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英语课堂笔记(句子结构)

英语课堂笔记(句子结构)
英语课堂笔记(句子结构)

英语课堂笔记(句子结构)

【重点】

一、词性的概念:

英语中的单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征所作的分类。共有十类:名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

1、名词,"名"就是名称---人或事物的名称.具体的人或物体的名称:人名---Mike, Li Ming;地名—America, China动物名---pig, dog;植物名---tree, wheat。抽象的事物的名称:idea(主意), victory(胜利), knowledge(知识).

2、代词,何谓―代‖?即是替代的意思,主要是来替代名词,所以说名词和代词关系是很近的,或者说代词的实质就是名词,正是这种血液关系,绝大多数时候代词跟名词在句中起的作用是一样的。代词,从英语词汇的整体来看数量并不多。

3、动词,"动"就是动作--人的五官动作: walk, jump, swim;人的大脑动作(心理活动): think, imagine。也有些动词是表示静止的,如:am,is,are。

4、形容词,我们在谈论人或物时,常说:―你描述一下是什么样子。‖你就要用上:tall(高的),short矮的),black(黑的),white(白的)这些词往往是修饰名词,它们就是形容词。

5、副词,说人行走得快慢,讲话清楚,在英语里就要用quickly(快地),slowly(慢地),clearly(清楚地)这些词往往来修饰动词。它们就是副词。副词很多是从形容词加ly构成的,所以看单词词尾是否有ly是判断是否是副词的一种方法,但是词尾是ly的也不一定都是副词,可能是形容词,不过只有少量的单词(常见的有likely,friendly lovely,lonely,weekly,monthly,yearly),这几个单词需要加强记忆,也不就是几个单词特殊嘛,不过考试往往就考特殊的,你要小心才是呀!

沪版英语微测试(10分钟)

Choose the best answer:

The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago. There are some traditions that you can find almost anywhere, anytime, such as sending birthday cards, blowing out the candles on a birthday cake and singing the ?Happy Birthday‘ song. Others are only found for certain ages and in certain countries.

In China, on a child‘s second birthday, family members put many things on the floor around the child. According to Chinese tradition, the first thing that the child picks up tells you what profession the child will choose later in life.

For Japanese children, the third, fifth and seventh birthdays are especially important. At this age, there is a special celebration Shichi-Go-San (seven, five, three in Japanese) when children go to the temple wearing a new kimono (和服). The priest (僧侣) gives them special sweets, and the parents usually organize a party for their friends in their home.

In Argentina, Mexico and several other Latin American countries, girls have a special birthday celebration when they reach the age of fifteen. After a special ceremony (仪式), the girls dance a waltz with their father and other boys.

Eighteen is the traditional ‘coming of age’—the age when (in many countries) you have the right to vote (选举), join the army and (in Britain) drink alcohol or buy a house.

In many English-speaking countries, a twenty-first birthday cake often has a key on top, or the cake itself is sometimes in the shape of a key. The key means that the young person is now old enough to leave and enter the family home at any time they want to!

84. Which of the following birthday traditions can be found almost anywhere, anytime?

A) Putting many things on the floor. B) Wearing a new kimono.

C) Dancing a waltz. D) Sending birthday cards.

85. The usually organize a party at children‘s special birthday celebration in Japan.

A) priests B) parents C) friends D) relatives

86. Mexican girls have a special birthday celebration at the age of .

A) five B) seven C) fifteen D) twenty-one

87. In many countries you can ________ when you reach the age of eighteen.

A) join the army B) have a key

C) have a special ceremony D) have special sweets

88. Which of the following sentences is NOT true?

A) The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago.

B) Some birthday traditions are only found in certain countries.

C) You become the owner of your house at the age of fifteen.

D) In many countries you have the right to vote at the age of eighteen.

89. Which is the best title of this passage?

A) Birthday Traditions around the World

B) Chinese Birthday Celebrations

C) Japanese Special Celebration

D) The Drinking Age in Many Countries

Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage:

All about Britain‘s Teenagers

School

British teenagers can leave school at sixteen after taking their GCSE exams. They study for exams in as many as ten subjects, 90 they have to work pretty hard! Today‘s teens spend more time doing their homework than any teenagers in the past, studying for 2.5 –3 hours every evening.

Free Time

It‘s not all work, of course. What do British teenagers do to have 91 ? They love watching TV, going out, meeting friends in Internet cafés and listening to music.

Communications

In addition to the Internet, teenagers in Britain use their computers to play games and do their homework. They 92 love their mobile phones, and spend hours texting (发短信) their friends and chatting. Today, phones are getting smaller and lighter and you can do a lot more

93 them than just talk. Text messaging has become the coolest and most popular way to communicate. More than 90% of 12- to 16-year-olds have a mobile, and experts say that this stops 94 from spending their money on sweets and cigarettes.

Fashion (服饰)

At school, almost all British teenagers have to wear a school uniform. However, in their free

95 they can wear whatever they like, and what they like is designer names such as Nike, Diesel and Paul Smith. In fact, 40% of British teens say that they think it is important to have the latest fashion. Looking good doesn‘t come 96 , but many tee nagers think it usual or easy to spend more than £100 on one item of clothing.

90. A) but B) or C) so D) because

91. A) lessons B) sports C) advice D) fun

92. A) never B) already C) also D) no longer

93. A) with B) for C) at D) in

94. A) teachers B) relatives C) friends D) teenagers

95. A) day B) time C) week D) month

96. A) cheap B) expensive C) special D) ordinary

通常,我们可以从两个不同的角度对句子进行分类:

一是按句子的用途;

二是按句子的结构。

1.句子的用途分类

所谓用途分类是指,根据句子的意思,句子的语言功能和作用是什么,然后将其归类。按这种方法,所有的英语句子可以分成四个种类:陈述句(Declarative Sentence),疑问句(Interrogative Sentence),祈使句(Imperative Sentence)和感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)。1)陈述句(Declarative Sentence)

陈述句是用来说明事实、看法,描述动作、状态,阐明道理、原因,等等。这是日常生活中见得最多的一种句子。它在表达意思上有两种形式,即肯定句形式和否定句形式。例如:Chinese is one of the major languages in the world.中文是世界主要语言之一。

It is not an easy job to learn English well .学好英语不是件易事。

She is doing her term paper .她在写学期论文。

This is a beautiful garden .这是一座漂亮的花园。

Wealth does not mean happiness .富有并不意味着幸福。

Being over-slept, he was late for class today. 由于睡过了头,他今天上课迟到了。

2) 疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)

疑问句是用来提出问题的,按其所提出的不同问题可分为以下四种:

A)一般疑问句(General Question)

一般疑问句是就某件事或某种情况的"是与否"提问。因此,它的回答不是"Yes"就是"No";回答时所用的句子可以是完整句,也可以是省略句。另一方面,凡是疑问句一般说来都应该是倒装语序。例如:

--Are you a student ? --Yes, I am a student .

--Do you like dancing ? --Yes, I do .

B) 特殊疑问句(Special Question)

特殊疑问句是对某件事或某种情况的某一方面的具体内容提问,因此,对哪一方面的具体内容提问,就需要使用相应的特殊疑问词如:时间(When)、地点(Where)、原因(Why)、方式(How)、人物(Who)、名称(What),等等。另外,回答的内容也应该是具体的。例如:

--Who is in charge of English in your class ? --Zheng Zheng (is ).

--谁是你们班的英语科代表?--(是)郑征。--Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today .--She is preparing for going abroad .

罗慧敏今天为什么没有上班?她要出国,正在做准备。

C) 选择疑问句(Alternative Question)

选择疑问句可以对句子中的任何成分设置选择问题,选择部分由连词or连接。它貌似一般疑问句,其实两者有区别,因为回答这种文句时既不能用"Yes"也不能用"No",而是需要回答人说出具体的选择。另外,连词or之前的部分读升调,其后的部分读降调。例如:

--Is your sister or brother going abroad ? --My brother is .

(选择主语)--是你的妹妹还是弟弟要出国?--我弟弟。

--Are you going to school or back home . --(I'm)Going home .

(选择谓语)--你是去学校还是回家。--我回家。

D) 反意疑问句(Disjunctive Question)当说话人对某种情况不甚有把握,或需进一步证实时,便可使用反意疑问句。反意疑问句的构成分两部分。第一部分是一个完整的陈述句;第二部分是一个简单疑问句。第一部分若是肯定形式,第二部分则用否定形式;第一部分若是否定形式,第二部分则用肯定形式。还必须要保持前后两部分在时态、情态动词等方面的一致性。例如:

She is a college student , isn't she ?她是学生,对不对?

He cannot speak French , can he ?他不会说法语是不是?

3) 祁使句(Imperative Sentence)

祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议,等等。祈使句的主语常被省略,因为这个主语很明确地是听话人"you"。当然,有时为了强调或表示某种感情,句子也会带上主语。

祈使句的谓语用动词原形;它的否定形式是句首用Don't + 动词原形,或是Not to + 动词原形。例如:

Be quiet , please ! (大家)请安静。

Stand up ! 起立!

Don't smoke in the office . 请不要在办公室吸烟。

Don't be standing in the rain . 别站在雨里。

Not to be careless when you're driving a car . 开车时不要粗心大意。4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)

感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中,有很多是由What或How引起的。What用来强调名词,How则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说,所感叹的对象放到句首;句子无需倒装,句子要用正常语序。当然,如果不用这种句型,而句子(无论是那种句子)本身又表示了上述的种种情绪,那么该句也就成了感叹句。例如:

What a fine day it is today ! 今天天气多好啊!

How fine it is today ! 今天天气多好啊!

What a lovely son you have !你有个多可爱的儿子啊!

How lovely your son is ! 你的儿子多可爱啊!

2. 句子的结构分类

如果按照句子的结构分类,英文句子可分为三个类别:

简单句(Simple Sentence),

并列句(Compound Sentence)

复合句(Complex Sentence)。这里所说的结构,主要是指句子中主语和谓语之间所构成的关系。

1)简单句(Simple Sentence)

简单句只有一个主谓关系。句子可能有两个或更多的主语,也可能有两个或更多的谓语,但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。例如:

China and Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects .(两个主语,一个谓语)中国和中国人民在以非常的速度日益进步。

Computers mean a lot to human beings and are paidmore and more attention by people . (两个谓

语,一个主语)计算机对人类社会意味着很多东西,并越来越受到人们的重视。

2) 并列句(Compound Sentence)

并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲,所谓"并列"、"对等"是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思,谁也不从属于谁。尽管如此,这些主谓结构在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系。否则,它们就可能被分别写成简单句,而没有必要写在一起构成并列句了。在并列句中,要使两个或几个主谓结构(或者说,分句)连接在一起,就要用并列连词。并列连词用来连接平行对等(即互不从属)的分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种:

A. 表示转折意思: but , yet , however , nevertheless

例:Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself .

一切都是身外之物,只用健康属于自己。

He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English . 他才学一年英文,但已能用英文与人交往了。

John has his shortcomings; however, that doesn't mean he is not qualified for the job . 约翰有缺点,但这不等于说他不胜任这份工作。

B.表示因果关系: or , so , therefore , hence

例:You'd better take an umbrella with you, for it's going to rain. 要下雨了,你最好带把伞。

I've got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now. 我要去开个会,我得走了。

You are in the right , therefore we should support you . 你是对的,所以我们该支持你。

The town was built on the side of a hill, hence it's named Hillside . 这个小镇建在山旁,所以叫"山旁"。

C.表示并列关系

and , or , either…or , neither / nor , not only…but (also), both…and , as well as

例:She came to my house yesterday evening, and Iwent to hers . 昨晚她来我家了,我却去她家了。

Do it this way or you'll be in trouble . 你就这么办,不然你会有麻烦的。

Either you tell him the truth , or I do it . 不是你告诉他事实,就是我来告诉。

He doesn't know your address, neither / nor do I. 他不知道你的地址,我也不知道。

3) 复合句(Complex Sentence)

复合句明显地不同于简单句,因为它有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。从表面上看,它与并列句相似。其实不然,后者的几个主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的;而复合句中的主谓结构之间的关系不是并列的、对等的,其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的,其他的主谓结构都从属于那个主要的主谓结构。那个主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句(Main Clause);其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或子句(Subordinate Clause)。

复合句里的从句种类较多,引起不同的从句要用不同的从属连词。关于从属连词的具体使用将在"从句"的有关章节里再作介绍。另外,这里所说的"从属"关系,是指从句只有和主句在一起才能有意义;从句若从主句那里独立出来就无法表达意义了。请看下列句子:Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at moviesas well . (状语从句)

许多人在家里是边看电视边谈话,所以他们认为在电影院也可以如此。

Whether he comes or not doesn't make any differenceto me .

(主语从句)他来与不来对我都一样。

There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.

(宾语从句)什么是货币以及怎样计量货币经济学家之间存有分歧。

China is not what it used to be . (表语从句)中国不是它过去的样子了。

Is there any proof that the food of plant differs from that of animals ?

(同位语从句)有没有什么证据说明植物性食品不同于动物性食品?

Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government .

(定语从句)税款是人们支持政府而交的钱。

如果将上面所有的从句都独立出来,那将是这样的:

Because they talk at home while the television is on

Whether he comes or not

what money is and how money is measured

what it used to be

that the food of plant differs from that of animals

that people pay to support their government

由于上面这些句子既不是陈述句,也不是疑问句,所以它们无法独立地表达意思。这种情况就是与并列句的区别所在。如前面两个这样的并列句:

Do it this way or you'll be in trouble.

Either you tell him the truth , or I do it .

如果我们去掉这两句中的并列连词,它们就成了四个能独立表达意思的单句了:

Do it this way

you'll be in trouble

you tell him the truth

I do it

撇开首字母大小写和标点符号问题,从表达意义的角度讲,这四个句子是可以成立的。从上述的分析,我们还可以悟出这样的道理:

一、并列句中的并列连词纯粹似"粘合济",去掉后,被粘合的部分就分开独立了;而复合句中的从属连词则象一把"固定锁头",锁头与其所在的部分是不可以分开的。

二、从句其实是用来担当句子成分(除谓语外)的主谓结构,它的标志就是它句首的"锁头"--从属关系词。那么,我们在阅读时,凡是看到某个句子以关系词开头,就可大胆地断定这个句子不是主句,而只是句中的某个成分。这样做对提高我们的阅读能力是大有好处的。

五年级上册英语课堂笔记

Come and help me! 句子结构: 主语+动词+名词。 小明唱一首歌。 Xiao Ming sings a song. 主语+动词+宾语 小明帮我。 Xiao Ming helps me. 动词:发出的动作 宾语:放在动词后面的主语

形容词性: 形容词:red 红色的 Beautiful 漂亮的 Wonderful 很棒的 Nice 好看的 Kind 热情的 Helpful 乐于助人的 1、小明把他的书包给她。(give sb sth/give sth to sb)Xiao Ming gives her his schoolbag. 2、小明喜欢小芳的文具盒。(pencil case) Xiao ming likes xiao fang’s pencil case. 3、小芳咬他的脸。 Xiao fang bites his face. 4、王子看她的鞋子。

Prince looks at her shoes. 5、仙女喜欢他。 Fairy like him. 6、妈妈喜欢我。 Mun like me. 7.他们喜欢他。 Cinderella, Come and help me!主语+谓语+名词/宾语。Where are my gloves? 一般疑问句和疑问句的区别:一般疑问句: 就是在陈述句后面+”吗?” 他去逛街了。 他去逛街了吗? 他是小明。 He is xiaoming.

Is he xiaoming? 1、把句中be动词(am is are )提前到主语的前面,然后+句子尾部+“?” 2、如果句子中没有be动词,在句子的开头加助动词(do/does/did..)。这是小明的书包。 This is xiao ming’s schoolbag. Is this xiaomig’s shool bag?(这是小明的书包吗?) 那是他的文具盒. That is his pencil case. Is that his pencil case? 那时他的文具盒吗? 一般疑问句!

专业英语课堂笔记

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