官却有权同陪审团一起做出此等裁判。
(4)as distinct from
The American legal system, as distinct from the British one, allows lawyers to charge contingency fees.
参考译文：与英国的司法体制不同的是，美国允许律师收取风险代理费。
开头的一组易混淆词汇
31. 英文合同中常见的以“coun”
(1)counsel:作名词时表示“律师”，作动词时表示“建议”
The judge asked counsel for the defence to explain his point.
参考译文：法官向律师征询辩护意见。
(2)council：委员会
the United Nations Security Council
(3)councilor：议员
The councilor in charge of the contract objected to the plan.
(4)counsellor:顾问
He is an excellent counsellor. I’d listen to him if I were you.
32.英文合同对“前后”的表达
(1)在……之前: prior to
Party A’s right to reject prior to acceptance of goods
参考译文：甲方在接受货物之前的拒绝权。
(2)在……之后: after, upon，subsequent to
Upon acceptance, does this offer form the basis of a binding contract?
参考译文：一经承诺，该要约是否构成了一份有效力的合同呢？
If under the terms of the agreement the order of performance depends on an event subsequent to the time of making the contract, that event is to be taken into account.
参考译文：根据合同条款，如果履行顺序应当根据本合同签订后的某一事件确定，
那么该事件应当被予以考虑。
33.give rise to:引起,导致
虽然在英语中有很多种表示“引起，导致”的词汇和短语，比如lead to/result in/as a
。
consequence of等等，但最正式的却是“give rise to”
Every contractual obligation in a contract gives rise to a corresponding contractual right.
参考译文：合同中的每项义务都会引起相应的合同权利。
A breach of this undertaking may give rise to an incidence, which relieves the charterer of his obligations under the charter-party.
对本义务的违背解除了承租方在租船合同项下的义务。
英文合同合同常用词
英文合同合同常用词 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表this，there 代表that，where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods
subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。
英文合同常用词汇
英文合同常用词汇 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表this，there 代表that，where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。 Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。 Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。 例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合
英文合同常见词汇及句型
英文合同常用词汇和句型 1、开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍） 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文：因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文：本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释和说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4、favor, “in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守： This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication No.400. 2) 根据（法律、法规、合同） 3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于…”，“率属于…”，“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、Provided that 但是 9、Notwithstanding “即使，表示一种让步”。 10、in question “表示该” 11、including but not limited to “包括但不限于” 12、常理解为“有权利做某事” 1）have the right to do 2）be entitled to do 3）do sth. at one’s option or/ and discretion 4）have the authority to do 13、合同英语中“因为”的表达方法 1）owing to 2）attributable to 3）due to 4）in view of 5）by virtue of 14、notify sb. Of sth. in writing: 书面通知某人某事 15、in lieu of: 替代 16、关联企业： 1）affiliate: 广义上的具有法人人格的子公司，只要有参股关系即可，常翻译为“关联公司”
英文合同常用词
英文合同常用词、短语和句型 1.订立、变更合同 动词 Make a contract / Enter into / form / create / conclude / execute /covenant 名词 the making of / the conclusion of a contract / the entry into contract / the formation of / the creation of / the conclusion of / the execution of a contract / covenant This agreement/contract is made and entered into 8th of August, 2008 by and between Party A and Party B. 2.合同的终止、解除、撤销 terminate a contract 通常指合同在约定期满前终止履行，可双方同意而作出，也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。美国“终止”指合同各方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同。 cancel a contact 因另一方违约而解除合同，其效力基本等同于terminate，不同是撤销方仍有权对整个合同或中未履行部分主张救济。 discharge a contract 合同当事人的合同关系已终止。 rescind a contract 免除当事人之间的合同义务，将当事人各自地位恢复到合同订立之前状态。 revoke a contract 即以取消或撤回的方式废止或宣布无效。出于行为人的意愿，即主动发出的行为。
英文合同常见词汇及句型
1、开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍） 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文：因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文：本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释和说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4、 favor, “ in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守： This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication . 2) 根据（法律、法规、合同） 3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于…”，“率属于…”，“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、 Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、 Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、 For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、 Provided that 但是
【合同英语】合同条款常用英文词汇
【合同英语】合同条款常用英文词汇合同条款常用英文词汇 buyer 买方 卖方 seller 项目名称 Project name 地址 address 电话 phone 传真 fax 联系人 contact person 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。 This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list 2. 合同价格 Contract value 序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size, dimension 数量 amount, unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物，运费 freight, transportation 合同总额(含安装费与税金) Contract amount incl. VAT installation 3. 付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms 4. 交货地点 delivery place
5. 发货期 delivery time 6. 安装条款 installation clause 7. 验收条款 inspection clause 8. 保证条款 guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款 Breach clause 11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party. 涉外合同格式 涉外合同按繁简不同，尽管可以采取不同书面形式，如正式合同(Contract)、协议书(Agreement)、确认书(Confirmation)、备忘录(Memorandum)、订单(Order)等等，但是一般都包含如下几个部分: 一、合同名称(Title) 二、前文(Preamble) 1. 订约日期和地点 Date and place of signing 2. 合同当事人及其国籍、主营业所或住所 Signing parties and their nationalities, principal place of business or residence addresses 3. 当事人合法依据 Each party's authority，比如，该公司是“按当地法律正式组织而存在 的”(a corporation duly organized
合同模板条款常用英文词汇
合同条款常用英文词汇 买方 buyer 卖方 seller 项目名称 Project name 地址 address 电话 phone 传真 fax 联系人 contact person 本合同由买卖双方签订，依照本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。 This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the selle rs agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities accor ding to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 1. 详细物资清单 Detail supply list 2. 合同价格 Contract value 序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size, dimension 数量 amou nt, unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark
物资，运费 freight, transportation 合同总额（含安装费与税金） Contract amount incl. VAT installation 3. 付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms 4. 交货地点 delivery place 5. 发货期 delivery time 6. 安装条款 installation clause 7. 验收条款 inspection clause 8. 保证条款 guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款 Breach clause 11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。This contract is ma de in two originals that should be held by each party.涉外合同格式 涉外合同按繁简不同，尽管能够采取不同书面形式，如正式合同（Contract）、协议书（Agreement）、确认书（Confirma tion）、备忘录（Memorandum）、订单（Order）等等，然而一般都包含如下几个部分：
图书出版合同(英文版)
PUBLISHING CONTRACT CONTENTS 1. GRANT 授权出版 2. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 承诺与保证 3. DELIVERY 稿件交付 4. PUBLICATION 出版 5. COPYRIGHT 版权 6. EDITING AND PROOFREADING 编辑与校对 7. ROYALTIES AND LICENSES 版税与许可权 8. OVERPAYMENT 对超额支付的处理 9. NOTIFICATION AND PAYMENT 通知与支付 10. AUTHOR'S COPIES 作者购买 11. STATEMENTS AND PAYMENTS 结算单与支付方式 12. REVERSION AND TERMINATION 再版与合同终止 13. BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY 出版商破产或解体的处理 14. RESERVED RIGHTS 保留权利 15. ASSIGNMENT 转让 16. ARBITRATION 仲裁 17. NOTICES 通知 18. INFRINGEMENT 违约的处理 19. DOCUMENTS 文件 20. LAW 法律 21. INHERITANCE 对承继人的约束力 22. ALTERATION 合同变更
23. APPROVAL 准许 AGREEMENT made this day between (Author's name), whose residence address is (hereinafter called the Author); and INDEX Books whose principal place of business is at (hereinafter called the Publisher); WITNESSETH: In consideration of the mutual covenants herein contained, the parties agree as follows: 1. GRANT The author hereby grants and assigns to the Publisher the exclusive rights to publish in the English language in book form in all countries of the world, a Work now entitled (Title of book) (hereinafter called the Work), which title may be changed only by mutual consent in writing. 2. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES The Author represents that he is the sole proprietor of the Work and that the Work to the best of his knowledge does not contain any libelous matter and does not violate the civil rights of any person or persons, does not infringe any existing copyright and has not heretofore been published in book form. The Author shall hold harmless and indemnify the publisher from any recovery finally sustained by reason of any violations of copyright or other property of personal right; provided, however, that the Publisher shall with all reasonable promptness notify the Author of any claim or suit which may involve the warranties of the Author hereunder; and the Author agrees fully to cooperate in the defense thereof. The warranties contained in this article do not extend to drawings, illustrations, insofar as not furnished by the Author, or to any other material not furnished by the Author. 3. DELIVERY The Author agrees to deliver to the publisher, a complete typewritten script as well as a complete electronic text of the Work in a format to be determined by the Publisher (hereinafter called the Script). If the Script shall not have been delivered within three (3) months after the date this agreement is signed the Publisher may, at its option, terminate this agreement by notice in writing posted or delivered to the Author. 4. PUBLICATION
合同条款中常用的英文词汇翻译
Most students admit to having learned in junior high school or in high school about writing business letters and about conventional formats1 for them．When it comes down to writing them，however，all too many students seem not to know how and to be unwilling2 to look up the forms （or perhaps they don't have a reference about using English）．This web page was prepared so that you would have an easily obtained description of what to do．When a business that has letterhead stationery3 writes a business letter，the first page of the letter uses paper with the printed letterhead and succeeding pages，if any，use matching quality and color sheets without the letterhead．A business with very good quality printing might generate the letterhead graphic4 with an image embedded5 in a word processor document．An individual normally won't use letterhead stationery and won't attempt to fake it．An attempt at letterhead that produces a tacky result or that conveys pompousness6 produces effects that you want to avoid．In a business letter，everything that you "type" should be in the same typeface and in the same font size．You should use "formal English" and you should very carefully check your grammar and spelling．You should arrange things neatly8．You should consider the appearance of the letter "at arm's length" as well as close up －－use white space to produce an attractive sheet．In a conventional business letter you should see these parts，in order top to bottom： A return addressThis item is the postal9 address of the author of the letter．Each line of it is left justified10－－either at a tab stop that puts the information toward the right side of the page or at the left margin11．Normally the return address is at the top of the page，but you can move it down a little to improve over－all appearance．Do not put email addresses here －－if you need to convey an email address，do it in the body of the letter．The dateThis item is the date of the letter．It is aligned12 with the return address．Formerly13 there was never whitespace （blank lines）between the return address and the date，but some current styles allow blank lines．An inside addressThis item duplicates what goes on the envelope．It has the formal name of the intended recipient14 of the letter and that person's postal address．Each line of the inside address is left justified at the left margin．No email addresses appear here．You can put blank lines between the date and the inside address to fill the page better and to improve the "arm's length" appearance．A salutationThis item formally addresses the recipient．If the addressee is not a friend，you should write "Dear Mr．Brown：" or "Dear Mrs．Smith：" or "Dear Ms．Jones：" or "Dear Dr．Greene：" or the like．A letter to a close associate might say "Dear Mike：" or "Dear Sally："．There is at least one line of white space between the inside address and the salutation．You can put a little more to improve the over－all appearance．Before the days of political correctness a letter to an organization would begin "Dear Sir：" or "Dear Sirs：" or "Gentlemen：" －－for example，if the envelope were addressed "Personnel Director，XYZ Company，City，State" you might do this．These days you should probably make an effort to get a name，but．．．The body of
合同常见术语
必备条款 essential clauses / provisions 一般条款 general provisions 特殊条款special provisions 章、条、款、项、目（英文合同25） 首部 non-operative part （当事人部分 parties 陈述部分 recital） 正文 operative part 陈述部分recital (包括：鉴于条款 whereas clause和约因consideration) 尾部 closing part （证明部分 attestation 签字 signature 附件 appendix） 当事人的名称、姓名和住所 name and domicile of the parties 适格主体 competent parties 标的 contract object , subject matter 数量 quantity 质量 quality 价款或者报酬 price or remuneration 对价 consideration 履行时效、地点和方式 time limit, place and method of performance 违约责任 default / liability for breach of contract 除外规定 exception 解决争议的方法 methods to settle disputes 变更 modification 终止 termination 撤销cancellation 解除rescission 主体的变更或权利义务的整体转让 novation 通知 notice 违约责任 default / breach of contract 救济 remedies
采购合同中常用的付款方式(中英文)
常用的付款方式 T/T 电汇。就是买方把货款直接从国外汇入你的外币账户里。 D/P 托收。卖方把提单发票等象征货物所有权的单据交给银行，委托银行收货款。但买方拒绝付款时，银行只会把单据交回卖方。 L/C 信用证。由银行出面担保，只要卖方按信用证的规定交货，就可拿到货款,而买方又无须在卖方履行合同规定的交货义务前支付货款。信用证是有条件的，银行担保是银行应买方的要求和指示保证立即或将来某一时间内付给卖方一笔款项。卖方得到这笔钱的条件是向银行提交信用证中规定的单据。 还有其他像信汇M/T,承兑交单A/P,银行保函L/G,现在都很少用了 COD是Cash on Delivery的英文缩写,意为:货到付款,交货付现,是支付方式payment terms的一种.COD与CIF & FOB没有直接联系. 而CIF,FOB是最常用的三种国际贸易术语Trade Terms中的两种,CIF:Cost,Insurance and Freight成本,运费加保险费;FOB:Free on Board装运港船上交货;还有一个就是CFR:Cost and Freight成本加运费. 贸易术语是指用一个简短的概念或英文缩写字母来说明商品的价格构成,买卖双方的有关手续、费用及风险责任的划分。使用贸易术语能简化买卖双方之间洽谈业务的内容，缩短了成交的过程，减少了误解和争议，节省谈判费用，对国际经济贸易的发展起到促进作用。 FOB应注意船货衔接的问题，CFR应注意卖方及时发出装船通知的问题，CIF应注意卖方投保日期不得迟于装运日期的问题。 现在常用的贸易术语解释通则有1990版和2000版，差别不是很大，在贸易合同中应明确采用的是哪个版本，比方INCOTERMS 1990或INCOTERMS 2000。 我想楼主如果想进一步了解，建议去某个外贸网站或论坛，以获得更多专业的回答。推荐一本好书《进出口贸易实务教程》，上海人民出版社出版，主编：吴百福，副主编：周秉成，李正方，徐小薇。是我大学时期的专业教材。 CASH ON DELIVERY 的缩写 意为:货到付款,是支付方式的一种. CIF,FOB是常用的两种成交方式,区别是是否含运费和保险费. COD与CIF/FOB没有直接关系. 楼上解释的COD很正确，我再补充一点，就是FOB、CIF不仅是代表是否需要承担运费和保险费。还代表了相关责任。如CIF就代表到岸价，直到货到目的港，越过船弦后才将责任移交到买方；FOB则代表当货物离开发运港后就由买方自行负责。 现金帐户 Cash account
合同协议书条款常用英文词汇
合同协议书条款常用英 文词汇 文件编号TT-00-PPS-GGB-USP-UYY-0089
合同条款常用英文词汇 买方 buyer 卖方 seller 项目名称 Project name 地址 address 电话 phone 传真 fax 联系人 contact person 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。 This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers ag ree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according t o the terms and conditions stipulated below. 1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list 2. 合同价格 Contract value
序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size, dimension 数量 amount, unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物，运费 freight, transportation 合同总额（含安装费与税金） Contr act amount incl. VAT installation 3. 付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms 4. 交货地点 delivery place 5. 发货期 delivery time 6. 安装条款 installation clause 7. 验收条款 inspection clause 8. 保证条款 guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款 Breach clause 11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。This contract is mad e in two originals that should be held by each party.
英文合同书常用词汇及句型
英文合同常用词汇与句型 初步学习了英文合同的整体结构后，读者可能仍然觉得一头雾水，感觉不到对本合同结构从处下手进行具体的解读。没有关系，读者只需要与大家一起继续阅读就会发现那些固定在英文合同结构中的术语原来都是如此的简单和易于理解。为什么呢？因为整个英文合同结构不过是一个个英文条款组成的而已，同时，其中还有大量的定型化的有很强规律可循的常用条款（即前文提到的通用条款“General Provision”以及其他常见“Useful Provision”）。而且，构成这些条款的词汇、短语和句型也存在着很强的重复性。所以说掌握这些条款以及组成这些条款的常见句式和词汇，就成为攻克合同英语阅读的关键。如果读者把合同的结构比作人体的骨骼，那么这些通用及常用条款就是这些骨骼组合在一起的穴位与脉络。事实上，研究由这些条款组成的合同结构不但对高效阅读英文合同有帮助，而且对于英文合同起草能力的培养也是大有裨益的，因为这可以帮助读者在起草合同时达到结构的完整和健全，从而有效地避免合同漏洞。读者在掌握普通英语（比如通过大学英语四级考试）后进入到专业英语学习阶段时，首先遇到的障碍就是这些由平时不太熟悉的词汇与句型表达的专业含义。如果可以把英文合同结构比作“森林”，那么英文合同中常用的词汇与句型便是其中一类重要的“树木”。所以，重点研究这类专业表达的规律，是掌握英文合同阅读的一个重要技巧。本章中，读者将用两节容训练读者对合同词汇和句型的掌握。第一节着重讲解，第二节着重练习。 第一节英文合同词汇与句型解析
法律英语难学，基本上是当代中国法律人的一个共识。难在处呢？可能法律英语词汇的掌握就是第一只拦路虎。当我们打开英文合同时，经常会发现非常难以理解，即使是常用的合同条款中也充斥着大量的难以理解的词汇。例如下面这句话（在下文中将进一步解析） “Limits on Indemnification. No indemnification is required under Section [insert the number of the Section in which Party B agrees to indemnify Party A] until the aggregate amount of Losses [plus Litigation Expenses] exceeds [$500,000], and then only for the amount by which the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses exceeds [$500,000].”学过法律英语的人都知道，这个句子实际上在法律英语句子中是比较短小和简单的一句，语法问题难不倒我们，难的是里面的几个关键的词汇，比如indemnification、indemnify 、Indemnifiable 、aggregate、Litigation 以及exceed。如果我们知晓上面的列举的几个所谓法律英语词汇的含义分别是：补偿（名词）、补偿（动词）、补偿（形容词）、总计、诉讼、超出，那么本句就很容易理解。它的含义实际上就是指： “补偿限额。只有损失总额（加上诉讼费用）超过（$500,000）时，才能根据第（插入乙同意补偿甲的条款编号）条要求补偿，此时也只对可补偿费用中超过（$500，000）的部分进行补偿。” 除了生僻的词汇以外，我们还要注意大量的我们平时熟悉但不能按照普通英语含义理解的词汇。这样的词，我们称之为“熟词生义”。这些词汇的存在也是我们必须解决的一个问题。比如，“abandon”这个词汇。大家都知道它的含义