乡村旅游外文翻译文献

乡村旅游外文翻译文献

乡村旅游外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

翻译:

Factors for success in rural tourism tourism development

Since the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of

tourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.

Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).

These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development

strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.

Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:

the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)

directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).

乡村旅游发展成功因素

作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰

国籍：美国

出处：SAGE 出版社

中文译文：

20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。乡村旅游及其相关产业发展策略因其为社会带来的资金收入、增加就业机会及支持零售增长的功能而成为时下最流行的非传统农业发展策略之一。本研究的目的是确定和审查这些因素，帮助农村社区成功走上发展旅游业的创业道路。几个重点群体在伊利诺斯六个农村社区与当地商人和领导人进行了实验。结果清楚地表明重要的社区不是直接就是间接地参与到了乡村旅游的开发中。 20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机的发生已严重阻碍了农村经济的发展，经济结构的调整导致了乡村农业生产力和就业岗位的减少。20世纪80年代在中西部发生的农业危机也导致了农民和重组制农场的减少，迫使一些农户为增加收入而参与非农工作，或离开农场，或宣布破产。农场的危机和制造工作的丢失对农村社区产生了重大的影响。随着农村失业率高于城市水平，实际的收入增长停滞在农村地区（希尔和瑞德1992）。许多商店和农业从农村小城镇消失，毫不奇怪，1992年伊利诺斯州的调查表明，39%的农村居民认为他们的经济前景将恶化（沃尔泽1993）。

这些变化限制了农村社区的经济发展方案，使旧式的发展战略例如制造业的可行性降低，并迫使许多人寻找非传统的方式来维持生活。其中最流行的非传统的农村发展战略当属旅游及其相关的创业机会（艾基尔和哈博1993；鲁洛夫等人。1994）。农村地区因其神秘独特的文化，历史，民族和地理特征而对游客产生了特殊的吸引力，（艾基尔和哈博1993）。乡村旅游比起其他的农村经济发展战略例如制造业相对来说开发成本较低且建立较容易。乡村旅游的发展可以带动制造等的发展。乡村旅游可以与其所在地的地方政府和小型企业共同发展，但它的发展并不一定依赖于外部企业或公司。虽然旅游在某些中心地区的发展需要较大的成本投入或者涉及大公司和连锁企业，但是乡村旅游却可以在较少的信贷投资，人员培训和少量资本情况下得到发展。因此，乡村旅游相比较其他的经济发展策略可以在较少投入花费情况下得以发展。此外，乡村旅游不需要涉及依赖外部公司以及他们是否在同一区域的决定。乡村旅游为一些因人口少而可能无法留在农村社区的小公司提供了保障。旅游特别有助于两种类型的小型企业，在农村地区直接参与（例如，旅游景点和酒店、汽车旅馆）和间接参与旅游的企业（例如，加油站和杂货店）。此外，乡村旅游与现有的乡镇企业如农场（例如，采场）发展较好并且可以为家庭农场产生第二收入（奥普曼1996）。尽管有这些好处，其可行性作为一个经济发展战略，乡村旅游，在一些农村地区业有缺点（luloff 等人。1994·1989）。如农村制造，它可以使得农村社区之间互相竞争。旅游业的就业，像许多其他服务部门，仍然是美国最低工资支付阶梯（1989）。旅游及和它相关的工作的生产利润往往是季节性的，一年中只有部分。然而，乡村旅游对于农村社区仍然是少数可行的经济选择。像其他的经济发展战略一样，乡村旅游的成功需要若干部分的组成。

旅游开发涉及（1）景点：社区内自然和人为的功能分区；（2）推广：一个社区和旅游景点的潜在游客的营销；（3）旅游设施：设施（公路，机场，火车，公共汽车），水和电力服务，停车场，标志，及娱乐设施；（4）服务：住宿，餐饮，和各种零售企业需要照顾的游客的需要；（5）餐饮：游客在旅游企业和旅游景点被社区居民和雇员如何对待（甘1988）。除上述列表外，还有旅游企业家促进了旅游的开发。虽然上述成分和社区资产对于旅游开发是十分重要的，只有广泛的参与和贡献，乡村旅游企业家确保广泛的基础，乡村旅游才能成功的

发展。研究文学出现了关于如何最好地促进旅游业的发展的研究。一个绘制大量的经济试图的文献，认为对旅游业及其相关的创业机会最好的帮助是建立个人企业，让他们在市场上竞争这一观点，但是，一直精益求精，因为它把旅游业及相关企业及其问题作为孤立的大社区；它不承认相互依存，不同的部门和行动者共同参与旅游；（6）多数旅游小企业，特别是在农村地区，没有资源，实现自身或社会旅游产品的开发（甘1988；·1985；帕和bejou1995）。反对这一观点的是社区旅游业发展的企业家（莫非1985）。顾名思义，该方法认为，旅游是一个社区和产品，随着旅游企业创业技能的发展，以及当地社区（例如，当地的领导和正式或非正式网络）直接参与旅游的开发和促销的努力（莫非1985）。而社区的办法可能是一种有效的方式，推动旅游业的发展，创造了必要的共同合作，合作是一个复杂而艰难的过程。企业资源共享的同时，也有竞争的要求。地方政府可以看到合作发展旅游业是有风险的，或者他们可能担心失去地方决策的控制（黄和斯图尔特1996；贾马尔和盖茨1995）。了解这些问题，合作研究这些因素，对于社区旅游业的发展是必要的。本研究的目的是确定和审查这些因素，帮助农村社区成功发展旅游业,创造创业机会。本研究额外进行了对在乡村旅游发展中的乡村旅游企业家，一个被忽视的群体的研究（斯托科夫斯基1990）。

外文翻译之二

Rural Tourism and Economic Development

作者： Martha Frederick

国籍：U.S

出处：SAGE Publication

原文正文：Tourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives——economic, sociological, psychological, and anthropological. Ryan’s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, Valene Smith’s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.

Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism

industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities of minimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations, restaurants, and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential.

The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy; however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists’major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic, social, anthropological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the

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人工智能 【摘要】：人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，但也是一门边沿学科。它属于自然科学和社会科学的交叉。涉及的学科主要有哲学、认知科学、数学、神经生理学、心理学、计算机科学、信息论、控制论、不定性论、仿生学等。人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式做出反应的智能机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等1。 【关键词】：人工智能；应用领域；发展方向；人工检索。 1．人工智能描述 人工智能(Artificial Intelligence) ，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学2。人工智能是计 算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智 能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人 类智能相似的方式作出反应的智能 机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语 言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和 专家系统等。“人工智能”一词最初 是在1956 年Dartmouth学会上提出 的。从那以后,研究者们发展了众多 理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之扩展。人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，从事这项工作的人必须懂得计算机知识，心理学和哲学。人工智能是包括十分广泛的科学，它由不同的领域组成，如机器学习，计算机视觉等等，总的说来，人工智能研究的一个主要目标是使机器能够胜任一些通常需要人类智能才能完成的复杂工作。但不同的时代、不同的人对这种“复杂工作”的理解是不同的。例如繁重的科学和工程计算本来是要人脑来承担的，现在计算机不但能完成这种计算, 而且能够比人脑做得更快、更准确，因之当代人已不再把这种计算看作是“需要人类智能才能完成的复 1.蔡自兴，徐光祐.人工智能及其应用.北京：清华大学出版社，2010 2元慧·议当人工智能的应用领域与发展状态〖Ｊ〗．2008

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