英语课堂笔记3
Text A The Altoantic Ocean
本课主要单词
1. unwilling adj.不情愿的，不愿意的；勉强的
Selfish as she is, she is unwilling to share anything with others.（她很自私，不愿意与他人分享任何东西。）
He was unwilling to give up halfway even though there might be more difficulties ahead.
（尽管前面可能有许多困难，但他不愿意中途放弃。）
They got some unwilling assistance from the local government.（地方政府勉强给了他们一些协助。）
2. equator n.赤道
Ecuador is near the equator.（厄瓜多尔靠近赤道。）
People used to believe that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.
（人们过去认为，在赤道处海水是滚烫的。）
3. bulge n.不规则突起；鼓起之处；（突然）上涨，增多v.使膨胀；塞满
Between the bulge of South America and the bulge of Africa lies the narrowest place of the Atlantic Ocean.
（大西洋的最狭窄处位于南美洲的突起处和非洲的突起处之间。）
The graph shows a bulge in the birth rate in the year of dragon.（图表显示龙年出生率的暴增。）
His schoolbag was bulging with apples when he came back from his uncle's orchard.
（他从叔叔的果园回来时书包里鼓鼓囊囊装满了苹果。）
4. unusual adj. 少有的；不寻常的；与众不同的，独特的
It was not unusual for him to work very late every night.（每天工作到深夜对他来说是很平常的事。）He has an unusual name.（他有一个不寻常的名字。）
It is unusual to see snow in this region.（这个地区难得下雪。）
This young man has an unusual talent for organization.（这个年轻人有非凡的组织才能）。
5. salty adj. 咸的，含盐的salt n. 盐；风趣v. 用盐调味；用盐腌；撒盐于道路上
He didn't have much for dinner as the dishes were too salty.（他晚餐吃的不多，因为菜太咸了。）
It might be a good idea to wash these in salty water.（把这些放在盐水里洗一洗也许是个好主意。）
He added a bit more salt to the soup to make it tastier.（为了使汤的味道更好，他又加了一点盐。）
His wit added salt to the discussion.（他的妙语使讨论增添了风趣。）
Have you salted the potato?（你往土豆里加了盐了吗？）
It took them a long time to salt the main roads.（他们花了好长时间才在主要公路上撒上盐。）
grind salt in sb.'s wounds 在某人伤口上撒盐，使某人痛上加痛
with a grain of salt半信半疑地
Salt Lake City盐湖城（美国尤他州州府）
salt mine盐矿 salt shaker（瓶盖上有细孔用于匀撒的）盐瓶
salt spreader撒盐车 a saltwater lake咸水湖
saltwater fish海产 a salted egg咸蛋
请注意：形容词salty是由名词salt加形容词后缀–y构成的。这样的形容词在英语中还有很多，如：windy，snowy，rainy，cloudy，sunny，funny，muddy，foggy…
6. average n. 平均数，平均adj. 平均的；平常的，普通的v. 平均
The average of 5,7 and 9 is 7. （5，7，9的平均数是7。）
He receives an average of 50 calls a day.（他平均每天接到50个电话。）
Mr. Brown could hardly believe that his son's work at school is below the average.
（布朗先生几乎无法相信他儿子的学习成绩低于一般水平。）
The average temperature yesterday was below zero.（昨天的平均气温在零度以下。）
He is an average student in his class.（他是班上的一般学生。）
A man of average height came to see you today.（今天有一位中等身材的人来看你。）
He averages one pack of cigarettes a day.（他平均每天抽一包香烟。）
The annual rainfall here averages 700mm.（这里的年降雨量平均为700毫米。）
7. spot n.地点，处所；点，斑点v. 点缀；认出；准确定位adj. 当场作出的；现付的
She toured many scenic spots during the holiday.（假日里她游览了许多风景胜地。）
She told us the exact spot where the accident happened.（她把事故发生的准确地点告诉了我们。）She decided on a blue tie with white spot for her husband.（她给丈夫选了一条蓝底白点的领带。）There is a spot of ink on the white wall.（白墙上有墨水渍。）
He didn't want to leave a spot on his reputation.（他不想在名誉上留下污点。）
The night sky is spotted with twinkling stars.（闪烁的星星点缀着夜空。）
His shoes are spotted with mud.（他的鞋子上有泥渍。）
She is so special, you can spot her in the crowd easily.（她很特别，你在人群中能一眼认出她来。）He was sent to spot the battery position of the enemy.（他被派去测定敌炮阵地。）
She was urged to make a spot decision.（她被催促当场做决定。）
on the spot当场，在现场in a spot在困境中，在窘境中
put sb. on the spot使某人处于难堪地位
put one's finger on sb.'s weak spot指出某人性格上的弱点
spot check抽样检查spot survey 抽样调查
spotlight聚光灯；汽车上的反光灯；公众注意中心
spot news现场报道的新闻spot price 现货价
8. range n. 山脉；幅度，范围v.（在某范围内）变动，变化；把…排列成行
One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic.
（世界最长的山脉从大西洋洋底耸起。）
The age range is from 45 to 65.（年龄幅度在45岁至65岁之间。）
He is not very clear about his range of responsibility.（他对自己的责任范围并不清楚。）
The question you asked is out of my range.（你问的问题我不懂。）
Prices of gasoline range from one dollar to one dollar and twenty a gallon.
（汽油的价格从1美元至1美元20美分1加仑不等。）
The tiger-sharks range in length from nine feet to fourteen feet.（虎鲸的体长从9英尺到14英尺不等。）The puddings are neatly ranged on the shelf.（布丁整齐地排列在架子上。）
medium-range missile中程导弹wide range of interests兴趣广泛
at close range接近地in/within range在射程内
9. peak n. 山峰；顶点
The mountain peak is covered with snow all the year.（山峰终年积雪。）
His career is at its peak now, no wonder he will make greater achievement.
（他的事业正处于鼎盛时期，毫无疑问，他会取得更大的成就。）
10. vessel n. 船，舰；容器，器皿
an ocean-going vessel远洋轮an escort vessel护卫舰
a fishing vessel渔船 a drinking vessel饮具
11. crew n. 全体船员，全体机务人员
The crew was (were) annoyed at the captain's decision.（船员们对船长的决定感到恼火。）
The aircraft has a crew of 6.（这架飞机有6名机组人员。）
All 312 passengers and 6 crew members died in the plane crash.
（312名乘客和6名机组人员在飞机失事中丧生。）
12. becalm v.（常用被动语态）（指帆船）因无风而停止前进
In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed on the ocean.
（在使用帆船的时代，船员们担心他们会因为无风而无法在海洋上航行。）
He was becalmed for a whole week north of the island.（他在海岛北面因无风而停泊了整整一周。）13. gulf n. 海湾；隔阂；鸿沟
Can you tell me for sure who was the real winner of the Gulf War?
（你能确定地告诉我谁是海湾战争的真正赢家吗？）
The quarrel left a gulf between the two close friends.（那场争吵在两位好友间造成了隔阂。）
the Persian Gulf波斯湾the Gulf of Mexico墨西哥湾
Gulf Stream湾流，墨西哥湾流
14. stream n. 小河，溪流v. 流，涌
They had a walk along the bank of the stream.（他们沿着河岸散步。）
Lots of tree leaves are floating along with the stream.（许多树叶正随着水流漂浮。）
Tourists came into the cave in a steady stream.（游客们源源不断地进入山洞。）
Tears streamed down her cheeks when she heard the news.（当她听到那个消息时，泪水顺着脸颊流了下来。）
He didn't even frown when blood streamed from his wound.（血从伤口涌出时，他连眉头都没皱一下。）
a stream of cold air一股冷空气 a stream of people一股人流
a stream of lies一串谎言 a stream of good ideas一系列好主意
a stream of light一道光线stream of consciousness意识流
go against the stream逆潮流而动 go with the stream随波逐流
stream-lined cars 流线型汽车
15. current n. （空气，水等的）流，潮流；电流；倾向adj. 当前的，通行的
The child had been swept away by the current.（孩子被水流卷走了。）
A steady current of heated air rose from the mountain top.（一股热气从山顶源源不断升起。）
There was a powerful electric current running through the wires.（一股强大的电流流过电线。）
Mass media influence the current of public opinion.（大众传媒影响舆论的倾向。）
Give me a current issue of Reader's Digest.（给我一本最近一期的读者文摘。）
A long time ago, it was a current belief that the earth was flat.（很久以前，人们普遍相信地球是扁平。）
the main current主流 a warm current 暖流
an alternating current交流电 a direct current直流电
current events时事 current situation当前形势
16. affect v. 影响；打动；（疾病）侵袭effect n. 效果；作用，影响；
His mood was greatly affected by the sad news. （那个悲痛的消息使他的心绪大受影响。）
Computers affect our life in many ways.（计算机在许多方面影响我们的生活。）
Reading in dim light constantly will surely affect the eyes.（经常在昏暗的光线下看书肯定会对眼睛有影响。）
The child was affected with high fever.（孩子发高烧了。）
The color gives the effect of being warm.（这颜色给人以暖感。）
The wonderful sky effect on the festival night impressed everybody.
（绚丽的节日夜空给每一个人都留下了深刻印象。）
I just hope this medicine won't have serious side-effect.（我只希望这种药没有严重的副作用。）
sound effect音响效果three-dimensional effect 立体感
lighting effect灯光效果 cause and effect因果
no effects无存款（银行在空头支票上的批语）
be of no effect无效bring sth. to effect实行，实施
in effect实际上take effect见效；生效
17. climate n. 气候
The change in climate might be one of the causes for the extinction of dinosaurs.
（气候的变化也许是恐龙灭绝的一个原因。）
In cold climates, some of the livestock have to be kept indoors all winter.
（在寒冷的气候区，一些牲畜得在室内一冬。）
In the present economic climate we can make greater achievement.
（在目前的经济气候下,我们能够取得更大的成就。）
weather n. 天气
The football match had to be put off because of bad weather.（由于天气不好，足球比赛被推迟了。）
What's the weather like in Hangzhou? I hope it is not as hot there.（杭州的天气怎么样？希望那儿不那么热。）
18. flow n. 流v. 流动
Heavy rains brought mud flows down the mountain. （暴雨把泥流冲下了山。）
The doctor stopped the flow of blood. （医生把血止住了。）
The river flows east into the sea. （这条河向东流入大海。）
19. furnish v. 供应，提供；装备，（用家具）布置
The school has decided to furnish the library with some new books.（学校决定给图书馆提供一些新书。）They furnished all the passengers with life jackets. （他们为所有的乘客提供救生衣。)
She wants to furnish her new house with modern furniture.（她想用时新家具布置新家。）
20. highway n. 公路；（水陆）交通干线
The canal was the only highway for commerce.（这条远河是唯一的商业路线。）
You can find many motels along the highways.（在高速公路沿线你会看到许多汽车旅馆。）
21. float v.（使）漂浮
Colorful flags are floating in the morning breeze.（彩旗在晨风中飘荡。）
When winter comes yellow leaves float down.（冬天到来时，黄叶飘落。）
It will be much easier for you to float the logs down the river.（你们把木材顺流下漂将会容易得多。）
本课主要构词法
Affixation（词缀法）
1. 反意词前缀un- unusual，unwilling
2. 形容词后缀-y salty
3. 名词后缀-or sailor
Compounding （合词法）
1. 复合名词highway，steamship，airplane
2. 复合形容词mid-Atlantic，eastward
本课简介
The Atlantic Ocean向读者介绍了有关大西洋的情况。我们可以了解航行大西洋的过去和现在，也可以了解大西洋“制造”出来的世界之最。
本课主要语言点
1. The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.
在表示河流，海洋，群岛，沙漠等地理名称的名词前，以及以复数形式出现的国名前要用定冠词，例如：the Yellow River（黄河），the Pacific Ocean（太平洋），the British Isles （不列颠群岛），the Sahara （撒哈拉沙漠），the Alps（阿尔卑斯山脉），the Philippines （菲列宾）
在表示某一座山，岛屿或某一个湖时不用定冠词，例如：Yellow Mountain（黄山），Lake Erie（伊利湖），Hainan Island（海南岛）
one of +复数名词是英语中常见的用法，请翻译下面的句子：
She is one of the most hardworking students in our class.（她是我们班学习最刻苦的学生之一。）
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in the world.（上海是世界最大的城市之一。）
印度是世界上人口最多的国家之一。（India is one of the countries with the largest population in the world.）
尼罗河是世界上最长的河流之一。（Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world.）
在one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句的结构中，定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词，因此该从句中的谓语要用复数形式。例如：
This is one of the best novels that have been published this year.（这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。）Mr. Smith is one of those men who always think they are right.
（史密斯先生属于那些总是认为自己正确的人。）
He is not one of those who bow before difficulties.（他不是那种在困难面前低头的人。）
但是在the only one of ＋复数名词＋定语从句的结构中，定语从句应该被看成修饰单数名词。例如：He was the only one of the boys who was praised by the teacher.（他是男孩中唯一受到老师表扬的。）Helen is the only one of those girls who doesn't wear make-up.（海伦是那些女孩中唯一不化妆的。）separate from是常用词组，在句子中的意思是“（使）分离，（使）分开”，请翻译下面的句子：
1）英吉利海峡把英法两国隔开。（The English Channel separates England from France.）
2）理论不应该脱离实际。（Theory should not be separated from practice.）
the Old world指欧，亚，非三洲，有时仅指欧洲。the New （World）指哥伦布发现的美洲大陆。2. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.
for centuries意为“许多世纪”。在英语中用介词for加表示时间的复数名词的表达形式很常见。请翻译下面的句子：
1）I haven't seen you for days. How is everything?（多日不见，一切都好吗？）
2）I haven't seen him for years, I am sure he has changed a lot.（我多年没见到他了，他一定变了不少。）3）It seems I have been waiting for you for centuries. Where have you been?
（我似乎等了你几个世纪了，你去哪儿了？）
keep…from doing 是习惯用法，意思是“使…不…”。
例如：It is really not easy to keep Father from smoking.（要使父亲不抽烟真不容易。）请翻译下面的句子：
1）Heavy fog kept the ships from being discovered by the enemy.（大雾使得船只未被敌人发现。）2）We had no way to keep him from getting involved in the matter.（我们没有办法使他不卷入那事件中去。）
3）那种药使他的咳嗽不再加剧。（The medicine keeps his cough from getting more serious.）
4）当地人的保守思想使得那个地方不能快速发展。
（The local people's conservative mind keeps that place from developing rapidly.）
3. Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.
make sb. unwilling to do sth. 意为“使得某人不愿做某事”。例如：His indifference to work made everybody unwilling to cooperate with him.（他对工作的冷漠态度使得所有的人都不愿与他合作。）主语＋动词＋宾语＋补语（SVOC）的句型在课本第二单元的语法中已有较详细的论述。请翻译下面的句子：
1）His behavior at the dinner party made the host annoyed.（他在晚宴上的行为使主人很恼火。）
2）That film made him famous.（那部影片使他出了名。）
3）他刚才的一番话使玛丽很伤心。（What he said just now made Mary very sad.）
4）老师对他作文的评价令他失望。（The teacher's comment on his composition made him disappointed.）5）What he had done made his friends hesitant to accept the invitation.
（他的所为使得他的朋友们对接受邀请犹豫不决。）
6）他的挥霍浪费使得他的父母不愿意再给他钱。
（His unthriftiness made his parents unwilling to give him any more money.）
4. One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”.
Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.
这两个都是表语从句和主句中的系动词连用的句子。结构为：主语＋系动词＋表语从句。请看下面的例句：My idea is that we contact him as soon as possible.（我的想法是我们应该尽快跟他联系。）
请翻译下面的句子：
1) My suggestion is that we should put off the meeting.（我的建议是我们应该把会议延期。）
2) One advantage of solar energy is that it will never be used up.（太阳能的一个优点是用之不竭。）
3) 问题是你不在时谁照管孩子。（The problem is who will take care of the children while you are away.）
4) 看起来天要下雨。（It looks that it is going to rain.）
请注意辨析another 和other：
another由an＋other构成，只和单数可数名词连用。other可用于所有名词前。another＋单数名词表示不定的“另一个”，the other＋单数可数名词表示特指的“另一个”。
请看下面的例句：
1) This idea is not very practical, will you think of another one?（这个主意不太实际，你能另想一个吗？）
2) This book is too difficult. Show me another one.（这本书太难了，给我看另外一本。）
3) Of the three books in my bag, two are published in China, the other is published in the United States.
（我包里的三本书中，两本是中国出版的，另一本是美国出版的。）
4) Tom is here, but where are the other boys?（汤姆在这儿，其他的男孩在哪儿呢？）
5) I like this coat better than the other one.（两件上衣中，我更喜欢这一件。）
6) This camera is more expensive than the other one.（这架照相机比另一架贵。）
boiling hot意思是“滚热的，酷热的”。此处的boiling不是形容词而是副词，表示热的程度，修饰hot。
5. Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.
此句中，that引导的名词性从句作形容词的补足语。例如：
1) I am afraid that I can not finish the article in two hours.（我担心我两小时内写不完这篇文章。）
2) He was afraid that he couldn't give you a definite answer.（他担心他不能给你一个明确的答复。）
3) I am afraid that I have made a mistake.（我担心自己犯了一个错误。）
4) We are confident that we can overcome all the difficulties.（我们相信自己能克服所有的困难。）
对“be + 形容词+ that引起的从句”这类结构，语法家们有的认为that从句做宾语用，有的认为that 从句做状语用。根据句子的逻辑意义来判断也许比较方便一些。如：I'm sorry that you failed the exam again. 这个句子中的that从句起状语作用，相当于“…because you failed the exam again.”
6. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific,…
在第一单元中我们讨论过副词的同等比较。本句中as big as则是形容词的同等比较。在这类句子中，可以有表示程度的状语。例如：
1) This book is not half as interesting as that one.（这本书还不如那本书一半有趣。）
2) My monthly income is only half as much as his.（我的月收入只有他的一半多。）
3) This year our university will enroll three times as many students as it did the year before last.
（我们学校今年的招生人数将是前年的三倍。）
请翻译下面的句子：
1) 我的英语口语还不及你的一半流利。(My spoken English is not half as fluent as yours.)
2) 这只手提箱还没有那只手提箱一半重。(This suitcase is not half as heavy as that one.)
3) 这个房间是那个房间的两倍。(This room is twice as large as that one.)
7. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.
suppose 常常做动词用，意思是“假定；猜想；认为”。例如：
1) Let's suppose it to be true.（让我们假定这是真的。）
2) I suppose he is very nervous.（我猜想他很紧张。）
3) I supposed him to be an honest man, but he often tells lies.（我以为他很诚实，他却经常说谎。）
在本句中suppose（也可以用supposing）是一个连词，意思是“假设(= if)；假使…结果会怎么样”。例如：
1) Suppose he is ill, what shall we do?（假如他病了，我们怎么办？）
2) Suppose a tiger should come out of the cage？（如果一只老虎从笼子中跑出来怎么办？）
3) Suppose something should go wrong？（如果出了什么问题会怎么样？）
8. It would take the ocean about 4000 years to dry up.
it takes (sb.) some time to do sth. 是很常用的一个句型。例如：
1) 我骑自行车到学校要花半小时。(It takes me half an hour to get to school by bike.)
2) 他花了两个星期时间才看完那本书。(It took him two weeks to finish reading that book.)
请翻译下面的句子：
1) It took the boy three hours to finish his homework.（那个男孩花了3小时才写完作业。）
2) It takes less than 4 hours to get to Shanghai by train from Nanjing.（从南京乘火车到上海只要不到4小时。）
3) 他花了4天时间才走出密林。(It took him 4 days to go out of the forest.)
4) 照顾一个生病的老人要花许多时间。(It will take a great deal of time to look after a sick old man.
9. On the average the water is a little more than two miles deep, but in places it is much deeper.
on the average在句子中的意思是“平均而言”。例如：
1) On the average, they drove 70 miles an hour.（他们平均每小时行驶70英里。)
2) On the average, they spend 20 yuan on food every day.（他们平均每天花20块钱吃饭。）
a little 在句子中修饰more，表示程度，意思是“一点儿，稍许”。much在句子中修饰deeper，也表
示程度，加强形容词比较级，意思是“…多”。例如：
1) I feel a little cold.（我觉得有点冷。）
2) He spent a little more than 20 yuan yesterday.（昨天他花了20块多一点儿。)
3) I feel much better now.（我现在感觉好多了。）
4) She is much more careful this time.（她这一次细心多了。）
请翻译下面的句子：
1) 干了一天的工作，我觉得有点累。（I feel a little tired after a day's work.）
2) 她对她的同学有点不友好。（She is a little unfriendly to her classmates.）
3) 听了那个消息他开心多了。（He was much happier after hearing that news.）
10. This “deep” measures 30,246 feet——almost 6 miles (9.6km).
本句中的deep做名词用，意思是“深处”，“海渊”（水深超过3000英里）。
measure在句子中做动词用，意思是“测量”，“有…深”。例如：
1) This room measures 10 metres across.（这个房间宽10米。）
2) The bridge measures 17 kilometres long.（这座桥长17公里。）
3) The water tank only measures 2 metres deep.（这只水箱只有2米深。）
11. One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises from the floor of the Atlantic.
本句中的longest与课文前几段中出现的narrowest，saltiest，deepest一样，都是形容词的最高级形式。
因为这几个词是单音节词或是以元音结尾的双音节词，所以，最高级的构成是在词尾加-est。对于大部分两个音节以上的形容词，最高级的构成是在形容词前面加most。请看例句：
1) He wants to make everybody believe that he is the happiest person in the world.
（他想使每一个人相信他是世界上最幸福的人。）
2) This is the strongest horse I have ever seen.（这是我所见过的最强壮的马。）
3) The boss wanted to find the most careful employees.（老板想找最细心的雇工。）
4) 黄山是我所知道的最美的山之一。
（Yellow Mountain is one of the most beautiful mountains I have ever known.）
5) 这条高速公路是中国最长的。（This express way is one of the longest in China. ）
6) 这本书是三本书中最有意思的。（This book is the most interesting of the three.）
rise 是一个不及物动词，在句子中的意思是“升起；隆起”。例如：
1) The sun rises in the east.（太阳在东方升起。）
2) Give the child some medicine, his temperature is rising.（给孩子服药，他的体温在升高。）
3) The mountain peak rises above the clouds.（山峰高耸入云。）
请注意区别以下动词：
1) rise 不及物动词（起立；上升，高耸；浮现）
The old lady rose to her feet when she heard the doorbell.
The tower rises to a height of 70 feet.
An idea rises in my mind.
2) raise 及物动词（举起；养育；提高；召集）
If you have any questions, please raise your hands.
When Father was in the army, Mother had a hard time raising three children.
The management promised to raise the workers'salary after the negotiation.
He failed to raise the money for his father's heart operation.
3) arise 不及物动词（升起；出现；由…引起）
Heavy smoke arose beyond the mountain.
New problems arise when old ones are solved.
His illness arose from malnutrition.
4) arouse 及物动词（唤醒；激起，引起）
The noise outside aroused him from sleep.
The music aroused a feeling of homesickness in him.
floor在句子中的意思是“海底”。在其他语言环境中，floor当然有其他的意思。如；
1) He lives on the seventh floor.（他住在7楼。）
2) The wood floor gives a feeling of warmth in the winter.（冬天时，木地板给我温暖的感觉。）
3) He was given the floor at the meeting.（他在会上得到了发言权。）
4)He decided to floor the kitchen with plastic tiles.（他决定用塑料砖铺厨房地面。）
12. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make island
top 在句中做名词用，意思是“顶部，山顶”。例如：
1) He was the first to climb to the top of the hill.（他第一个爬上山顶。）
2) When we stand on the top of the mountain, the whole city is in sight.(我们站在山顶时，整个城市尽收眼
底）
请翻译下面的句子，注意top的词类和意思：
1) He shouted at the top of his voice.（他放声高叫。）—n.
2) He is running at the top of his speed.（他正以最快的速度奔跑。）—n.
3) He is the top student in the class.（他是班上的尖子学生。）—adj.
4) This is the top news of the week.（这是本周的头条新闻。）—adj.
5) His father is a top diplomatic advisor.（他父亲是高级外交顾问。）—adj.
6) Mother is going to top the cake with cream.（妈妈准备在蛋糕上浇奶油。）—v.
7) He tops his father by half a head.（他比父亲高出半个头。）—v.
8) She needs a new skirt to match her top.（她需要一条新裙子配她的上衣。）—n.
与top有关的词组：
come out top（名列前茅）come out on top（出人头地）from top to bottom（从上到下，彻底地）from top to toe（从头到脚；完全）on top of the world（非常幸福；心满意足）
13. Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea.
called the Sargasso Sea是修饰ocean的定语从句，在其前省去了which is。
请看下面的例句：
1) Opportunities are often thing (that) you have not noticed the first time around.
（机会常常是第一次出现时没有被人们注意到的东西。）
2) There is much (that) the little boy can do.（有许多是那小男孩能做。）
3)He is the right person (that) I want to discuss the problem with.（他正是我想与其讨论这个问题的人。）14. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.
days常常指“时期，时代”，有时也表示“一生；生命”。请看例句：
1) In his boyhood days, he often went swimming and fishing with his friends.
（在他的童年时代，他常常和伙伴们一起游泳，钓鱼。）
2) In the days of Queen Victoria, the British colony expanded rapidly.
（在维多利亚女王时代，英国殖民地迅速扩张。）
3) He has experienced a lot of hardships in his days.（他一生中吃了许多苦。）
crew是一个集合名词，指“全体船员”，后面的谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数，此句中谓语动词用的是复数were，因为从句子中可以推断出是许多vessels（船）上的船员。Sometimes they were.句子中省略becalmed。
15. The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores.
furnish sth. to sb. 意思是“为…提供”，我们同样可以用furnish sb. with sth.来表达这个意思。例如：They furnished blankets and food to the refugees.（他们为难民供应毯子和食物。）
No one expected that he would furnish the information to the opponent.（谁也没有料到他会把消息提供给对手。）
Luckily, they have furnished us with a car and all the necessary maps.
（幸运的是他们为我们提供了一辆汽车和所有必要的地图。）
16. One of its famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland.
the Grand Banks在句子中做同位语。请看下面的例句：
1) This theory was advanced by Einstein, a famous scientist.（这个理论是由著名科学家爱因斯坦提出的。）
2) This is Mr. Benjamin, dean of our department.（这是我们系主任本杰明先生。）
3) Qinghai Lake, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3,198 metres above sea-level.
（中国最大的内陆咸水湖青海湖海拔3,198米。）
本课主要词组及句型
词组：
1. separate from
2. keep sb. from doing sth.
3. be unwilling to do sth.
4. between A and B
5. make sth unusual
6. so…that
7. dry up8. on the average
9. rise from10. furnish sth for sb.
11. pile up12. from…to
句型：
A．定语从句：
1) The Atlantic is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.
2) Ocean currents affect the climates of the land near which they flow.
B．表语从句：
1) One idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world”.
2) Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.
C．结果状语从句：
1) There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is.
2) We now have such fast ways of travelling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.
D．形容词的比较级和最高级：
1) The Atlantic is only half as big as the Pacific, but still it is very large.
2) It is more than 4,000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.
3) Even at its narrowest it is about 2,000 miles wide.
4) Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.
5) The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico.
E．be one of＋复数名词
The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New.
F．it takes sb. some time to do sth.
It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up.
地理名称
1．（七）大洲和（四）大洋
Asia （亚洲）Europe（欧洲）Africa（非洲） North America（北美洲）
South America（南美洲）Oceania （大洋洲）the Antarctic（南极洲）
The Atlantic（大西洋）the Pacific（太平洋）the Indian(印度洋）the Arctic（北冰洋）2．常用词
continent （大陆）continental shelf（大陆架）subcontinent（次大陆）iceberg（冰山）mountain range（山脉）volcano（火山）delta （三角洲）waterfall（瀑布）gulf（海湾）straits; channel（海峡）coast line （海岸线）beach（海滩）
3. 大西洋之最
1) The Atlantic is the second largest ocean in the world
2) The Atlantic is the saltiest ocean in the world
3) Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest in the Atlantic Ocean.
4) Gulf Stream is the strongest warm water current in the Atlantic Ocean.
5) The Grand Banks near Newfoundland is the most prosperous fishing region in the world.
6) The drainage area of the Atlantic is four times that of the Pacific or the Indian.
2. 主要属海和岛屿
the Mississippi 密西西比河the Hudson 哈得逊河the Amazon 亚马逊河
the Congo 刚果河Baffin Bay 巴芬湾the Nigeria 尼日利亚河
the Rhine 莱茵河the Caribbean Sea 加勒比海the Mexican Gulf 墨西哥湾
the Hudson Bay 哈得逊湾the Mediterranean Sea 地中海the Black Sea 黑海
the North Sea 北海the Baltic Sea 波罗的克海Iceland 冰岛
Greenland 格陵兰岛Faeroe Islands 法罗群岛Shetland Islands 设得兰岛
Bermudas 百慕大群岛Azores 亚速尔群岛Grenada 格陵纳达岛
Antilles 安的列斯群岛Trinidad Islands 特里尼达群岛Malvinas Islands 马尔维纳斯群岛
Bahamas 巴哈马群岛
Text B The Moon
短语表达
1. tie to（与…联系在一起；使束缚于…）
He is seriously ill and has been tied to his bed for almost a month.（他病得厉害，已经卧床近一个月
了。）
Study ties smoking to many diseases.（据研究，许多疾病与抽烟有关。）
I am sorry I didn't have the time to go shopping with you. I was tied to housework.
（很抱歉我没能有时间和你一起去购物，家务杂事把我拴住了。）
2. except for（除了…之外）
The room is empty except for some chairs.（房间里除了一些椅子空荡荡。）
Your composition is well written except for some spelling mistakes.(除了几处拼写错误，你的文章写的不
错）
3. be near to（靠近）
The park is near to our school. Let's go boating.（公园离我们学校很近，我们去划船吧。）
The police station is near to our community. It is within walking distance.
（警察局离我们社区很近，步行就能到达。）
4. face towards（朝向）
My office is in the building that faces towards the street.（我的办公室在那座朝街的楼里。）
His new house faces towards the south.（他的新房子朝南。）
5. keep…in mind（把…记在心里）
I am not sure if he would keep what you have said in mind.（我不能肯定他是否会把你说的话记在心
里。）
I will keep this in mind for future reference.（我会记住这个，供以后参考。）
6. light up（变亮；使容光焕发）
Her face lighted up when she heard the news.（听到那个消息，她面露喜色。）
His face was lighted (lit) up with excitement.（他因兴奋而满面春风。）
7. reflect（反射）
Mirrors reflect light.（镜子反射光。）
The white sand reflected the sun's heat（白沙地反射太阳的热气。）.
The light reflected from the water into my eyes.（光线投过水面反射到我眼里。）
8. …enough for sb. to do sth.（足以让某人做某事）
The room is big enough for us to have a dancing party.（这间房够大了，我们可以在里面开舞会。）The basket is light enough for the little boy to carry.（这只篮子很轻，那个小男孩能提动。）
五年级上册英语课堂笔记
Come and help me! 句子结构: 主语+动词+名词。 小明唱一首歌。 Xiao Ming sings a song. 主语+动词+宾语 小明帮我。 Xiao Ming helps me. 动词：发出的动作 宾语：放在动词后面的主语
形容词性： 形容词：red 红色的 Beautiful 漂亮的 Wonderful 很棒的 Nice 好看的 Kind 热情的 Helpful 乐于助人的 1、小明把他的书包给她。（give sb sth/give sth to sb）Xiao Ming gives her his schoolbag. 2、小明喜欢小芳的文具盒。（pencil case） Xiao ming likes xiao fang’s pencil case. 3、小芳咬他的脸。 Xiao fang bites his face. 4、王子看她的鞋子。
Prince looks at her shoes. 5、仙女喜欢他。 Fairy like him. 6、妈妈喜欢我。 Mun like me. 7.他们喜欢他。 Cinderella, Come and help me!主语+谓语+名词/宾语。Where are my gloves? 一般疑问句和疑问句的区别：一般疑问句： 就是在陈述句后面+”吗？” 他去逛街了。 他去逛街了吗？ 他是小明。 He is xiaoming.
Is he xiaoming? 1、把句中be动词（am is are ）提前到主语的前面，然后+句子尾部+“？” 2、如果句子中没有be动词，在句子的开头加助动词（do/does/did..）。这是小明的书包。 This is xiao ming’s schoolbag. Is this xiaomig’s shool bag?（这是小明的书包吗？） 那是他的文具盒. That is his pencil case. Is that his pencil case? 那时他的文具盒吗？ 一般疑问句！
专业英语课堂笔记
举例：针刺acupuncture 《中医杂志》2012年11月第53卷第22期:1921 陈璐广州中医药大学针灸推拿学院 针刺治疗急性期贝尔麻痹有效性与安全性的系统评价 Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety of Acupuncture for Acute Bell’s Facial Paralysis ?《中医杂志》2012年5月第53卷第9期:761 ?马忠新疆医科大学附属中医医院针灸科 ?针刺治疗代谢综合征患者37例临床观察 ?Clinical Observation on Acupuncture for 37 Cases of Metabolic Syndrome “电针”译为: electroacupuncture ?举例：《中华中医药杂志》2010年6月第25卷第6期：---853 ?冯雯琪四川省宜宾市第二人民医院 ?电针对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠血脂及肝功能的影响 ?Influence of electroacupuncture on blood lipid and liver function in nonalcoholic fatty liver rats 《中医杂志》2013年11月第54卷第21期:1843 ?五子衍宗汤加味联合电针治疗老年功能性尿失禁65例 ?Clinical Observation on Supplemented Wuzi Yanzong Decoction Combined with Electroacupuncture for 65 Cases of Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly “眼针”译为Eye-acupuncture ?《中医杂志》2011年8月第52卷第16期:1398 王艳杰辽宁中医药大学基础医学院（973计划） ?眼针疗法对腹泻型肠易激综合征大鼠结肠神经激肽1表达的影响 ?Effect of Eye-acupuncture Therapy on Expression of Colic Neurokinin 1 of Diarrhea Irritable Bowel Syndrome Model Rats ?眼针疗法能够改善急性脑梗死患者的认知功能，提高了患者的生活质量。 Eye-acupuncture therapy can improve cognitive function in acute cerebral infarction patients. ?目的：观察眼针疗法对急性脑梗死患者认知功能的影响。 ?Objective: to observe the effect of eye-acupuncture therapy on cognitive function in acute cerebral infarction patients. ?耳针译为：auricular needle; ?auriculo-acupuncture; ?ear acupuncture; ?otopuncture ?电针联合耳针治疗2型糖尿病203例临床观察 ?Clinical Observation on Electro-Acupuncture Combined with Auricular Acupuncture for 203 Case of Type 2 Diabetes ?头皮针：scalp acupuncture ?皮肤针 ?cutaneous acupuncture ?skin needle ?cutaneous needle ?dermal needle ?Aim: To observe the synergistic action of scalp acupuncture and modern rehabilitation in
英语课堂笔记
Not:不 No:不 Are you ...? 你是某某某吗？ 回答疑问句，首先应该说什么？ Yes/no， Yes，i am. =yes,i am XuRui. No, i am not. =I am not XuRui. Not:不； 认识+不认识 Good bye口语：bye See you tomorrow 再见 She’s yangling,she is my friend. She’s=she is 她是 Friend 朋友my friend My：我的；我的爸爸：my fahter 我的姐姐：my sister 我的妈妈：my mother 我的叔叔:my uncle He is mike, he is my friend.
他是麦克，他是我的朋友。 他是曹城，他是我的朋友。 He is caocheng,he is my friend. 他是杨李，他是我的朋友。 He is yangli,he is my friend. She is zhukexin,she is myfriend. She is wangbei bei,she is my friend. Father 爸爸sister 姐姐 Mother 妈妈brother 哥哥Uncle 叔叔 She’s=she is my friend我的朋友Goodbye 再见see you tomorrow I 我she 她he 他 你是小明吗？
Are you....?你是...？ Are you zhangsan? Are you xiaoming? Are you caocheng? Yes,i am. No,i am not. She is yangling,she is my friend. 她是杨玲，她是我的朋友。 她是朱可欣，她是我的朋友。She is zhukexin,she is my friend. 他是曹成，他是我的朋友。 He is caocheng,he is my friend. This 这；这个 这是王贝贝，她是我的朋友。This is wangbeibei, she is my friend. 这是朱可心，她是我的朋友。This is zhukexin,she is my friend. 这是王贝贝，她是我的朋友。This is wangbeibei,she is my friend.
大学英语教学与中国传统文化的渗透
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大学英语教学典型案例
1 翻转课堂与传统课堂相结合 大学英语综合课 一、翻转课堂的教改背景 目前大学英语高校课堂有效性较低，学生普遍认为“教师授课内容充足，只是学生兴趣不是很高”，“老师很敬业，课堂稍显沉闷”，“课堂教学缺少应有的活力”，“有点枯燥，希望老师能激起同学的学习兴趣”，“如果增加一些讨论环节，效果会更好”。 基于这样的背景，在本学期的授课中使用翻转课堂的形式。在翻转课堂中，教师提前布置有启发性学习任务，学生在课下共同讨论，分析。课上回报、展示、分享。教师进行点评，问题解答。翻转课堂是以学生为中心，教师升格为学生学习的设计者、指导者、帮助者和学习的伙伴。学生积极参与各种活动，他们的学习主动性，团队合作能力、交际能力、创新能力得到了提高。 二、教学过程、内容、方法 以两个教学案例介绍如何进行翻转课堂的尝试。 案例一 综合教材第二册第四单元Volunteering,本单元的主题是志愿者活动，该话题是大学生较为感兴趣的话题之一。单词讲解是枯燥的，教师讲解例句学生不愿意听。在本单元采取翻转课堂的形式。任务前置：教师布置给学生四个单词的自学任务，了解单词的读音、词义，并用单词做出相应的句子。课上教师使用学习通的随机选人功能，选取4名同学将所完成的句子进行分享，教师就学生的完成情况予以点评，并使用学习通进行加分奖励，在线记录。其余单词的讲解教师采取短语匹配等灵活有趣的讲解方法。任务单设计如下：
案例二 综合教材第二册第六单元Advertisement ,本单元的主题是广告。在口语课中，教师采取翻转课堂的形式，任务前置：教师布置给学生Role play 任务。学生每四人一组，进行一则广告的设计、导演、编排、演出。学生对这样的任务很感兴趣，积极准备。表演很精彩，学会了很多英文广告用语与表。 三、教学改革效果与体会 本次课采用了翻转课堂，线上学习（学习通使用），问题教学法等。基于给定话题展开讨论，然后进行小组汇报与展示，对Volunteer的话题展开了讨论。然后教师进行任务前置，学生自学单词。学生课上积极踊跃，加深了印象。也使学生自学遇到的问题得以明显体现。学习通随机选人的使用使课堂紧张而又生动，学生注意力集中。 2
关于新形势下大学英语教学新策略的思考
关于新形势下大学英语教学新策略的思考 [摘要]全国大学英语四、六级上机考试已成为四、六级考试发展的重要趋势。文章分析了四级机考与传统四级考试的区别,探索了新形势下大学英语教学的新策略。 [关键词]大学英语教学四级机考策略 为适应我国高等教育新的发展形势,2004年初教育部高教司组织制定并在全国部分高校开始试点《大学英语课程教学要求(试行)》(以下简称《教学要求》)。《教学要求》规定,大学英语课程的教学目标是培养学生的英语综合应用能力,特别是听说能力,使他们在今后工作和社会交往中能用英语有效地进行口头和书面的信息交流。为此,作为对我国在校大学生英语能力是否达到《教学要求》的主要鉴定手段的大学英语四、六级考试也作了相应改革。 一、上机考试与传统纸笔考试的不同 2005年6月的四级考试全国开始进行较大规模的新题型测试。新的四级试题的主要特点有几个方面:第一,听力比重有了大幅增加;第二,阅读的考查方式多样化;第三,考试程序进行了调整。2008年12月的四级考试全国有50所高校推行了机点考试。四级CBT(Computer Based Test)与传统的PBT(Paper Based Test)相比,在考试形式、考试内容和考试时间几方面都发生了极大的变化。 1.考试形式。答题的介质由纸笔更换为计算机与网络。 2.考试内容。传统的考试题型包括:听力理解(35%)、阅读理解(35%)、综合测试(15%)、写作(15%)。而机考题型包括:视频理解(25%)、听力填空(10%)、会话跟读(10%)、阅读理解(30%)、语法句型(10%)和话题写作(15%)。在机考题型中,纯粹听力的题目仍然和新四级纸笔考试一样,占35%的比重,而跟读题可以划入听力口语的范围,其他除纯粹阅读以外的题型都是以听力材料或阅读材料作为话题引入的,并不能完全并入听力板块。纯粹阅读的题目从新四级纸笔考试的35%降至30%,但仍有其他题目可能与阅读有关。整体来看,上机考试的新四级是以听和读全面带动说与写。 3.考试时间。传统的纸笔考试是从上午9点至11点20分,而新四级机考时间为上午9点至11点,比原来少了20分钟。
新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记
Unit 1 Section A Time-Conscious Americans Ⅰ. Abstract This passage shows the way of Americans regarding time。Americans are famous for their time-consciousness. His/her belief is that no one stands still. No moving ahead means falling behind. This results in a country that people of it devote themselves into researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is the most important thing for Americans lives. On one hand, Americans try their best to save up time by different ways. They are in hurry to get their destination, push the others in order to finish their shopping quickly. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in America. People make full use of modern ways to communicate with each other efficiently. On the other hand, people miss the relaxed way of living. They like the opening exchanges of a business call. They miss the ritual interaction that is suitable for a welcoming cup of tea or coffee. The people coming from different cultures have different ideas from those of American.Ⅱ. Culture Notes 1. The Definition of Culture Culture is a very broad term used to describe the arts, the beliefs, the values, the traditions, the customs, and the