大学体验英语综合教程4PassgeA课后翻译与作文习题答案

Unit 1

随着职务的提升，他担负的责任也更大了。(take on)

With his promotion, he has taken on greater responsibilities.

他感到他再没有必要对约翰承担这样的责任。（make a commitment）

He felt he did not have to make such a commitment to John any more.

闲暇时玛丽喜欢外出购物，与她相反，露茜却喜欢呆在家里看书。(as opposed to)

Mary likes to go shopping in her spare time, as opposed to Lucy, who prefers to stay at home reading.

充其量可以说他有抱负，用最糟糕的话来说，他是一个没有良心(conscience)或没有资格的权力追求者。（at best, at worst）

At best he's ambitious, at worst a power-seeker without conscience or qualifications.

我们已尽全力说服他，但是却毫无进展。（strive，make no headway）

We have striven to the full to convince him, but we have made no headway.

11.Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the topic "Men are different from women in many ways."

Men Are Different from Women in Many Ways

Traditionally, men and women were seen as opposite poles of a magnet. Men were strong, women were weak; men were the breadwinners, women were the homemakers; men were rational, women were emotional. In accordance with these beliefs, the men filled the leadership positions in society, as well as the majority of positions that required courage, clear-thinking and intellect. Women took on the nurturing, caring or supportive jobs such as nurse, teacher, assistant. However, modern society has greatly challenged these perceived differences between men and women.

These days gender roles are becoming less clear. Women are moving into the male-dominated occupations and proving that they can be equally successful in these fields. Moreover, some men are taking on the homemaker role and finding that it suits them. In some cultures, for example the Naxi culture of southwestern China, the women have always been the head of the household and responsible for both work and finance.

So, are men and women really all that different? From the changing perspectives towards this question, it would seem that socialization plays a large role in defining masculinity and femininity in any given time period and in any given culture. In other words, perhaps men and women are not that different after all.

Unit 2

要是他适合当校长，那么哪个学生都可以当。（no more...than）

He is no more fit to be a headmaster than any schoolboy would be.

至于她的父亲，她不敢肯定是否会接收她和他的小孩。(as for)

As for her father, she is not sure whether he will accept her and her baby.

晚睡会损害健康而早睡早起有益于健康。(undermine)

Staying up late will undermine one's health while going to bed early and getting up early will benefit it.

大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。(convey)

The ambassador personally conveyed the president's message to the premier.

这个女孩决定敞开心扉，把她看见的一切都告诉警方。(open up)

The girl decided to open up and tell the police what she had seen.

11.Directions: Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the topic: "Importance of Culture in Business”.

Importance of Culture in Business

Culture plays an important role in business. In different cultures there are different ideas about when meetings should be scheduled, how much notice should be given, Where people should be seated and how the negotiations should be proceed. During the negotiations there are also vast cultural differences in what is considered appropriate language, communication style and body language. For example, some culture value eye contact, others do not. Some cultures use 'yes' as an acknowledgement of what the person has said, other use 'yes' only for agreement.

Social conventions of greeting, dressing, eating and entertaining also vary considerably amongst cultures and these are important to learn since a lot of business takes place while having dinner or enjoying drinks together.

If a businessman attempts a cross-cultural business partnership without an adequate awareness of his associate's culture, he is likely to encounter misunderstanding and may even cause offence. This will damage and may even end the business relationship. Therefore, cultural differences must be carefully handled when doing business with people from different countries. Unit 3

他理个发就要收500元，简直不可思议。（charge）

It is simply unbelievable for him to charge 500 dollars for a haircut.

人民赋予你特权，你就应该全心全意为人民服务。（grant）

People grant you the privilege, so you should serve the people wholeheartedly.

天气预报很重要，依据它我们才能决定什么时候出航。（so that）

The weather forecast is very important so that we can decide when to go to sea.

炮声打破了往常周日早晨的宁静，人们强烈预感到战争就要来临。(violate)

The sound of guns violated the usual calm of Sunday morning, and people had a strong feeling that the war was coming.

即使你每分钟看3页，到本周末你无论如何也看不完这本书。（even though）

Even though you read three pages per minute, you will by no means finish the book by the end of this weekend.

11.Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the topic "Fighting Against Piracy”.

Before writing, consider the following questions:

What problems do we face with piracy?

What are the consequences of piracy?

What should we do about piracy?

You may begin your writing with a sentence like this: " The problem of piracy has become increasingly serious. … ” Or you can also write your own beginning sentence.

Fighting Against Piracy

Nowadays the problem of piracy has become increasingly serious. Not only is there a serious lack of knowledge amongst the general public about piracy issues, but there is also an attitude of indifference.

These days piracy is strongly evident in the commercial world in the wide availability of illegal VCDs and DVDs , the inclusion of Copyrighted pictures, web graphics, video clips and magazine

portions in business presentations and the photocopying of books and articles for distribution without the author's permission.

The negative consequences of piracy are two-fold. Firstly, the Copyright owners are likely to suffer significant financial losses. Secondly, the Copyright owner loses recognition, if the source of the material is unacknowledged.

Therefore it is important for all citizens to become educated about piracy issues, to follow copyright laws in their own lives, and to encourage their colleagues and friends to do the same. Unit4

1. 我爷爷虽然70岁了，但他的爱好广泛，从下国际象棋到爬山，多种多样。(range from ... to ) My grandfather's interests range from playing chess to climbing mountains although he is 70 years.

2. 真奇怪，汤姆的奶奶都80岁了还玩玩具娃娃。(surprisingly)

Surprisingly, Tom's grandmother plays with dolls at the age of 80.

3. 他大功无私的精神和天赋使他适合担当大多数学生梦想得到的那项工作。(qualify for) His selflessness and talent qualify him for the job most students dream to get.

4. 你如何解释他的那个怪梦？

What interpretation would you put on his odd /strange dream?

我们老板刚买的新轿车一小时能行驶200公里。(be capable of)

The brand-new car our boss has just bought is capable of making 200 kilometers an hour.

11.Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the topic "The Importance of Learning Spoken English.”.

The Importance of Learning Spoken English

In today's modern world, learning spoken English has many advantages. English is fast becoming the international language of many fields, including politics, business and education. Not only is English used between native speakers and non-native speakers, but it is also used increasingly as a common language in interactions between non-native speakers.

Having a good grasp of spoken English helps you to improve your chances of employment. These days, there are many foreign companies operating from China, and many Chinese-owned companies have trade links with foreign partners. These companies require speakers of English with sufficient language skills to ensure smooth business transactions.

Spoken English also provides the chances for you to communicate socially with people from many other countries. It gives you a window into other cultures, and other perspectives of the world. It also gives you access to foreign films, TV programs, music and news.

Therefore, spoken English is an important and fundamental tool in today's global village.

Unit5

他们登上的飞机起飞后立刻就消失了。（soar，out of sight）

The airplane they boarded soared out of sight as soon as it took off.

在会上,保守派反对提出的改革建议(in opposition to)

At the meeting, the two sides had a very hot debate. The reformers put forward many reforming measures, but conservatives were in opposition to the proposed changes.

从长远看,我们必须学习更多的科技知识，除了我们的专业课程之外，懂得计算机、英语和驾驶是我们工作中必不可少的。(in a long run)

In the long run, we should learn more about science and technology. Besides the major subject, the knowledge of computers, English and driving is necessary in our work.

为练成完美的体型,她每周做四次健身操。(in quest)

She does gymnastic exercises four times a week in quest to achieve the perfect body.

每天早晨，一些老人在公园里一边锻炼身体一边聊天。(at the same time)

Every the morning in the park some old people are doing physical exercises there, chatting with each other.

11. Directions: Write a composition to illustrate the importance of business ethics. Your writing may be based on the following outlines in Chinese.

1．商业道德需要诚信和信息公开。

2．关键是建立一种管理机制。

3．建立良好的商业道德已是当务之急。

4．要处理好商业利润与商业道德之间的矛盾。

Business Ethics

Creating and sustaining an ethical corporation isn't as difficult as you might think; it's actually easier than some of the day-to-day business challenges you face. The keys to running an ethical company are accountability, honesty, and information transparency.

Corporations aren't ethical or evil in and of themselves--but people can be. So ethics must focus on you and the people you work with. Most people want to do the right thing, but organizational structure does not guarantee they will do the right thing, without meaning to or even knowing it. Structuring an ethical corporation makes the goal easier to achieve.

The challenge could not be more urgent. A substantial majority of people in China are dissatisfied with the social behavior of our corporations, say several recent news reports. Poor treatment of workers at home and abroad, products that don't perform as advertised, fake commodities, poor customer service, environmental pollution, to mention a few.

Responsible behavior is important to your business success, but let's not forget that you're in business--you're not out to solve the world's problems. So how do you balance the two? What does it mean to be ethical in business?

It simply requires that you follow your best moral instincts, even in areas that don't appear to involve moral issues, such as cost-benefit analyses. But while good ethics often equates to good business, sometimes it doesn't. Sometimes being truly ethical means giving up something you want in exchange for doing the right thing. That's why we worry about ethics in the first place--if it didn't cost us anything, everyone would be ethical all the time.

Unit6

她将她的少年时代描绘成一个幻想和发现的时期。(portray …as)

She portrayed her childhood as a time of wonder and discovery.

试验表明，不抽烟的人比抽烟的人在工作中犯的错误要少。(fewer …than)

Experiments showed that non-smokers committed fewer errors than smokers.

球迷经常受到人们的重视，不是因为他们自身的成功，二十因为他们支持的球队获得了胜利。(not …but)

Football fans are often highly regarded not for their own achievement, but through their connection to a team that wins.

尽管演技高超，这部长达3个小时的电影还是未能抓住我们的注意力。(despite)

Despite the wonderful acting, the three-hour movie could not hold our attention.

王教授是我唯一指望能救我儿子的大夫。(rely on)

Professor Wang is the only doctor I can rely on to save my son.

11.Directions: Write a paragraph (around 120 words) telling about SPORTS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH. You may begin your writing with the sentence: "Sports do much good to our health. Especially they can be of great value to our psychological health.” You can also write your own beginning sentence.

SPORTS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH.

Sports do much good to our health. Especially they can be of great value to our psychological health. People who are involved in athletics feel more self-sufficient and confident in their abilities. They feel they are in control of their own actions. Sports offer people an opportunity to experience themselves as more competent, more self-reliant and more able to achieve their goals. Sports demand not only physical skill and strength but also courage, enthusiasm, discipline and usually team work. For people, what is learned in the playground often has a deep effect on their character. If each of them learns to work for his team and not for himself on the football field, he will find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit. Unit7

虽然他说他为此事做了很多努力，但他的成功至少部分是由于他运气好。(in part）Although he said he had done a lot for the case, his success was at least in part due to luck.

将要讨论的议题非常关键，因为它将决定很多人的未来。(issue)

The issue to be discussed is critical, because it will determine the future of many people.

我将尽量避免将我的观点强加于别人。(impose …on)

I’ll try my best to avoid imposing my ideas on others.

在那种情况下，很少有人能够正视自己性格上的缺点。(rarely, face up to)

Rarely can people face up to the defects in their own characters in such a situation.

大学生活被称为人的一生中最美丽的阶段。(refer to…as)

College life is referred to as the most beautiful period of one’s life.

9.Directions: Write a short passage of 120 words or so on the topic "Life after Retirement" telling about the retirement life of a relative or someone you know quite well. You may begin your writing with the sentence: "The moment means the beginning of a new life for …". You can also write your own beginning sentence.

You may begin your writing with the sentence: "The moment mean the beginning of a new life for …". You can also write your own beginning sentence.

Life after Retirement

The moment of retirement will mean the beginning of a new life for Old Jack. From the age of 16 to 60, he kept working very hard. Work and study, family and society were what he focused on. Now, in retirement, he wants to have a life of his own. The first thing he wants to do is to travel around the world, to visit the African wildlife, to appreciate the glorious Western and Oriental culture and to go to every corner of the world he has ever dreamed of. Then, he will find a beautiful quiet place, and write. He will write about his own world. Maybe, he will not publish it, and he will simply write for fun. Of course, family life will remain important for him. Every week, when his family gathers together, they will share their happiness and solve their problems together. Life after retirement means much more time for him, and he will enjoy every minute of

Unit8

无论我们遇到什么样的困难，我们都应该想办法克服它。(overcome)

No matter what difficulties we come across, we should try our best to overcome them.

尊老爱幼是中华民族传统的美德。(traditional)

Respecting the old and caring for the young is a traditional Chinese virtue.

3. 今天，各行各业的人都在努力提高自己的知识水平以便跟上时代的发展。(all walks of life) Today, people from all walks of life are trying to acquire more knowledge to keep pace with the development of our times.

4. 孩子们特别喜欢卡通片。(have a fancy for; take a fancy to)

Children take a fancy to cartoons.

5. 考虑到他们缺乏经验，这工作他们做得不错。(given that)

Given that they are lacking in experience/inexperienced/green hand, they have done a good job.

11. Directions: Write a short essay (around 120 words) expressing your idea about globalization. There should be three short paragraphs altogether. The topic sentence of each paragraph is given as follows:

1) In the process of globalization, many foreign things have entered into our life and have changed our life and they have made the world become smaller and smaller...

2) There are different ideas about the globalization…

3) In my opinion...

On Globalization

In the process of globalization, many foreign things have entered into our lives and have changed our lives. This has made the world become smaller and smaller. For example, we can watch foreign movies, enjoy foreign food, wear fashionable foreign clothes, and even use high-tech products imported from advanced countries. Some people even celebrate the foreign festivals and adopt foreign lifestyle or foreign ideas in order to be a global citizen. Whenever you go, you may find things that are familiar to you in your hometown or homeland. Many parts of the world are watching the same film, and the same song is popular at the same time all over the world. Even the style of architecture has become identical, especially in cosmopolitan cites, you may find some similar features in their city buildings.

There are different ideas about globalization. Those who are in favor of globalization take a positive and optimistic attitude towards it. What they value most is the good effects of the globalization and the various benefits it brings about. However, there are also some people who strongly dislike the idea and the practice of globalization. They place more emphasis on the bad or evil effects of globalization.

In my opinion, every coin has two sides. We should take a realistic attitude towards globalization. On the one hand, globalization of the economy and to some extent, the globalization of culture may bring some advantages. It may promote the development of less developed areas, improve some people's living standard and enrich their local culture, and also give people more chances to know about others which are quite different from their own. On the other hand, globalization may bring about some disadvantages or negative effects. For example, the world will lose its cultural diversity because of the invasion and prevailing of one culture, and some cultures will lose its cultural identities and peculiar characteristics. Thus, it's appropriate for us to take a balanced attitude towards globalization.

英语课后翻译答案新

U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。

《实用翻译教程》学习辅导书-第1~3章【圣才出品】

第1章总论 1.1 复习笔记 一、翻译的定义 翻译是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动，可分为口头和书面两种。 二、翻译的目的 翻译作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践，学习翻译中的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。 三、翻译的标准 1. 清代严复：信、达、雅 忠实于原著，译文流畅，文字典雅。 2. 傅雷：文学翻译的“传神”论 “以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”译文同原文在内容上一致，这叫“意似”，是翻译的最低标准；译文同原文在形式和精神上同时一致，这叫“形似”和“神似”，是翻译的最高标准。“形似”和“神似”不可兼得之时，可摆脱原文形式，追求译文和原文的“神似”。 3. 钱钟书：翻译的“化境”之说 原文向译文的“投胎转世”，文字形式虽然换了，而原文的思想、感情、风格、神韵都

化到了译文的境界里，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就像在读原作一样。“化境”是比“传神”更高的翻译标准。 四、翻译的条件 1. 汉语功底要好。要学好汉语，一方面可借助于教材，掌握汉语语法，另一方面可读一些优秀的文学作品，学习地道的汉语表达方法。 2. 英语语言能力要强。一方面要掌握全面的英语语法知识，另一方面要有很大的词汇量。 3. 知识面要广。博览群书，增加自己的百科知识。对于政治、经济、文化、等方面的知识都要有一定的了解。

第2章语义翻译 2.1 复习笔记 一、理解中的选义 英语中的一词多义、汉语中的一字多义是常见的语言现象。越是常用的字和词语，越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配，所以这就需要我们依靠具体的上下文来判断某一个字或词语的意义。一字多义和一字多种搭配在汉语里也是相当常见的。在进行翻译时，我们更多地要借助于上下文，从下文入手来理解字和词语。 有的时候，上下文不一定是完整的长句或一大段话，上下文可以是一个短短的词组或是一个紧凑的固定搭配。也就是说，我们可以根据两三个字或词语来确定某一个字或词语的意义。 二、表达中的选词 在翻译过程中，有了正确的理解并不等于翻译已经完成。正确的理解是翻译中正确表达的基础；没有正确的理解，正确的表达也就无从谈起。反之，翻译没有正确的表达，正确的理解也是枉然，翻译也就不成其为翻译。如果说理解是在原文中选义的过程，那么表达就是在译文中选词的过程。选词就是在译文里寻找最恰当的表达方法。 1. 同义词或近义词的选择 一般来说，选词是在一组同义词或近义词之间进行。 一个词在译文里的同义词和近义词越多，越有可能把它翻译得比较精确，在选词时要注意原文与译文在文体、语域、比喻形象和感情色彩上的对应程度。

大学英语三课后习题翻译及答案

Unit 1 From her accent I guess she’s from the Northeast. 从她的口音我猜她是来自东北地区的。 It was very clever of her to turn his argument against himself. 她很聪明，使他对自己的论点 I found a couple of shoes under the bed but they don’t make a pair. 我在床下发现了一双鞋，但他们不做一双 4. Dr. Bright always takes his time as he examines his patients and treats them with extreme care. Bright博士总是把他的时间用于他检查他的病人，并把他们的极端护理 5. British companies are trying to avoid the fate their American counterparts have already suffered. 英国公司正试图避免他们的美国同行已经遭受的命运。 6. Wilfred’s remarks confirmed me in my opinion that he was an honorable young man. 威尔弗雷德的话证实了我在我看来，他是一个光荣的年轻人 7. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 检察机关的主要证人在收到死亡威胁后提供了警方的保护 8. I thought that was the end of the matter but subsequent events proved me wrong. 我认为这是事情的结束，但随后的事件证明我错了。 9. Having practiced for so long, the New York baseball team stands a chance winning the World Series this year. 经过这么长时间的练习，纽约棒球队赢得了今年的世界系列赛的机会。 10. At the trial , Bob’s teacher, who was called as a character witness, said he was a quiet boy who had never been in trouble before. 在审讯中，鲍伯的老师，被称为证人，说他是个安静的男孩以前从未惹过麻烦。 Unit 2 11. We’ve just had a very fruitful meeting with the management and we’re now much more hopeful about the pay rise. 我们刚刚与管理层有了一个非常富有成效的会议，我们现在对加薪的希望更大了 12. The book I’m reading explains the evolution of plant and animal life on earth. 我读的这本书解释了地球上动植物的进化

英汉互译教程要略

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全新版大学英语3综合教程课后习题翻译原题及答案

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我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们 只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her . 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没有给我打电话作任何解 释。 Mike didn’t come to the party last night , nor did he call me to give an explanation. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但绝不是什么 大作家。 The man sitting next to him did publish some novels , but he is by no means a great writer. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。 He is not interested in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses.

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英汉互译教程要略

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新视野大学英语课后习题翻译答案

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参考译文一： 我住长江头，君住长江尾巴。 日日思君不见君，共饮长江水。 此水几时休，此恨几时已？ 只愿君心似我心，定不负相思意。参考译文二： 源头之水伴我行，长江尾端是你径。你我共饮一江水，念你想你未见归。何时江水不再流，何日爱你到尽头。只愿两心共沉浮，不负爱你有心人。参考译文三： 长江之源是我家，长江之尾你长大。有缘共饮一江水，无缘相见思断肠。何时此水不东流？何时我才熬到头？但愿两心长相印，慰我痴痴不剪情。参考译文四： 只恨我住长江头，可叹君住长江口。你我共饮长江水，日夜思君不聚首。此水何时能倒流，此情此爱何时休？只愿君心似我心，不负奴家满心愁。 二、汉译英作品回译

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Unit 1 1.3000多辆汽车因刹车问题昨日被召回（because of；recall） 1. More than 3000 cars were recalled yesterday because of a brake problem. 2.他尽管病得很重，但还是来参加会议了。（despite） 2. He came to the meeting despite his serious illness. 3.要确保同样得错误今后不再发生了。（see it that） 3. See to it that the same mistake won't happen again. 4.现在他们之间的了解多了一些，他们相处得就好些了。（now that） 4. Now that they've got to know more about each other，they get along better. 5.此时我发现自己被五六个男孩子围住了。（find oneself） 5. Then Ifound myself surrounded by five or six boys. 6.在这幸福的时刻，我向你致以最美好的祝愿。（on occasion） 6. I send you my best wishes on this happy occasion. Unit3 1)很多事情导致了我与那家公司断绝关系。(contribute to) A lot of things contributed to the end of my relationship with that company. 2.面对严峻的疾病，她表现出了巨大的勇气。（in the face of） She showed great courage in the face of serious illness. 3.我们得出结论，她讲的是真话。（come to） We came to the conclusion that she was telling the truth. 4他的秘书没有告诉他那次会议的情况。（fail to）

英汉互译教程

英汉互译教程 Unit3 Words have no meanings, context gives them. 词本无意，意随文生。 Words have no meanings, people give them.词本无意，意随人生。 3.1 Meaning: denotation and connotation denotation: literal meaning Connotation: implied meaning 所谓概念意义，也叫外延意义（denotative Meaning）或认知意义（cognitive Meaning），就是词汇的最基本意义，是语言符号所代表的事物的基本特征的抽象概括，常视为词语在字典中的定义或释义 所谓内涵意义(connotative meaning)，是隐含于或附加在概念意义上的意义。社会、群体或个人都可以使一个词具有内涵意义，有时还是很不相同的内涵意义。这种差异既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间，也可以存在于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。 Standard of translation 各种翻译技巧、变化等等，都是为了表达的需要（忠实、通顺）。而为了达到这些效果，就不得不借助于以下这些概念： text type, collocation, context, style, etc. It is not surprising, then that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies. 在这种情况下，世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。 Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sale agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad. 统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的办法，特别适合于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物，如，当被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表，设立分支机构时用之。 3.1 纵聚合与横聚合 语义场中，词汇的语义关系可分为纵聚合关系（paradigmatic relationship）与横组合关系(syntagmatic relationship)。 纵聚合关系指的是词语的纵向替代关系。 横组合关系指的是词语间的搭配关系。 做饭做礼拜 做梦做买卖 做客做学问 语义场中，词汇的语义关系可分为纵聚合关系（paradigmatic relationship）与横组合关系(syntagmatic relationship)。 纵聚合关系指的是词语的纵向替代关系。 横组合关系指的是词语间的搭配关系。

《实用翻译教程》学习辅导书 笔记及习题(辞格与翻译)【圣才出品】

第6章辞格与翻译 6.1 复习笔记 修辞格从翻译的角度可以划分为3类：可译；难译；不能译。对任何一种修辞格都要采取一定的处理方法，尽一切可能把原文的修辞美传达给译文读者。对修辞格中可译、难译和不能译这3类，应该采取恰当的、最接近原文的处理方法，使原文中音、形、意的修辞效果尽可能完美地传达到译文中去。 一、直译法 直译法要求，对可译的辞格，尽可能直译。属于可译范围的汉英修辞格，一般都是英汉互通的，要在语义上做文章。对这类修辞格应该尽可能采取直译。 1. 明喻；暗喻；拟人；夸张 （1）明喻（Simile） 明喻，就是明显地打比方，在本体和喻体之间都出现显而易见的喻词。如：汉语里的“像”“好像”“比如”“仿佛”“好比”“像……一样”“如……一般”等等；英语里的like, as, as if, as though等等。在翻译时，可利用其共同特点，用译文中相应的喻词来译原文里本体之间的喻词。 （2）暗喻（Metaphor） 汉语的暗喻和英语的暗喻都不露比喻的痕迹，把甲直接说成“是”乙或“变成了”乙，常用的喻词在汉语里有“是”“变成”“变为”“成为”“成了”“当作”等，英语里常用“be”作喻词，也用become, turn into等词语。暗喻在翻译中一般也可采取直译。

（3）拟人（Personification） 拟人，就是把人以外的无生命之物或有生命之物当作人来描写，并把它写得既有人的动作又有人的思想感情，在汉语和英语里均是如此。一般采用直译的方法，使译文同原文一样生动形象。 （4）夸张（Hyperbole） 夸张，用以加强语气，增强语言的感染力，有意夸大或缩小事物的某一方面，从而获得更好的表达效果。翻译中采取直译能把原文中语言的感染力带到译文里。 2. 讳饰；转喻；省略；折绕 （1）讳饰（Euphemism） 讳饰就是用委婉的词句来回避令人不愉快的词句，这种修辞方式在汉语和英语里都有。因此，对这一辞格完全可用直译。 （2）转喻（Metonymy） 转喻内容丰富，有的借人或事物的特征或标志来代指人或事物，有的借与人或事物有关的工具或材料代指人或事物，有的借与人或事物有关的所属或所在代指人或事物，等等。一般说来，我们可对这一辞格采用直译法。但由于汉英两种语言不同的习惯表达方法，这一辞格有时采用意译更为合适。 （3）省略（Ellipsis） 省略作为一种修辞格经常出现在口语体和非正式文体中，其修辞效果为简洁、明快。汉语和英语里都有省略这一修辞方式，在其运用上也没有什么差别，因此可以采取直译。英语里还有一种省略形式叫asyndeton，即连词省略，也可用直译方法，省略译文中的连词。 （4）折绕（Periphrasis） 折绕就是有话不直说，却故意绕个弯子，用迂回曲折的话来代替的一种修辞方式。一般