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最新TOEFL写作讲义TOEFLIndependentWriting

最新TOEFL写作讲义TOEFLIndependentWriting
最新TOEFL写作讲义TOEFLIndependentWriting

TOEFL Independent Writing

1.句子扩充:将一个简单句扩充,增加到15,25,35个字,尽量使用不同的语法结构,such

as 同位语,插入语,非谓语结构,各种从句,并列结构等。

2.句式变化:

句子开头变化:名词,不定式,分词,从句,动名词等

主被动的变化

长短句的变化

3.如何将一个论点展开成一段?

多问自己为什么?从论证起点到论证终点,一步一步推理的过程全部要展示出来,即详细表明前因后果。

4.综合写作要带着耳机读阅读,听完之后不要立即取下耳机,而是尽量不全自己的笔记,

能写多少尽量多写。因为写作听力记的笔记多少直接意味着考试能的多少分。综合写作难就难在不知道写什么。

5.ETS作文评分标准:

观点鲜明,论点清晰

文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮(首段+中间三段+尾段)

论点论证充分(不讲大道理,要examples, reasons, details, 而且数量越多越好)

句式、词汇变换丰富(长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用)

语法、拼写无误

力戒表意不清,题外罗嗦话

6.如何写好TOEFL作文:

语法正确

高超的衔接手段

充足的词汇量

各种表达手段综合运用的能力

清晰的逻辑和结构

高超的笔记能力

良好的阅读习惯和听力水平

7.TOEFL作文的要求:

3种时态:一般现在、过去和将来

语态:主动语态+两三句被动语态

语气:禁止使用祈使语气+一两句虚拟语气

词汇量:将四、六级词汇运用自如

阅读训练:老托福阅读

听力:学会捕捉听力的关键词、关键句和重要信息点

熟悉写作题库及背诵常用的句型

8.TOEFL作文的写作原则:

正式文体

完成结构

明确观点

精彩纷呈

正式形式

通顺连贯

扬长避短

9.TOEFL 作文题库题型分类:

观点选择类:给出两个观点或一个观点的两个对立面,要求支持一个观点或一个面

(例如:大公司工作好还是小公司工作好?大城市住好还是小城市住好?)

【将观点选择类转化为比较对比类:写对方理由的好处,增加论述的说服力,减轻

己方理由的压力,增加字数】

比较对比类:给出两个观点或者一个观点的两个方面,进行比较论述,并给出个人

观点(例如:学到的知识不一定包含在书中,比较从经验以及从书中获取的知识,

你认为哪个更重要,为什么?;一个公司将在你的社区建立一个大型工厂,讨论工

厂给社区带来的有利和不利影响,你同意建工厂么,为什么?)

自主定义类:频率极低,难度较大(例如:你有两周访问一个外国的机会,你会去

哪个国家?你认为下面那种交通工具改变了人们的生活,是汽车,自行车还是飞

机?如果你能改变家乡的一件重要的事,你会改变什么?人们为不同目的上大学,

你认为人们为什么上大学?)

【破题:制造矛盾将自主定义类转化为比较对比类,将单一问题引导出对立矛盾;

如大多数人一看到该题,他们就会建工厂,建工厂好处1,2,3;而我却想将学校,

好处1,2,3】

10.TOEFL作文的审题:

1)确定题目的类别,确定切入点:寻找绝对词汇和其他带有限定性含义的词语

(such as: only, never, best, anything, always, entire, forever, 最高级, etc.)

Ex1: 工作中最重要的就是一个人挣钱多少,agree?

【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素;证明别的方面如兴趣、前途比

钱更重要;所以钱不是工作中最重要的

【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素;证明如果认为钱时最重要的,

就会产生严重后果一、二、三;所以钱不是工作中最重要的

Ex2: One should never judge a person by external appearance, agree?

【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的;在某种情况下,可以凭外表判断

一个人,如着装对年龄,职业,心情;在另一种情况下,可以凭外表判断一个

人,如表情对内心;由此证明可以凭外表判断一个人

11.TOEFL作文驳论点的写法:

先承认对方观点的合理性

再列举实例或例子证明对方观点的逻辑漏洞和片面性

再阐述对方观点的恶劣后果

TOEFL作文驳论据的写法:

先确定对方观点所持的理由

在证明对方理由的片面性或虚假性

再提出论据证明自己观点的合理性

12.TOEFL作文论点的写法:

符合基本社会法律道德规范

自己比较有把握的、比较擅长熟悉的

容易展开成一段的

不能脱离实际,过于高尚或过于低下

不能触及政治敏感点以及宗教争端

13.TOEFL作文论据的写法:(黄金规则二)

健康安全(nutrition<>malnutrition, relaxation<>nervous, physical health<> physical

damage, food safety<>food poison, living habit<>living chaos, life safety<>life danger,

possessions 财产safety)

便利(save time<>time consuming, flexible<>inflexible, transportation, leisure<>busy,

gym, entertainment, food, drink, shopping)

交流(communication skills, communication with family/friends/coworkers/leader

<>lonely/friendless/abandoned/isolated)

习惯与心理(tradition, interesting, 亲情,friendship, love, fun, preference<>aversion)

成就感(success<>failure, honor<>shame, wealth<>indigence/poverty/penury/,

confidence<>diffidence, motivation<>pressure)

环保(ecological balance<> ecological ?, animal protection<>animal killing,

environment deterioration/contamination)

经济(fund, investment, thrifty, tourism, employment, 收支,tax)

品格(experience, competence, capability, smart, cooperation, perseverance, aggressive,

independence, responsibility, tolerance, optimistic, modest, kind, warm-heated,

easy-going)

科技(computer, television, satellite, robot, electrical apparatus)

教育(information, knowledge, career, accumulation, efficiency, education, training)

HQSE:H(health & habit) Q(quality) S(safety & sensation) E(education & economy &

environment)

CCTP:C(communication)C(convenience)T(technology)P(personality)

14.寻找理由的方法:

有什么条件可以这样?凭什么

如果这样有何好处或坏处?

如果不这样有什么好处或坏处?

如果要这样,人们必须怎么办?可行么?

如果不能这样,人们应该怎么办?

例如:某公司由于最近资金丰富【前提】,要在A区建立工厂【决定】—>环境污

染【影响】(排放污水—>河流及地下水受到污染—>动植物死亡—>人吃了污染的

蔬菜水果—>得各种各样的病—>有的甚至是传染和遗传性质的—>威胁小区人民

生活安全)【推理及理由】能不排放污水吗?不能—>建工厂不可行【结论】那

该怎么办呢?建学校【建议】

PDERCR:prequisite-determination-effect-reasoning-conclusion-recommendation 15.TOEFL 文章结构:

“2-1”A型:支持面优点两个方面+反对面优点简要论述(题干出现两个方面,“-1”

段推荐写在第四段)

“2-1”B型:支持面优点两个方面+支持面缺点简要论述(题干只出现一个方面,“-1”

段推荐写在第四段)

折中方案:根据不同的阶段,不同的年龄,不同的人群,不同的地区,不同的领域

得出不同的结论;有的人有时选A,有时选B;另外一些人有时选A,有时选B。

反对面篇幅一定要远少于支持方篇幅,1:2左右。

16.关于TOEFL写作人称问题:

论理说理部分用第三人称

涉及个人情况用第一人称

表达个人观点时用第一人称

尽量使用复数形式的第三人称,避免使用he/she

不要使用第二人称you

永远使用第一、三人称

17.TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法:

1)背景法:背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由

提出一种普遍关注的或值得关注的现象,紧扣论题作为背景,然后展示反正方

以及作者持有的观点及理由。让人看了第一段就知道整篇文章的结构和内容。

2)实例法:事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由(要求善于在短时间内

以简短的几句话清楚地交代实例)【推荐】

实例的三种来源:

媒体报道(电视、广播、报纸、杂志及网络)

朋友、邻居及同事的故事

句型集表举例的句型

3)主题句:必须是陈述句+表明立场及观点+态度必须坚决但不过于极端

18.TOEFL作文结尾段的写法:

1)总结全文+各方观点+作者的观点及理由+提出建议或解决问题(消除反面忧

虑)+深化主题。

19.TOEFL作文重述语义的技巧(黄金规则三---- 不到万不得已,绝不使用同一词,同一

短语,同一句型II次)

1)使用同义词替换

2)使用同根词替换

3)使用同义短语替换

4)使用全新的表达法替换

20.TOEFL作文段落的实现:

1)例证法(列举实例-分析事例-得出结论-重述观点)

2)因果法(提出论点-提出原因-分析条件-得出结论)

3)比较法

整体比较(容易写,有整体印象;但对比不鲜明)

分项比较(对比鲜明;零碎的印象,对写作要求高)【推荐】

4)分类法

5)定义法

21.TOEFL作文的衔接手段:

1)使用连词和短语(表并列、转折、递进、因果、比较、对照、举例等)

2)使用代词

3)使用语意粘连

22.TOEFL 黄金句型(黄金规则四)

强调句(emphasis)

The more… the more(more)

倒装句(reversion)

比较结构和倍数关系(compare)

修辞问句(question)

并列结构(parallel)

虚拟语气(if)

插入语(insertion)

【小结】if more emphasis questions compare parallel reversion and insertion

23.TOEFL 作文需要注意的事项包括:

organization+development+language+grammer+glossary

TOEFL Integrated Writing

1.综合写作评分标准:

Successfully select the important information from the lecture and coherently and

accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information presented in

the reading

The response is well organized

And occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise

presentation of content or connections

2.TOEFL综合作文注意事项:

听力部分的内容是最重要的

不能表达重复,不清楚或者与文章无关

听完后要尽最大努力去回忆并补全听力材料内容的笔记,写的越全越好

只要听力内容丢掉一个key point,最高只能得3分

只出现在综合阅读材料的专有名词一定不重要;在阅读和演讲材料中都出现的专有

名词是重要的

把注意力放在带来分数的点上,而不是均衡放在所有内容上

千万不能发表个人的观点

写作采用一般现在和一般过去时态

3.TOEFL综合写作出题方式:

Points in the lecture contradict, refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in

the reading

4.综合写作听力材料内容要点通常包括:(黄金规则四)

主题句

被重复的语意(同根,同义,反义等)

因果、比较、对比、比喻

定义(被解释的词汇)

带有倾向性和变化的n./adj./adv./v.等

强调(最高级;比较级;绝对词汇;修辞问句;引号;破折号;停顿等)

问题及答案

态度词汇(AW+/AW-)

转折后的内容

结论

5.综合写作阅读材料的读法:

不需要做笔记;但是需要把专有名词的首字母提炼出来

阅读材料里面的客观描述(如故事情节;历史;史实;发展历程等)是不可能被驳

倒的,所以不是阅读的重点

6.综合写作考前训练步骤:

看阅读听力材料,寻找要点(3-5篇)

真实模考(5-10篇)

7.综合写作文章框架

“总-分-总”=“1+3+1”

模式

中间每段都要有阅读观点,演讲观点及二者的关系

8.综合写作精彩句型:

The lecture discuss...which differs from the main idea in the reading that…(

首段)

The professor made the point that…; on the contrary/however, the writer demonstrated a

contradictory idea that…

Contrary to the belief in the reading passage that…, the professor says that…

(中)

(中)The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that…by saying that…

The lecture contradicts the idea in the reading by saying that…(中)

First of all, the professor, in th e listening passage, made the point that… The reading

materials, in contrast, held a different view by stating that…

Another important point shows in the listening material is that…, but the reading

material presents a conflicting idea that…

the listening material contradicts the reading material

In terms of …,

Finally, the professor states that…, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer

who says that…

In general, the professor discussed the issue of … that the reading viewed in a

contrary/different angle. (结尾)

9.综合写作材料的指称:

The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture

The writer/author/reading material/passage

新托福写作讲义09

新托福写作讲义09年暑假 第一课时新托福考试流程 报名-缴费-考试流程和界面-成绩-大学录取分数线 第二课时新托福考试备考 观点1 攻克托福考试最有效的捷径是听写 观点2 托福考试全面复习的同时重点放在单词和听力上 观点3口语和写作部分是很容易得分的 第三课时新托福独立写作评分标准 第三课时新托福独立写作中文构思和文章结构 第四课时新托福独立写作开头部分 例子——提炼——中文思维模板——中文练习——英文模板——英文练习——英文模板变换 开头类型1:特训234 同意不同意:明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多 明智的父母教会我们许多生活的哲理,例如高尚的价值观、与不同的人融洽相处的方法以及理解她对他人的责任。优秀的老师则教会我们怎样为将来的工作做好准备和实现梦想所需要的技能。老师和父母在我们的成长中起着同样重要的作用,是他们使我们对未来有了一种敏锐的洞察力。所以,我反对明智的父母比优秀的老师对我们教益更多的观点。 提炼类型1:用例子解释或定义关键词1+用例子或定义解释关键词2+所以,表明观点

开头类型1举例:图书馆还是体育设施 图书馆的资源是大学生获取知识、培养自学能力最主要的方式之一。而体育设施能够使大学生强身健体、舒缓压力、娱乐身心。我不否认体育锻炼对于学生成长的重要影响。但作为大学投资的决定,学校应该把更多的钱投资于图书馆而不是体育设施。 开头类型1举例:事实还是概念 事实是发生在我们周围事情,往往形象生动并且容易让人理解,而概念是事实的总结和抽象,能够概括一系列符合规律的事实。因此据我来看,在学习的过程中间,概念和事实的学习对于学生来说有着不同的作用。 开头类型2:特训236 同意不同意在社区周围建立一家折扣店 折扣店的出现成为我们社区关注的焦点。当一家企业决定在购物区开折扣店时,一些人游行表示反对,而另一些人觉得在这种商店购物很方便。我喜欢附近有一所大型折扣店,但我也能理解在同一条街开小商店的朋友为什么不喜欢这种竞争对手。换句话说,我支持新商店,因为它位置便利、价格低廉。 提炼类型2:关键词背景+论题重复+表明观点 开头类型2举例:经济发展和环境保护 经济发展和环境保护逐渐成为全球政府共同关注的两大议题。政府在制定国家发展策略的时候,一些人主张优先发展经济,而另一些人认为人们的首要任务是保护环境。

《新托福》课程教学大纲

《新托福》课程教学大纲 课程编号: 课程名称:硕士英语(新托福听说读写) 课程英文名称:Insights to IBT TOEFL 课程学分:3分 课内学时:48学时 课程类别:必修 课程性质:学位课 授课方式:讲授 考核方式:口试、笔试、闭卷 一、课程的性质、任务与基本要求 (一)性质与任务 《新托福》课程是研究生第一学期的一门必修课程。此课程涵盖托福听力、托福口语、托福阅读和托福写作,对考试内容、提问方式、解题方法和考试技巧进行逐一的讲解和全面的介绍,并且提供模拟试题,以帮助学习对托福考试的形式、要求、难度等有一个全面的了解,提高使用英语的能力。 (二)基本要求 本课程终结时,学生应达到如下要求: 1、托福听力:托福听力考试的材料类型和题目形式,听具体信息活细节,听总体内容或大意,听暗示内容,听作者观点或态度,听总体结构和其标志词的技巧; 2、托福口语:托福口语考试的题目形式,口语流利技巧,产生参与和扩大谈话的愿望,阐述个人感受,如何简答,话题深入讨论; 3、托福阅读:托福阅读的材料内省和题目形式,快读/浏览获取具体信息,识别论点与论证,整体阅读段落大意,中心思想,意义重述,区分观点与事实的技巧;

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12月10日托福写作答案解析 综合写作】 关于加拿大一种当地语言的保护。阅读说了几个影响语言消失的factor,听力反驳。 阅读文章: 1. 根据一个survey,当地十六岁以下才有百分之二十的人说当地话,而且在减少。 2. 当地渔业为了实现国际化,只说international话,比如说像English这种语言。因此,父母不鼓励孩子学当地话。 3. 电视和电台大部分都是用English和French播的,这对年轻人影响比较大的。所以也造成这种语言的后继无人。 听力文章: 1. 阅读中survey的数据不准确,实际收据比这个要多。因为survey 只是针对traditional的当地话,而年轻人说的也是当地话,只不过比较modern。 2. 听力说及时发展渔业也还是需要和local交易的。而local人只说当地话,所以在工作中说当地话也很重要,父母们也意识到了,开始让孩子们学。

3. 听力说确实电视和电台是这样的,但是网络媒体并不这样,人家大部分还是用native language的,而且听众也挺多的。 【独立写作】 Which option do you prefer? Travel to foreign countries when you are young than when you are older. Give specific reasons or examples to support your decision. 题目解析: 这道题算是一道老题,和今年5月29日那场考试的题目(It is better to take risks and explore new things when you are older than when you are young.)极其类似。并且,也呼应了2015年北美考场的真题。所以,部分同学对此可能并不陌生。 写作思路解析: 选择年轻时旅行 1. 丰富生活 列出细节(the Golden Gate Bridge ,The Pyramids and The Louvre)具体描绘世界之五彩缤纷。拿书本所学和实际经历对比,感叹纸上得来终觉浅。拿年轻实现旅行梦想和年老后悔对比,鼓励年轻人尽早行动。

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