英语专业翻译课件
替换与重复
Substitutive vs. Reiterative
一般说来，除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要，英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复。试比较：
1)音节重复
原句：Commercials商业广告seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening.
改写：Commercials seldom entertain and relax the listener.
原句：Close examination闭卷考试of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department.
改写：Close study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department．
2)词语重复
原句: We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village. (of 的重复)
改写: We listened to an account of the villagers’ customs.
原句: Even to borrow money is wrong, accord-ing to Kant, because if everyone did borrow money, there would be no money left to borrow.
改写: Even to borrow money is wrong, accord-ing to Kant, because if everyone did this, there would be no money left to borrow.
3)句式重复
原句：Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are against corruption 贪污腐败, and so they should vote the Reform ticket. This is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.
改写：Everybody should turn out to vote in this election，for the triumph胜利凯旋of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office．If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers, they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.
4)意义重复
原句：He asked the divisions to give their mutual cooperation to the project.
改写：He asked the divisions to cooperate on the project．
原句: A university degree has become a necessary requisite for entry into most professions.
改写：
a) The bachelor's degree is necessary / a requisite for entry into most professions ．
b) The bachel or’s degree is required for entry into most professions. / Entry into most
professions requires the bachelor’s degree．
原句：May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics？
改写：
a) May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited to
aeronautics？
b) May I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not directed only to aeronautics？
advance planning assembled together still remains
repeat again exactly identical audible to the ear
entirely complete throughout the entire summer
foreign imports dash quickly
在能明确表达意思的前提下，英语宜尽量采用替
代、省略或变换等避免重复。
一、替代（Substitution）
(替代句中或上文已出现过的词语或内容)
1.名词性替代: 用代词或某些名词来取代名词(词组)
第三人称代词: he, she, it
指示代词: this, that, these, those
关系代词: who, whom, whose, that, which
连接代词: who, whom, whose, what, which
不定代词: all, each, every, both, either, neither, one / ones, none, little, few, several, many, much, other, another, some, any, no
名词: enough, half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter
?Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French．
英译汉不如英译法容易。
2) A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles粒子粒子系统is changed and a new substance is formed.
化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
3) Electrical charges 电荷《物》of a similar kind repel each other and those that are dissimilar attract.
同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。
4) He hated failure；he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，and despised it in others.
他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
1)我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。
Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation.
2)我们提倡和平共处的原则，这项原则目前在世界上已越来越得人心了。
We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular in the world.
3)一定的文化（当作观念形态的文化）是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。
Any given culture (as an ideological form) is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter.
2、动词性替代：替代谓语动词（词组）。
代动词do
复合代动词do so, do it, do that, do this, do the same
替代句型so+do＋主语，so＋主语＋do，
so＋be＋主语，so＋主语＋be，
so＋will＋主语，so ＋主语＋will
1) The Americans are reducing their defence expen-diture this year. I wonder if the Russians will do too.
美国人今年已在削减国防开支，我怀疑俄国人也会这样做。
2) In any case work does not include time, but power does．
在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率却包括时间。
3) You don’t want to lag behind．Neither does she．
你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。
4) You should help him since you have promis-ed to do so.
你答应了要帮助他就应当帮助他。/ 你应当帮助他，这是你答应了的。
5) He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature．
他雄心勃勃，但从未如愿以偿。人们觉得，要不是他那贪得无厌的本性，他也许会有所作为的。
3、分句性替代
用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的that从句，用if so或if not来取代条件从句，用as来取代分句的一部分，等等。
1) People believe that the American team will win the football game. Peter thinks so, but I believe not.
人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球赛，彼得也是这样想的，我却认为并非如此。
2) Factories known to produce components for missiles and submarines are being camouflaged, as are missile launching and test sites throughout the USSR．
人们所知道的生产导弹部件和潜艇部件的工厂，都进行了伪装。苏联全国各地的导弹发射和试验场地，也都进行了伪装。
3) 中国人从来就是一个伟大的勇敢的勤劳的民族，只是在近代落伍了。这种落伍，完全是被外国帝国主义和本国反动政府所压迫和剥削的结果。
The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation; it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind．And that was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments．
4) 你没有搞好，我是不满意的，得罪了你就得罪了你。
You have done a poor job and I am not satisfied, and if you feel offended, so be it.
5)成绩有两重性，错误也有两重性。
Achievements have a dual character, and so have mistakes．
6)一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。
We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achieve-ments amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent，or vice versa.
总的说来，英语多用代称避免重复；汉语少用代称，多用实称，因而较常重复。英语的代词在汉译时常采用还原、复说或省略的办法加以处理。
1) Flattery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out．
阿谀比怨恨更危险，因为阿谀掩饰了污点，而怨恨却能使人消除污点。
2)Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting
theories, testing them, and organizing findings
-- this is all the work of science．
收集事实并加以论证，提出理论并加以检验，以及归纳整理研究成果——这就是科学工作的全部内容。
3) The analogue computer determines its quantity by measuring how much while the digital computer determines its quantity by counting how many.
模拟计算机计出量的大小，数字计算机算出量的多少。
4) Halliday put his pipe down, crossed his hands behind his neck, and turned his face towards the window.
哈利德放下烟斗，两手交叉着放在脖子后面，转过头去看窗子。
1) “What will you do when the war is over if it is over?” He asked me. “Speak grammatically !”
“I will go the States.”
“Are you married?”
“No, but I hope to be.”
“The more of a fool you are,” he said．He seemed very angry. “A man must not marry.”
“Why must not a man marry ?”
“真有那么一天，仗打完了，你要干点什么”, 少校问我，“注意，语法要正确！”
“回美国。”
“结婚了吗?’’
“没有，但很想。”
“你更蠢了,”他看上去很恼火。“男人根本不该结婚。” “为什么男人不该结婚?”
二、省略（Omission）
有名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略；有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中英语常常省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些词语，如:
1) A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s．
说一个人自私自利，并非因为他只图自己的利益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。
2) Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil．
野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。
3) Work with, and not against, nature.
要顺应自然工作，不要违反自然工作。
4) Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind.
阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。
5) One cannot learn to produce a sound from an ex-
planation only, or get a correct idea of a flavour from
a description: a sound must be heard, a colour seen,
a flavour tasted, an odour inhaled.
人不能只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠看说明而真正体会出某种滋味来：声音必须耳闻，颜色必须目见，滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。
6) Thales thought water was the beginning of every-thing; Anaximenes, air; Heraclitus, fire.
泰勒斯认为水是万物之始; 阿那克西米尼认为空气是万物之始；赫拉克利特认为火是万物之始。
英语常常承前省略相同的谓语动词或谓语动词词组的一部分；汉语则较常承前省略相同的主语而重复相同的动词，试比较：
1) I belong to you and you (belong) to me．
我属于你，你也属于我。
2) 白求恩大夫一到前线, (他)就立刻开始工作。
Dr. Bethune set to work as soon as he came to the front.
汉语习惯于重复词语，有时是为了保持语法的正确，有时是为了促成结构的整齐、匀称；有时既是语法的要求，也是修辞的需要。如：
1)太阳的热把水蒸发成云；如果云被吹到较凉的地方，天就会下雨；如果被吹到较暖的地方，云就会消散。
The sun’s heat evaporates water，forms cloud；if cloud is blown to a cooler place，rain falls；if to a warmer place，it disappears．
2)近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
Association with the good can only produce good，with the wicked，evil.
3)一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy.
三、变换(Variation): 英语还常用同义词替代、近义词复现和句式变化等方法来避免重复。
(一)同义词替代：用不同的名称来表示同一人或事物,即所谓“同名异称法”。例如, 在同一篇新闻评论里,作者用了以下六个称呼来避免重复提及英国前首相撒切尔夫人Mrs. Thatcher, she, the Prime Minister,the Iron Lady, the leader of the Conservative Party,the first woman Prime Minister; 小说里提及某一人物时, 作者有时用其姓, 有时用其名, 有时用其昵称, 有时则另起称呼。对于这类同名异称,读者或听众往往是根据上下文或特定的背景知识才明白其所指的。中国人较不习惯于这种名称替换法, 因而较常重复同一名称。
(二)近义词复现：概括词和下属词之间的互相替换, 如用the furniture代替table, 用the animal代替horse, 用the planet代替Mars,回避重复。
?John's bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car.
约翰给自己买了一部福特牌汽车，他几乎就住在这部汽车里。
2. I don't know where to stay when I arrive in New York.. I have never been to that place.
我不知道到了纽约要住在哪里，我从来就没有去过那个地方。
3. The monkey's most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.
这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。
汉语一般较少采用英语的这类变称，而较多
重复同一名称。
1. 非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行着
艰巨的斗争。
The people of Africa are waging a hard struggle to
win the complete emancipation of the continent.
2. 另外一种方法是化学方法。
Another method is the chemical process. /
Another approach is the chemical method.
3. 电子管通常用来放大，而真空管则是电子管的另一名称。
An electron tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another name for this device.
4. 他就是凭这个骗人的资格，他就是有这个骗人的资格。
His credentials are deception, that’s exactly what he has.
(三)英语比较注重表达形式的多样化，力戒无意义的重复。例如以下一段话，不仅词语重复太多，句式也缺少变化，因而显得累赘又乏味：
Shakespeare's plays are notable for their moral neutrality. For example, in Julius Caesar, Shakes-peare is not wholly sympathetic to Caesar. Shakes-peare does not sympathize with Brutus, Antony, or Octavius. Caesar is killed in the middle of Julius Caesar. Then Shakespeare directs the audience's attention to Brutus, Antony, and Octavius. As a result, Shakespeare gives Julius Caesar no single hero. Shakespeare gives an objective view of the characters throughout Julius Caesar by alternating between favorable and unfavorable assessments. Shakespeare does not give final approval to the favorable assessment or unfavorable assessment.
这段话若用替代、省略和变换的方法加以改写，即会比较符合英语的表达习惯：
Shakespeare's plays are notable for their moral neutrality. For example, in Julius Caesar Shakespeare is not wholly sympa-thetic to Caesar, Brutus, Antony, or Octavius. Caesar is killed in the middle of the play and the audience's attention is then directed to the other main characters. As a result, Julius Caesar has no single hero. Throughout the play Shakespeare maintains an objective view of the characters by alternating be-tween favorable and unfavorable assess-ments, without giving final approval to either.
然而，变换要适度，不能给人以炫耀言辞的感觉；替代也要明确，不应引起语义的含混。如果为了追求“优雅”而不顾表达的清晰和准确，那就达不到语言交际的目的。
上面这段话，若改写成以下这种样子，那就未免过分了：
Shakespeare's plays are notable for their moral neutrality. For example, in Julius Caesar, the playwright is not wholly sym-pathetic to Caesar. The great bard does not
sympathize with Brutus, Antony, or Octavius. Caesar is killed in the middle of the play. Then the "swan of Avon" directs the audience's attention to the other main characters. As a result, the master of dramatic poetry gives Julius Caesar no single hero. ...
总的说来，英语比较忌讳重复，因而常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法；相比之下，汉语则比较习惯于重复，因而常用实称、还原和复说的表达方法。除此以外，汉语倾向于重复还广泛地表现在词语调配、句式安排和篇章结构等各个方面。
替换与重复（II）
汉字属音节文字，一个汉字代表一个音节。古代汉语单音节占优势，现代汉语双音节占优势，讲究词语之间偶数音节的组合，如单音节词宜与单音节词相配，双音节词宜与双音节词相配，给人以匀称、整齐而又平稳、舒畅的感觉。
如“停止用”、“共同管”就不如“停止使用”、“共同管理”或“停用”、“共管”整齐、匀称；“脸发烧，心慌，不知所措”就不如“脸发烧，心发慌，不知所措”和谐、顺畅。
汉语有大量的联绵词，即双声词（美满,伶俐)和叠韵词（如从容、堂皇），还有叠音词（冉冉、渐渐）合成词和四字格（若隐若现、千姿百态、如花似锦、甜言蜜语）。
音节和字义的协调、和谐及匀称往往促使词语和句式成双成对，反映了中国人的美学心理，也是用词造句的一大原则。任意违反这项原则，往往会使表达显得别扭。
“他实事求是，不尚说空话，……总是把荣誉归于别人，重担自己挑。他苦在人先，享乐在别人后面。”
“他实事求是，不尚空谈，……总是把荣誉归于别人，把重担加于自己。他苦在人先，乐在人后。”
英语和汉语都有重叠、反复、对偶和排比的表达形式，但相比之下，汉语的重复无论在使用范围、出现频率和表现方式的多样性等方面都远远超过英语。
一、汉语的重叠（Reduplication）
汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。重叠构词不仅使得词语音节匀称、形式整齐，而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。许多名词、数量词、动词和形容词都有重叠的格式，如：
1.名词重叠，表示“每个”、“所有”、“许多”、“小”、“杂”或某种感情色彩等：
AA: 人人天天事事年年声声字字道道
AABB: 男男女女世世代代风风雨雨沟沟洼洼
2. 数量词重叠，表示“每个”、“逐个”、“许多”或某种感情色彩。
BB: 个个件件排排块块条条本本篇篇
ABB: 一杆杆一块块一桩桩一道道一滴滴
ABAB: 一次一次一包一包一颗一颗一步一步
AABB: 千千万万三三两两三三五五
3.动词重叠：动作的轻微、反复、完成、连续、轻松
AA: 说说听听谈谈想想吃吃瞧瞧歇歇
A一(了)A: 走一走看一看避一避笑了笑摇了摇
ABAB: 考虑考虑救济救济收拾收拾整理整理
AABB: 进进出出摇摇晃晃吵吵嚷嚷勾勾搭搭
A着A着、A了A了: 听着听着看着看着老了老了
4.形容词重叠：程度的加重、加深、加强、减轻或爱憎、厌恶等情绪。
AA：红红高高厚厚小小远远深深长长
AABB: 干干净净奇奇怪怪零零落落歪歪斜斜
ABAB: 笔直笔直冰凉冰凉通红通红雪白雪白
5. 附加式重叠：使表达形象、生动，格式丰富多彩：
AAX: 毛毛雨月月红呱呱叫团团转步步高
XAA: 水汪汪羞答答笑眯眯亮晶晶白茫茫
AAXY: 花花世界心心相印娓娓动听历历在目
XYAA: 衣冠楚楚烈火熊熊忧心忡忡风雨潇潇
A里AB: 啰里啰唆糊里糊涂妖里妖气古里古怪
6. 偏正并列式、动宾并列式、主谓并列式等的重叠：
ABAC: 假情假意难兄难弟有声有色没大没小
ABCB: 以毒攻毒爱理不理大闹特闹好说歹说
ABA: 面对面心连心手拉手肩并肩背靠背
此外，象声词也常常采用重叠的形式。
英译汉：适当地运用重叠可以增强表现力；英语也有重叠现象，但远不如汉语普遍，其构词能力和使用范围都受到很大限制。
?The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.
路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。
2. Walking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or look.
房间空空荡荡，他走来走去，这儿停停，哪儿停停，东摸摸，西瞧瞧。
3. She hoped she had mixed enough fact and fiction in her story to mislead him.
她希望所说的情况真真假假，足以使他糊里糊涂。
4. Huge, riven and blazing wrecks that only minutes before had been majestic aircraft carriers settled into the glittering Pacific.
几分钟前，这些航空母舰还是那么威风凛凛，不久就变成豁裂残断、烈火熊熊的庞大残骸，渐渐沉入了波光粼粼的太平洋。
5. Seared by a sun more savage than their native land's, their wounds suppurated and hosts of whining flies fell upon them.
这儿的阳光比他们本国的强烈得多，在毒辣辣的太阳烤灼下，他们的伤口化脓，嗡嗡的苍蝇成群成群的汇集在伤口上。
6. There wee no sounds but that of the booming wind upon the stretch of tawny herbage around them, the crackling wheels, the tread of the men, and the footsteps of the two shaggy ponies which drew the van.
那时候只听见车轮辚辚，脚步沙沙。拉车的那两匹鬃毛蓬松的小马，蹄声得得，四周一片橙黄色的野草，风声呼呼。除此之外，再也听不到别的声音了。
7. They read the afternoon through, while the cold November rain fell from the sky upon
the quiet house.
深秋，冷雨霏霏，屋里静悄悄的。他们看了一个下午的书。
8. Mr Kirsch, having lost all his money by this time, followed his master out into the
moonlight, where the illuminations were winking out.
基希先生这时输得两手空空，便跟着主人走出屋；月光下，彩灯闪闪烁烁，渐渐灭了。
英语也有音节重叠的现象，但远不如汉语普遍。主要因为英语词的音节参差不齐，不具备上述汉语语音文字的特点。
英语的重叠只有一个格式，即AA式，另有两个变式，即改变元音的重叠式和改变辅音的重叠式，如：
1. AA式：
bye-bye，goody-goody，tut-tut，
pooh-pooh，craw-craw，dik-dik，
din-din，chow-chow，yo-yo，
ha-ha，haw-haw，ta-ta，
hula-hula，chin-chin，ga-ga
2.元音变式：
ping-pong，zig-zag，seesaw，flip-flop，
tick-tock，tip-top，clip-clop，criss-cross，
dilly-dally，ding-dong，shilly-shally，dingle-dangle，riff-raff，tick-tack，wishy-washy，jingle-jangle
3.辅音变式：
walkie-talkie，teeny-weeny，hoity-toity，
hubble-bubble，bow-wow，higgledy-piggledy，botch-potch，hocus-pocus，razzle-dazzle，
rub-a-dub，piggy-wiggy，pell-mell，clap-trap
英语叠音词一般属谐音或拟声现象，许多来自儿语，常用于口语、俚语或非正式文体，其构词能力和使用范围都受到很大的限制。
汉语的叠字、叠词不仅是音节的重叠，而且有词法和句法的因素。
“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”
I seek but seek in vain，
I search and search again：
I feel so sad，so drear，
So lonely，without cheer.
I look for what I miss,
I know not what it is,
I feel so sad, so drear,
So lonely, without cheer.
二、汉语的重复：
1.沉默呵，沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。
Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!
2. 吃饭防噎，行路防跌。
When eating take heed that you do not choke, when walking take heed that you do not fall.
3.我为人人，人人为我。
One for all and all for one.
4.大处着眼，小处着手。
Keep the general goal in sight while taking hold of the daily tasks.
5.我们一定要坚持下去，一定要不断地工作，我们也会感动上帝的。这个上帝不是别人，就是全中国的人民大众。全国人民大众一齐起来和我们一道挖这两座山，有什么挖不平呢？
We must persevere and work unceasingly, and we, too, will touch God’s heart. Our God is none other than the masses of the Chinese people. If they stand up and dig together with us, why can’t these two mountains be cleared away?
英语
1. Scrooge went to bed again, and thought and thought and thought it over and over.
斯克鲁吉有上床去了，他想来想去，想呀想，想个没完。
2. She stood by the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard.
她站在窗子跟前，闷闷不乐地瞅着外面灰蒙蒙的后院，一只灰色的猫正在灰色的篱笆上行走。
3. A smile would come into Mr Pickwick's face; the smile extended into a laugh, the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general.
皮克威克先生的脸上会浮现出一丝微笑，微笑逐渐变成大笑，大笑变成狂笑，狂笑勾起一阵哄堂大笑。
4. Crafty men contemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them.
狡猾的人轻视学问；愚昧的人羡慕学问；聪明的人利用学问。
5. The jail might have been the infirmary, the infirmary might have been the jail.
监狱可以成为病房，病房也可以成为监狱。
6. Men perish, but man shall endure; lives die but the life is not dead.
人要死亡而人类永存，寿命有限而生命不绝。
?汉语的重复远比英语普遍。英语的重复一般是修辞性的，而汉语还往往出自于语法的要求。
?重复分词语的重复和意义的重复。
汉语“词复”现象可归纳为八种：
（一）主语与表语重复，即主语和判断语重复，其格式是“甲是甲”或“甲是甲，乙是乙”，表示对于别的判断的排斥。
1. 不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。
We must not pretend to know when we do not know.
2. 我的头发没了，可我还是我呀！
My hair is gone, but I’m just the same.
3. 敌是敌，友是友，必须分清敌我的界限。
A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe, one must be clearly distinguished from the other.
4. 有缺点的战士终究是战士，完美的苍蝇也终究是苍蝇。
The fighter for all his blemishes is a fighter, while the most perfect flies are only flies.
英语也有，但不如汉语常见：
1. East is East, and West is West.
东方是东方，西方是西方。
2. Now is now, and then was then.
此一时也，彼一时也。/ 现在是现在，当时是当时。
（二）主语与宾语重复，即宾语就是主语加“的”字，表示互不相干
1. 他说他的，我干我的。
Let him say what he likes; I’ll just go on with my work.
2. 你们讨论你们的，我不参加了。
You just go on with your discussion. I won’t take part.
（三）主语与谓语重复，即主语就是谓语加“的”字。这种格式连用两个（以上）相同的结构，有列举的性质。
1. 火车上看书的看书，聊天的聊天。
On the train some were reading and some chatting.
2. 这几双鞋，大的大，小的小，我都不能穿。
Some of these shoes are too big and others too small. None of them fits me.
3. 我们一些旧衣服和旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。
Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.
（四）主语与宾语的修饰语重复，一般表示评估。
1.穷也有穷的好处。
Poverty has its advantage.
2. 要知道大国有大国的策略，小国也有小国的路线，各取所好而行。
We should know that big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. And each follows the policy to its liking.
（五）重复谓语，这种格式可分为三小类：
a) 含“虽”、“虽然”的意思，重复的谓语之间插入“是”、“却”等字。
1. 这东西旧是旧，可还能用。
Yes, it’s ol d, but it can still be used.
2. 去是去，但是得晚一点儿去。
I’m certainly going, but I’ll be a little late.
3. 忙是忙，可大家很愉快。
We are busy to be sure, but everyone is very happy.
b) 含“即使”、“甚至”的意思，重复的谓语之间插入“也”、“都”等字。
1. 你是个大人物，平素请也请不到。
You’re a big shot and won’t come at ordinary times even if you’re invited.
2. 这个我连想也没想过。
I haven’t even thought of it.
3. 她连吃都不吃了，我还有什么办法？
She even won’t eat anything at all, what can I do for her?
c) 含“容忍”、“无所谓”的意思，重复的谓语之间插入“就”字。
1. 丢了就丢了吧，以后小心点。
If it’s lost, it’s lost. Just be more careful from now on.
2. 想喝就喝，想吃就吃，别客气了。
Drink or eat as you like. Please make yourself at home.
（六）重复带宾语的及物动词。因为及物动词与补语之间不能被宾语隔开，如不能说“他踢足球的很好”，而必须说“他踢足球踢的很好”。
1. 他读书读得很多。
He reads a lot.
2. 他这场病呀，准是洗冷水澡洗出来的。
His illness this time was caused by a cold bath.
（七）重复“也好”、“也罢”之类，至于并列的谓语形式之后，表示假设或选择。
1. 写信也好，打电话也好，打电报也好，反正你得通知他。
You must let him know somehow, whether by letter, by telephone or by telegram.
2. 刮风也罢，下雨也罢，他都坚持跑步。
He keeps up running whether it’s windy or rainy.
（八）重复“各”或“自己”，英语则往往使用代词以回避重复。
1. 各吹各的号，各唱各的调。
Each blows his own bugle and sings his own tune. / Each does things in his own way.
2. 他自己打自己。
He beat himself.
?汉语词语的重复还不止如此这些，汉语讲究音节文字的整齐、匀称，常常运用相反相成、对立并联等表达形式，因而词语的重复俯拾即是。
1. 不是你去，就是我去。
Either you or I am to go.
2. 我不会游泳，也不会溜冰。
I can’t swim or skate.
3. 什么难学不难学，我保证学会。
No matter how hard it is, I’ll learn how to do it.
4. 人家的果实归人家，咱们无论如何也不能要。
Let others enjoy the fruit of their own labor; anyway we won’t take it from them.
5. 他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么，全然不顾什么谨慎不谨慎了。
Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence.
6. 去就去，怕什么？
I’ll go, what do I have to be afraid of?
7. 饱汉不知饿汉饥。
The well-fed don’t know how the starving suffer.
?汉语还运用相似、相对或不同的词语来重复同一意义。汉语“意复”现象常见于四字成语和谚语。
成语的意复：
称心如意
satisfactory
发号施令
issue orders
惊天动地
earth-shaking
穷凶极恶
nefarious
唉声叹气
moan and groan
胡言乱语
talk nonsense
奇装异服
outlandish clothes
南腔北调
a mixed accent
日新月异
ever changing
粗制滥造
crudely made
深仇大恨
deep hatred
奇谈怪论
strange tale
千方百计
by hook or crook
街谈巷议
street gossip
?谚语的意复
1. 单丝不成线，独木不成林。
One strand of silk doesn’t make a thread; one tree doesn’t make a forest.
2. 人以类聚，物以群分。
Birds of a feather flock together. / Like attracts like.
3. 看菜吃饭，量体裁衣。
Fit the appetite to the dishes and the dress to the figure. / Act according to actual circumstances.
?汉语意复的现象还常见于运用由两个意义相同或相近的词根构成的合成词，如：观看(watch)、使用(use)、古老(ancient)、树木(trees),衣裳(clothing),道路(road),孤独(lonely),善良(kindhearted)、略微(slightly)等。汉语一些连接词或副词的连用也常有意义的重复，英语则不习惯于相应的重复。
1. 问题虽然小，但很典型。
The question is small but typical.
2. 只有依靠群众，才能做好工作。
Only by relying on the masses can you do your work well.
3. 除了水稻以外，我们还种棉花和小麦。
Besides rice, we grow cotton and wheat.
4. 这种态度是非常有害的，特别是对于干部，害处更大。
Such an attitude does a great deal of harm, particularly among the cadres.
新视野大学英语翻译答案
汉译英 Unit1 1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充足的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。（no matter how） No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech ，you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关系吉米一样，吉米也关系他们（just as） Just as all his sister ’ s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them 3.汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。（track down）Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。（tell on） If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5.有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。（on one’s own） Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6.现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。（reckon with） Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. Unit2 1.被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2.总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron . 3正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4.考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订旅馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5.服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并立刻咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6.总结这次讨论时，他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. Unit3 1.在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2..教师一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3.从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one ’ s study after graduatin g from university instead of going to work directly. 4.由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5.据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。
新视野大学英语第三版第一册课后翻译答案.doc
新视野大学第三版book1英语课后翻译答案 Unit1 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analectshas had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years’traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius’thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. Unit2 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元336年。渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今，圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞接风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival-the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes. The festival is also a time for family reunion. People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival, all expressing people’s love and hope for a happy life. Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.
大学英语翻译答案
Unit1 1. 背离传统需要极大的勇气。(departure, enormous) {It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.} 2. 汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。(performance, bold) {Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.} 3. 很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 (creative, desirable) {Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.} 4. 假设（assume）那幅画确实是名作（masterpiece），你觉得值得购买吗？(worthwhile) {Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it's worthwhile to buy / purchase it?} 5. 如果这些数据统计上是站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。(throw light on , investigate, valid) {If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.} Unit2 1) 该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。(deny, commercial) {The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.} 2) 每当他生气的时候，他说话就有一点结巴。(stammer) {Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.} 3) 教育是我们家庭最看重的传统，这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭，却送我到最好的私立学校上学。(cherish) {Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.} 4) 手术康复后不久，他失业了，因此经历了人生的又一个困难阶段。(shortly after, go through) {Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.} 5) 与我们的富裕邻居相比，我们的父母就相当穷了，但是他们总是努力满足我们最起码的需求。(affluent, minimal) {In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.} Unit3 1) 科学家们找到火星上有水的证据了吗？(proof) {Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?} 2) 计划委员会已经将建核电厂的可能地点缩小到了两个沿海城镇。(location, narrow down) {The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for the nuclear power plant to two coastal towns.} 3) 任何一个有尊严的人都不会一辈子依靠社会救济过活。(welfare)
英语翻译课件
1、Brief History 中国翻译的四大高潮 ?1、汉唐时期的佛经翻译 ?2、明清时期的西方近代科学的翻译 ?3、五·四时期的西方人文科学的翻译 ?4、建国以后，尤其是改革开放以来，对西方的全面译介 2、The standard of translation ?Faithfulness（信）Expressiveness （达）Elegance （雅） Faithfulness（信） ?the meaning in the target language should be faithful to the meaning of the original Expressiveness （达） ?the requirement of intelligibility(可理解性) of the target language text, the translated text should be in accordance with the language rules of the target language Elegance （雅） ?requires a translation to be esthetically pleasing From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing. ?从那里，我可以看见下面的整个山谷，那田野、河流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望。 ?从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流和村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。 ?忠实通顺 直译vs.意译 ?统一、结合举例： ?1.It’ s a Smoke Free Area. ?直译:它是个自由吸烟区。（×） ?意译:它是个无烟区。 ?2 .Shakespeare put his hometown on the map. ?直译:莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。（×） ?意译:莎土比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。 ?3. He is a rough-and-ready character. ?直译:他是个粗兽并有准备的人。（×） ?意译:他是个粗鲁但尚能顶用的人。 ?4 .Frank ran circles around the other boys on the basketball team. ?直译:弗兰克绕着篮球队的其他男孩儿转圈。（×） ?意译:在篮球队里弗兰克的技术最好。 ?5 .On a rainy day the children sometimes ran their mother ragged. ?直译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲跑得衣衫槛楼。（×） 意译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲闹得筋疲力尽。 ? 6 .The teacher sat on his student as soon as he began showing off. 直译:学生一开始炫耀，老师就坐在了他的身上。 意译:学生一开始炫耀就被老师打断了。 ?7. My father was a loyal member of his party and always voted the straight ticket. ?直译:我爸爸忠于他的党派，而且总是直接投票。（×） ?意译:我爸爸忠于他的党派，而且总是把票投给他那个党派的候选人。 3、Scope of translation ?In terms of language ?Native languages into foreign languages ?Foreign languages into native languages
(完整版)大学英语翻译答案-1
大学英语（B）1翻译练习参考译文 1、元宵节是春节后的第一个重要节日。元宵节的习俗在全国各地不尽相同，其 中赏花灯（lanterns exhibits）、猜灯谜、吃元宵等是几项最常见的民间习俗。据说， 吃元宵的习俗起源于汉代，唐宋时期开始盛行。如今，元宵已成为人们的日常饮 食之一，在超市一年四季都可以买到。 The Yuanxiao Festival is the first important festival after the Spring Festival. Although customs of the festival vary from region to region, the most common ones include appreciating lantern exhibits, trying to solve riddles written on lanterns, and eating yuanxiao. It is said that the custom of eating yuanxiao originated from the Han Dynasty and became popular during the Tang and Song periods. Nowadays, yuanxiao has become a food in people’s daily life, which is available in supermarkets a ll the year round. 8、如今，越来越多的大学生抱怨很难找到好的工作。造成这一现象的原因如下： 首先，大学生把在校的大多数时间都用在了专业学科的学习上，只有当他们开始 找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的专业培训。其次，大学生之间的竞争也 越来越激烈，这导致任何一名大学生找到工作的机会都变小了。 Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job. The reasons f or this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training. Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce. And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job. 7、杭州是中国著名的六大古都之一，已有两千多年的历史。这个城市不仅以自 然美闻名于世，而且有着传统的文化魅力。不仅有历代文人墨客（men of letters） 的题咏，而且有美味佳肴和漂亮的工艺品。一般来说，游览杭州西湖及其周边景 点花上两天较为合适。到杭州旅游，既令人愉快，又能得到文化享受。 Hangzhou, one of China’s six ancient capital cities, has a history of more than 2,000 years. It is famous not only for its natural beauty but also for its charm of cultural traditions. Besides many poems and inscriptions by men of letters through the dynasties, it also boasts local delicacies and pretty handicrafts. Generally speaking, a two-day tour of West Lake and scenic spots around it is advisable for a tourist. As a tourist, you will find it a pleasant and culturally rewarding trip to Hangzhou. 6、说到中国古代的科技文明（civilization），人们自然就会想到“四大发明”，即 指南针、火药、造纸术和印刷术。这四种发明是古代先进科技的象征，具有重大 的历史意义。它们对中国古代政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用， 也对世界的文明进程产生了巨大影响。 Speaking of ancient Chinese civilization in science and technology, people will naturally think of the Four Great Inventions, namely the compass, gunpowder, paper-making and printing. These four inventions are symbols of ancient China’s
新视野大学英语翻译答案
新视野大学英语翻译答案 Unit 1 一. 汉译英 1.对于网络课程，学生不仅可以选择何时何地学习，在回答问题 之前他们还可以有时间思考答案。 Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply. 2.网上学习的想法使她非常兴奋，而他认为网上学习毫无疑义和 用处。 She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless. 3.与以英语为母语的人交谈是非常有益的体验，从中我们能学到 许多东西。 Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot. 4.如今，越来越多的人可以利用互联网查找他们需要的信息。 Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5.他要她放弃工作在家照顾孩子，但是她觉得这个要求太过分 了。 He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her. 6.既然我们已经学完这门课程，就应该多做些复习。 Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. 二. 英译汉 1.I’ll never forget the teacher who showed me that learning a foreign language could be fun and rewarding. Were it not for him, I would not be able to speak English as well as I do now. 我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有 价值的。如果没有他，我的英语说得不会像现在这样好。 2.No other language lets you experience the cultures of the world like English. With a strong knowledge of the English language, you can have wonderful cultural adventures
英语专业英译汉课件
Chinese-English Translation Course Unit One Error Analysis: Part One On the test paper I. Choose the one which is proper and idiomatic . 1. Our home, once full of laughters, now deafens us with its silence. 译文A: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却充满了令人震耳欲聋的沉寂。 译文B: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却十分安静。 2. There are few of us but admire his courage. 译文A: 我们人人都佩服他的勇气。 译文B: 我们中很少有人佩服他的勇气。 3. All cities did not look like as they do today. 译文A: 在过去，城市面貌并不都像今天这样千篇一律。 译文B: 过去，城市面貌与现在完全不同。 4. To starve oneself emotionally is a mistake. 译文A: 不满足自己感情上的需要是一种错误。 译文B: 使自己的感情挨饥受饿是一种错误。 5.The boss‘s girl Friday called me. 译文A: 老板的女儿星期五打电话给我了。 译文B: 老板的女秘书打电话给我了 6. Marriage bed is full of roses and thorns. 译文A: 婚姻总是有苦有甜。 译文B: 婚姻的花坛里既长鲜花也生荆棘。 7. I never go past that kindergarten but think of my happy childhood there. 译文A: 每当我走过那所幼儿园，我就回想起在那里度过的幸福童年。 译文B: 尽管我从未经过那所幼儿园，但是我回想起在那里度过的幸福童年 8. And soon over the whole surface of the marsh, a great cloud of birds hung screaming and circling in the air. 译文A: 很快就有一块乌云似的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 译文B: 很快就有黑压压的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 9. SS guards then shoved each prisoner in the direction the doctor had indicated. 译文A: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着被监禁者。 译文B: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着犯人。 10. Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself. 译文A: 我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想，憧憬着美丽的未来。 译文B: 我们浪漫的小朋友憧憬着美好的未来。 II. Improve the Chinese version. 1. He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair. 译文：他又皱又黑，头发灰白稀疏。 2. Wall Street is a dog-eat-dog place. 译文：华尔街是个狗咬狗的地方。 3. All freely falling bodies descend from the same height in equal time. 译文：一切自由降落的物体，从同样的高度，以相等的时间下降。 4. Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear? 译文：为什么对他们浪费口舌呢？他们又不愿意听。 5. We have plenty of company in the way of wagonloads and mule-loads of tourists — and dust. 译文：跟我们做伴的人真不少，有乘马车的，有骑骡子的——一路尘土飞扬。 6. His speech leaves no room to improvement. 译文：他的演讲没有改进的余地。 7. He thought, not very vividly, of his father and mother. 译文：他并不是很鲜明地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。 8. Casualties were taken to several hospitals in southwestern Georgia, some of which operated on backup generators. 译文：伤亡人员被送往佐治亚州西南部的几所医院里，其中一些伤者在备用发电机的帮助下动了手术。 9. To cure his patients, he relied on a palette of remedies that included modern science, folk medicine and plain common sense. 译文：为了治疗患者，他运用了调色板方法，其中包括现代科技、民间药物和自己的直觉。
大学英语 课后翻译答案
Unit 1 1.3000多辆汽车因刹车问题昨日被召回（because of；recall） 1. More than 3000 cars were recalled yesterday because of a brake problem. 2.他尽管病得很重，但还是来参加会议了。（despite） 2. He came to the meeting despite his serious illness. 3.要确保同样得错误今后不再发生了。（see it that） 3. See to it that the same mistake won't happen again. 4.现在他们之间的了解多了一些，他们相处得就好些了。（now that） 4. Now that they've got to know more about each other，they get along better. 5.此时我发现自己被五六个男孩子围住了。（find oneself） 5. Then Ifound myself surrounded by five or six boys. 6.在这幸福的时刻，我向你致以最美好的祝愿。（on occasion） 6. I send you my best wishes on this happy occasion. Unit3 1)很多事情导致了我与那家公司断绝关系。(contribute to) A lot of things contributed to the end of my relationship with that company. 2.面对严峻的疾病，她表现出了巨大的勇气。（in the face of） She showed great courage in the face of serious illness. 3.我们得出结论，她讲的是真话。（come to） We came to the conclusion that she was telling the truth. 4他的秘书没有告诉他那次会议的情况。（fail to）
科技英语翻译课件
E n g l i s h T r a n s l a t i o n f o r S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y I n t r o d u c t i o n t o T r a n s l a t i o n C r i t e r i a o f T r a n s l a t i o n ?玄奘：既须求真，又须喻俗 ?严复（1853-1921）：T r i p l e P r i n c i p l e o f T r a n s l a t i o n ?信（f a i t h f u l n e s s）：忠实准确 ?达（e x p r e s s i v e n e s s）：通顺流畅 ?雅（e l e g a n c e）：文字古雅 ?鲁迅 ?信（F a i t h f u l n e s s） ?顺（S m o o t h n e s s） ?林语堂 ?忠实（f a i t h f u l n e s s） ?通顺（s m o o t h n e s s） ?美（b e a u t i f u l n e s s） ?傅雷 ?神似（R e s e m b l a n c e i n s p i r i t）： ?以效果而论，文学翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。 ?钱钟书 ?化境（r e a c h i n g t h e a c m e o f p e r f e c t i o n）： ?文学翻译的最高境界是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味。 ?刘重德 ?信、达、切(f a i t h f u l n e s s,e x p r e s s i v e n e s s a n d c l o s e n e s s): ?信于内容(t o b e f a i t h f u l t o t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e o r i g i n a l); ?达如其分(t o b e a s e x p r e s s i v e a s t h e o r i g i n a l); ?切合风格(t o b e a s c l o s e t o t h e o r i g i n a l s t y l e a s p o s s i b l e). 英语科技文献的翻译标准 ?科技翻译可以理解为一种科学的“语码转换”，科学性是第一位，科技译文的正确性是最重要的。
新编大学英语1翻译答案
一、 1、当我知道详细情况时，我意识到我不该在办公室发脾气。 When I knew the details ,I realized that I shouldn’t have lost the temper at the office. 2、我和鲍勃不是很熟，不过我们偶尔出去喝一杯。 I don’t know Bob very well ,but we go out for a drink occasionally. 3、会议应该在周二召开，但我们不得不推迟。 The meeting is supposed to be held on Tuesday, but we have to put it off. 4、我国政府采取行动使那个国家的所以中国人回到了祖国。 Our government took action to get all the Chinese back to homeland in that country. 5、包括周末在内，仅仅还有12天时间可以用来买圣诞礼物。 Including the weekend ,there is only 12days to buy Charismas presents. 6、如不立即采取行动，许多野生动物就会因饥饿而死亡。 Without taking action immediately ,many kinds of wild animals would die from hunger.三、 1、除非你有经验，否则你得不到这份工作。 You won’t got this job unless you have got the experience. 2、我把大部分时间都花在研究中美文化差异上了。 Most of my time is spent studying the differences between Chinese and American culture. 3、这句话意思很清楚，绝不会引起误会。 This sentence is so clear that it can’t cause any misunderstanding. 4、他希望能给予她比现在更多的帮助。 He hopes he could give her more help than he does. 5、要记得邀请她来参加生日晚会，不然她会抱怨的。 Remember to invite her to the birthday party ,or she would complain. 6、主任说，你必须把购置设备的2500美元加到成本中去。 The Director said ,you have to add 2500 dollars for equipment purchase to the cost. 7、了解自己的长处、弱点以及所处的环境很重要。 It’s important to be aware of your strengths, weaknesses and the environment you are in. 8、如果你继续对大家这么粗鲁，不久你就会发现自己什么朋友都没有了。 You will find yourself without any friends at all if you keep on being so rude to everyone.四、 1、做出贡献的人太多了，无法一一提及。 The individuals who have contributed are far too many to mention. 2、半夜里，嘈杂声把我们吵醒了。 The noise woke us up in the middle of the night. 3、他不应该对我说的话感到生气，那仅仅是个玩笑而已。 He shouldn’t have been angry at what I said, it was nothing more than a joke. 4、我们邀请了所以的朋友去野餐，但是由于下雨只来了其中5位。 We invited all our friends to the picnic ,but it rained and only 5 of them showed up. 5、婚姻被视为一件严肃的事。 Marriage is viewed as a serious matter. 6、令我失望的是，这部电影并不像我期待得那么好。 To my disappointment ,the movie didn’t live up to my expectations. 七、
大学英语专业翻译课课件
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达出的思维内容准确而整体地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，1980） 翻译是译者将原语文化信息转换成译语文化信息并求得二者相似的思维活动和语言活动。（黄忠廉，2000） 行合和意合：前者注重语言形式上的接应(cohesion)，后者注重意义上的连贯(coherence)。 形合(hypotaxis)：借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）来实现词语或句子的连接； 形合的语言模式反映了西方重形式逻辑、重实证的思维模式， 意合(parataxis)：不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现词语或句子的连接；意合的语言模式反映了汉民族重内省和体悟、表达简约、不重逻辑、意义模糊的思维模式。 英语形合的三大手段:介词/连词/动词的屈折 汉语意合的三大手段:隐性逻辑（前因后果）/意义/修辞/平行结构/四字格 英语的逻辑和理性的显著特点就是抽象性 汉语往往采用如下的手段来表达英语的抽象词义。 一、用动词取代抽象名词 二、用范畴词使抽象概念具体化 范畴词（category words）用来表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，汉语特指手段。 3、用具体的词语阐释抽象的语义 4、用形象性词语使抽象意义具体化（figuration）。 结构调整 1. 省略表范畴的词语 2. 省译重复词语 3. 省译同义词 4. 省译没有实际意义的词语 5. 调整句法结构，省译某些词语 6. 从文化角度省译词语 主语选择的原则 无主句必须添加必要的主语; 必须是句中应该突出的信息； 必须符合英美人的思维视角； 必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯； 必须符合行文连贯的需要。 汉英主谓结构的差别