初中英语语法专题讲座 动词

初中英语语法专题讲座——动词

【复习要点】

表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。动词有五种形态：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。

根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。

注意：基本助动词只有三个：be, do, have, 他们没有词汇意义，只有语法作用，如协助构成进行体，完成体，被动态，否定句，疑问句等。例如：He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。

还可以根据其后是否带有宾语分为两类：及物动词和不及物动词。缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.

英语的动词从是否独立用作谓语来看，可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。所谓谓语动词，其实就是动词独立用作谓语时的形式；非谓语动词就是动词不独立用作谓语时的形式。前者由动词的各种时态形式来表示，后者则由不定式、分词和动名词来表示。英语谓语动词的八种时态、语态和几种变化形式如下：

一、一般现在时：

1. 一般现在时的构成：

一般现在时是由动词的现在式来表示的，所谓动词的现在式，是指动词原形和-s形式，后者用于第三人称单数的主语。例如：I study in a school near here. 我在附近的一所学校读书。My father often works far into the night. 父亲常常工作到深夜。

实义动词的否定式和疑问式要由助动词do / does来构成，例如：They don’t like living in the city. 他们不喜欢住在城里。She doesn’t speak German very well. 她德语说得不太好。Do you watch TV on Sundays? 你每个星期天都看电视吗？Where does he work? 他在哪里工作？

2. 一般现在时的基本用法：

⑴表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与always, usually, sometimes, often, every day等时间状语连用。例如：We have an English class every day except Thursday. 除了星期四，我们每天都上英语课。It often rains here in spring. 这里春天经常下雨。They always go to Italy for their holidays. 他们总是去意大利度假。Sometimes I come by train, but usually I come by car. 有时我乘火车来，但是通常我乘汽车来。

⑵表示现在的特征和状态，通常不带时间状语。例如：She likes bread, but she doesn’t like pizza. 她爱吃面包，而不爱吃比萨饼。Do you speak English? 你会说英语吗？

⑶表示客观真理、科学事实、格言等。例如：The sun always rises in the east. 太阳总是从东方升起。Twice three makes six. 2乘3等于6。

⑷在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态。例如：I will discuss this with you when we meet. 我们见面的时候，我会和你讨论这件事。We will not leave until we are asked to. 直到我们被要求离开，我们才会离开。If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go on a field trip. 如果明天天晴，我们就去考察旅行。

你。

二、一般过去时：

1. 一般过去时的构成：

一般过去时是由动词的过去式来表示的，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式变化如下：

（1）一般情况下，动词词尾加-ed ，如：worked played wanted acted

（2）以不发音的e结尾动词，动词词尾加-d，如：lived moved decided declined hoped judged raised wiped

（3）以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，把y变为i 再加-ed，如：studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied 注意：以元音字母+ y结尾的动词，直接加-ed，如：played

（4）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped

（5）不规则动词的过去式（过去分词）变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。

2. 一般过去时的基本用法：

⑴ 表示过去某时或某时段内发生的动作或情况，常常带有表示过去时间的状语，如：yesterday, two days ago, last month, just now, a moment ago, the other day,

in 2000等。例如：It was Tuesday yesterday. 昨天是星期二。When did you meet him? Ten minutes ago. 你什么时候遇见他的？10分钟以前。We lived in a small town for about five years. 我们在一个小城里住了大约5年。

⑵表示过去的习惯性动作，通常带有表示频度的状语。例如：He always carried an umbrella with him. 他总是带着一把伞。He was often late for school last term. 上个学期他常常上学迟到。She went out shopping once a week, in the evenings.她每周一次晚上出去采购。

三、一般将来时：

1. 一般将来时的构成：

一般将来时由“助动词shall / will＋动词原形”构成，shall用于第一人称，will 用于第二、第三人称。美国英语在陈述句中不论什么人称一律使用will，英国英语现在也有这种趋势。shall / will在口语中可以略作’ll，如：I’ll, You’ll, He’ll, She’ll, It’ll, They’ll等等。

2. 一般将来时的用法：

⑴.一般将来时的基本用法：表示将来要发生的动作或情况，常常带有表示将来时间的状语，如：tomorrow, next week, in two days, from now on, soon, in 2050等。例如：H e will come back soon. 他很快就会回来的。It will be Tuesday tomorrow. 明天是星期二。We shall / will not be there till eleven. 我们要到11点钟才会到那里。When will the train arrive? 火车什么时候到？

注意：shall有时在疑问句中，用来有礼貌地征询对方的意见。例如：Shall I open the window? Yes, please. (= Would you like me to…?) 我把窗户打开好吗？好，请吧。

⑵.一般将来时的其他用法：

①. “be going to+动词原形”

注意：be going to 与will 的区别：

a. be going to 表示近期,眼下就要发生的事情,will 表示的将来时间则较远一些,如: He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day.

b. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will 表示客观上将来势必发生的事情. He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old.

c. be going to 含有"计划,准备"的意思,而will 则没有这个意思,如: She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour.

d.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用be going to, 而多用will, 如: If any beasts comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you.

②.go，come，start，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay，live, fly,等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作，例如：I'm leaving for Beijing我要去北京

③.“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如：Are we to go on with this work?我们继续干吗？The boy is to go to school tomorrow.这个男孩明天要去上学。

④．“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。例如：We are about to leave.我们马上就走。

⑤．某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay，live, 等的一般现在时也可表示将来。例如：The meeting starts at five o'clock.会议五点开始He gets off at the next stop.他下一站下车。

四、过去将来时：

1. 过去将来时的构成：

过去将来时有两种基本形式：“助动词would ＋动词原形”和“was / were going to ＋动词原形”。

2. 过去将来时的基本用法：

一般将来时是以现在时间为基点来看将来。如果说话人以过去某时为基点来看将来，这就需要使用过去将来时。过去将来时多用于宾语从句（包括间接引语），表示从句动作发生在主句动作之后。例如：

①. “would+动词原形”。常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。例如：He said he would come to see me.他说他要来看我。He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。

②. “was/ were + going to+动词原形”。常可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。例如：She said she was going to start off at once.她说她将立即出发。I was told that he was going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家。

此结构还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。例如：It seemed as if it was going to rain.

看来好像要下雨。

③. come，go，leave，arrive，start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。例如：He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他说火车将于第二天早晨六点离开。

④.条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如：I didn’t know when she would come，but when she came I would let you know.我不知道她什么时候来，但她来了我会告诉你。The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didn’t work hard.老师说，如果我不努力学习的话，就很难取得进步。

五、现在进行时：

1. 现在进行时的构成：

现在进行时由“助动词be (am / is / are)＋现在分词”构成。现在分词的构成规则如下：

①.一般情况下，直接在动词后加－ing 例如：work -- working sleep -- sleeping study -- studying

②.动词以不发音的－e结尾，要去－e加－ing 例如：take --- taking make --- making dance -- dancing

③.重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加－ing 例如：cut --- cutting put -- putting begin -- beginning

swim—swimming run→running stop—stopping 注意：fix -- fixing

4 以－ie结尾的动词，把变成y再加－ing 例如：lie -- lying tie --- tying die --- dying

2. 现在进行时的基本用法：⑴. 表示说话时正在进行的动作，常与now, at the moment等时间状语连用，有时，句首有look, listen等词提示。例如：What are you doing now? I am cleaning the window. 你现在正在做什么？我正在擦窗户。Uncle Wang is making a new kite at the moment. 王伯伯此刻正在制作一个新式风筝。Look! The students of Class Five are having an English lesson. 看！五班的学生正在上英语课。

⑵.表示现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, these days等时间状语连用。例如：He is now living in Australia. 目前他正住在澳大利亚。（动作具有暂时性。请比较：He lives in Australia. 他定居在澳大利亚。I am working in a computer company right now. 我眼下正在一家电脑公司工作。How are you getting along these days? 这些天来你过得好吗？

⑶.有时，现在进行时可以表示按计划安排将要发生的动作，特别是使用表示位置转移的动词时，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等。例如：We are going to Rome next week. 下周我们准备去罗马。Mr. Black is leaving Shanghai in a few days. 过几天，布莱克先生就要离开上海了。When are you starting? 你什么时候动身？

⑷.现在进行时往往带有感情色彩，使描述显得生动，有时还可以和always, forever等词连用。例如：I am now living in a very pleasant house. 我现在住在一座非常舒适的房子里。（表示满意）We are missing you very much. 我们非常想念你。（表示挚爱）She is always helping me in the kitchen. 她总是帮我干厨房活。（表示赞扬）You are always saying that. 你总是说那样的话。（表示不满）She is always changing her clothes. 她总是换不同的衣服。（表示厌烦）

六、过去进行时：

1. 过去进行时的构成：过去进行时由“助动词be (was / were)＋现在分词”构成。

2. 过去进行时的基本用法：

⑴.表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，常用的时间状语有：at that moment, at ten o’clock last night, (at) this time yesterday, when I came in等等。例如：What were you doing at seven last night? I was watching TV. 昨晚7点钟你在做什

么？我在看电视。When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone. 我到达时，汤姆正在打电话。

⑵.表示过去某阶段正在进行或暂时性的动作,常用的时间状语有：at that time, all the morning，the whole evening, all day yesterday等。例如：At that time he was working in Sydney. 那时，他正在悉尼工作。I was writing a letter between 8:00 and 9:00 last Sunday morning. 上周日早晨8—9点之间我（一直）在写信。What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？

⑶.过去进行时表示感情的色彩:与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情的色彩，也通常与always, forever等副词连用。如：They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。The boy was continually asking questions. 这个男孩子老是问东问西的。

⑷.过去进行时和一般过去时的比较：前者常表示动作尚未完成，后者则表示动作已经完成。请比较：

I was reading a book that evening. 那天晚上我（一直）在读书。（读了一些，但没读完）I read a book that evening. 那天晚上我读了一本书。（已经读完）

七、现在完成时：

1. 现在完成时的构成：

现在完成时由“助动词have / has ＋过去分词”构成。规则动词的过去分词由“动词原形＋-ed”构成，其构成规则可见“一般过去式”的有关内容。

2. 现在完成时的“已完成”用法：

表示动作在不久前已经完成，但与现在的情况有联系。它有以下两个具体用法：⑴.强调不久前完成的动作对现在产生的影响，常与just, already, yet（用于否定句和疑问句）连用，谓语动词用瞬时性动词。例如：He has just gone out. (= He is not here now.) 他刚刚出去。I have already finished my lunch. (= I need no more food.) 我已经吃过午饭了。Have you heard the news yet? (= Do you know what the news is?) 你听到这个消息了吗？

⑵.强调直到现在为止的生活经历，常与never, ever（用于否定句和疑问句），(only) once, twice, three times等连用，可以用how many times提问。谓语动词用延续性动词。例如：He has never been late for school. 他上学从未迟到过。Have you ever climbed that mountain? Yes, several times. 那座山你爬过吗？爬过，爬过好几次呢。How many times have you been to England? Only once. 你去过英国几次？只去过一次。

3. 现在完成时的“未完成”用法:

表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，一直延续至今，可能刚刚结束，也可能继续下去。常与for短语、since短语或since从句连用，可以用how long提问。谓语动词用延续性动词。例如：How long have you lived here? I have lived here for about ten years. 你在这里住多久了？我在这里住了大约10年了。We have been very busy since the new term began. 新学期开始以来，我们很忙。I haven’t seen him again since November. 自11月以来我就没有再见过他。（see虽然不是延续性动词，但其否定式却可以表示一种延续的状态。）

注意：

①. 瞬间动词又称为终止性动词或非延续性动词，它表示的动作不能延续，也就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束，并产生某种结果。延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续，而且可以产生持久的影响。

leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→be open close→be closed catch/get a cold→have a cold arrive→be here fall asleep→be asleep

②. for和since 的区别：

since 用来说明动作的起始时间，即从某时间点开始，for用来说明动作的延续时间长度，即多长时间，时间段。如：I have lived here for five years.我住在这儿有五年了。I have lived here since five years ago.我五年前就住在这儿。

③.since 的四种用法：

1）since +过去某时间点，主句用现在完成时态。如：He has been here since 1999.他从1999年一直在这儿。

2）since+一段时间+ ago，表示“自……时间前开始至今”，主句用现在完成时态。如：He has been here since five years ago.他从五年前以来就在这儿。

3）since +一般过去时从句。主句用现在完成时态。例如：Many things have changed since you left.自从你离开以来，许多事情发生了变化。

4）It is/has been +一段时间+since 从句。例如：It is/has two years since I came here.我来这儿2年了。

4. 现在完成时与一般过去时的比较:

⑴.这两种时态都表示动作发生在过去，但是，现在完成时强调动作与现在的联系，如对现在产生的影响或延续到现在，等等。而一般过去时则只表示动作发生在过去，与现在没有联系。请比较：I have lost my key. 我丢了钥匙。（现在还未找到，因而不能开门。） I lost my key yesterday. 我昨天丢了钥匙。（现在是否找到，不得而知。）He has lived there all his life. 他在那里住了一辈子。（现在还活着）He lived there all his life. 他一辈子都在那里住的。（现在已去世）

⑵.现在完成时所表示的动作除了与现在有联系外，还应当是可以再次重复的动作。而一般过去时则只表示动作已经发生过，并不涉及该动作是否可以再次重复。例如，“你看过那部电影吗？”这句话就可能有两种说法：Have you seen the film? （用现在完成时，指那部电影仍在放映，还可以去看。） Did you see the film? （用一般过去时，指那部电影的映期已过，看不到了。）

5. have been to与have gone to的比较:

have been to意思是“去过（某地）”，即have traveled to and returned from。have gone to意思是“去了（某地）”，即have traveled to。换句话说，have been to的行为者现在在本地，have gone to的行为者现在不在本地。请比较： They have been to the farm. 他们去过农场。（已返回） They have gone to the farm. 他们去农场了。（未返回）

八、过去完成时：

1. 过去完成时的构成：过去完成时由“助动词had ＋过去分词”构成。

2. 过去完成时的基本用法：过去完成时与现在时间没有联系，它主要表示在过去某一时间以前发生的动作，即“过去的过去”。

⑴“已完成”用法：表示一个动作在过去某一时间或某一动作之前就已完成，时间状语常用by yesterday, by the end of last week, by the time he was ten, before I came等。根据两个动作发生的先后顺序不同，过去完成时可以用在主句中，也可以用在从句中。例如：By the end of last month, he had only finished half of the work. 到上月底为止，他只完成了工作的一半。By the time the doctor arrived, the patient had died. 到医生到来时，病人已经去世了。I hadn’t learnt any English before I came here.[1]我来这里以前没有学过英语。I found your coat after you had left the house. 你离开屋子以后，我找到了你的外衣。

在宾语从句中也经常使用过去完成时，表示从句动作先于主句动作发生。例如：I thought I had seen him before. 我原以为我以前见过他。He said that the rain had stopped. 他说雨已经停了。

⑵“未完成”用法：表示一个动作在过去某一时间以前就已开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，并有可能继续下去。常于for, since引导的短语或从句连用。例如：By six o’clock they had worked for 12 hours. 到6点钟为止，他们已经工作了12个小时。He said that he had been in England for 10 years. 他说他在英国住了10年。I met Mr. Lee last week. We had known each other since our schooldays. 上周我遇到李先生，我们上学时就相识了。

九、现在完成进行时：

现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是：“have/has + been +动词的现在分词”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时)/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在这里一直等了多久？)

十、初中阶段“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”用法举例：

【宾语补足语概念早知道】有些及物动词后接宾语时，还需要加一个词或短语来补充说明宾语的情况，这样的词或短语我们称之为宾语补足语。宾语补足语

可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、V-ed形式或V-ing形式等。

●“make+宾语+宾语补足语”句型：

make用作使役动词表示“使；使成为” 时，可跟复合结构，即“make+宾语+宾语补足语”，其中的宾语补足语可以是不带to的不定式、过去分词、形容词或名词。现将make的复合宾语结构小结如下：

1、“make＋宾语＋n.”意为“使、让某人/ 某物(成为)……”。如：We made him captain of our football team. 我们推选他作我们足球队队长。We made him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。

2、“make＋宾语＋adj.”意为“使某人/ 某事(变得)……”。如：The news that our team had won made us very happy. 我们队赢了的消息使我们大家非常高兴。We must make the rivers clean. 我们必须净化河水。

友情提示：当宾语是不定式短语或从句时，多用it作形式宾语。如：The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out. 大雨使得我们无法出去。

3、“make＋宾语＋do sth.”（不带to的不定式）”意为“使某人做某事”。如:What makes the grass grow? 什么东西使得草生长？Our teacher makes us feel more confident. 老师使得我们感到更自信了。

友情提示：在被动语态中，此类结构中省略的动词不定式to 要还原。如：The boy was made to work twelve hours a day. 这个男孩被迫每天干十二个小时的活。Every day I am made to have an egg and some milk. 我每天不得不吃一个鸡蛋，喝一些牛奶。

相关链接：have, make, let等使役动词和see, hear, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe 等感官动词都可接不带to的不定式作宾补。help后可带to,也可不带to。如：Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就让他干吧。Did you see him go out? 你看见他出去了吗？I often help my mother (to) do some housework. 我经常帮助妈妈做些家务。

4、“make＋宾语＋Ｖ-ed（过去分词作宾补）”这个结构指宾语接受后面的那个动作，表示被动的意思，意为“使某人/ 某事被……”。如：The strange noise made us frightened. 奇怪的声音使我们感到恐惧。The good news made us excited. 这个好消息使我们兴奋。

友情提示：通常情况下，make后的宾语是反身代词时，作宾补的动词要用过去分词，即：make oneself＋V-ed （heard, known, understood）。如：He couldn't make himself heard above the noise of the traffic. 在交通嘈杂声中他无法使自己的声音提高到让别人听到。I think it is difficult to make myself understood.我想让别人理解我太难了.

但有时，根据句子意思也可用其他形式。如：The little child stood on the chair to make himself look taller. 那个小孩儿站在椅子上，使他看上去更高些。

友情提示：现在分词作宾补和不带to 的不定式作宾补的区别是：现在分词一般表示动作正在进行，而不带to 的不定式则一般表示动作已经完成。如：I saw him putting his hand into his pocket. (动作正在进行) I saw him put his hand into his pocket. (动作已经完成)

●“have+宾语+宾语补足语”句型：

动词have后面的宾语补足语有三种不同的形式：

1．“have+宾语+动词不定式（短语）”结构要求用动词不定式短语作宾语补足语，而且动词不定式（短语）不能带to，意为“让某人做某事”。这种结构中的have，在含义和用法上与作使役动词用的make差不多。例如：I’ll have my sister sing an English song.我将让我妹妹唱一首英语歌。

2．“have+宾语+现在分词（短语）”结构要求用现在分词（短语）作宾语补足语，其含义也是“让某人做某事”，但与动词不定式（短语）作宾语补足语有区别：动词不定式（短语）强调的是动作的全过程，而现在分词（短语）强调的是动作正在进行中。这种结构中的have在含义和用法上与“keep+宾语+现在分词”结构中的keep基本相同。例如：Don’t have the boy standing outside.（别让孩子站在外面。）

3．“have+宾语+过去分词（短语）”结构要求用过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语。它有三种不同的含义：

1）表示请别人做某事。例如：My watch doesn’t work.. I’m going to have it repaired.（我的手表坏了，我想请人修理一下。）

2）表示遭遇到某事。例如：She had her bike stolen.（她的自行车被人偷了。）

3）表示完成某事。例如：We must have this work finished by Saturday.（我们一定要在星期六以前完成这项工作。）

●“keep+宾语+宾语补足语”句型：

keep 用作及物动词常用句型为“ keep+宾语+宾语补足语”，意为“使……保持某种状态”，可分为以下三种情况：

1、“keep+宾语+形容词/副词”的句型，Keep在此句型中表示“使(人或物)保持在(某一状态)”的意思。如：He always keeps his room clean.他总是把他的房间保持得干干净净的。Keep the door closed, please.请关上门。The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.班上的其他学生闭上了眼睛。

2、keep+宾语+介词短语。如：Please keep your hands behind your back.请把手放在背后。：They must keep their hands behind their backs.他们必须把手放在背后。Don't you want to keep me in the classroom? 你是不是叫我一直呆在教室里不出去?

3、keep+宾语+V-ing（现在分词）如：Don't keep them working day and night.不要让他们不分白天黑夜的工作。

●“leave+宾语+宾语补足语”句型：

“leave+宾语+宾补”结构中leave作为及物动词，可以表示“使保留，让……处于(某种状态、某地等)”。其后接形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语、名词或句子等补足语。

a. leave＋宾语＋宾补（形容词）例如：would you please leave the door open for me? 请你为我把门开着，好吗？

b. leave＋宾语＋宾补（分词）例如：He has left me waiting for a long time. 他让我等了好长时间。That man left the bike mended. 那人没修那辆自行车。

c. leave＋宾语＋宾补（介词短语）例如：You must leave him at home. 你必须把他留在家里。

●“find+宾语+宾语补足语”句型：

“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构在初中英语教材中频繁出现，现将其常见结构归纳如下：

1、find＋宾语＋名词（词组）。例如：The teacher found the girl a good singer．老师发现这个女孩是个出色的歌手。We found it a difficult problem．我们发现这是一个难题。

2、find＋宾语＋形容词。例如：Many people found English more and more useful．很多人发现英语越来越有用。They found the boy very clever．他们发现这个男孩很聪明。

3、find＋宾语＋副词。例如：When I rang up Mike，I found him out．我给迈克打电话时，发现他出去了。

4、find＋宾语＋介词短语。例如：I found the cat under the desk．我发现那只猫在桌子底下。We found Lin Tao at home．我们发现林涛在家里。

5、find＋宾语＋现在分词。例如：When I went into her room，I found her reading

a book．我走进她房间时，发现她在看一本书。The girl found a purse lying on the ground．这位姑娘发现地上有一个钱包。

6、find＋宾语＋过去分词。例如：The next morning，the old man found himself covered with an old coat．第二天早晨，老人发现自己身上盖着一件旧大衣。

7、当不定式作find的宾语时，通常用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语则放在宾语补足语之后。例如：He found it very difficult to solve the problem．他发现要解决这个问题很难。You will find it difficult to get along with him. 你会发现他这个人很难相处。

【考题分析】

1. Look. Mary _____ a nice dog. She _____ it just now.

A has drawn, drew

B drew, has drawn

C is drawing, drew

D is drawing, has drawn 分析：本题后半句“just now”意为“刚才”，很明显要用“一般过去时”，因此前句如用“现在进行时”就不妥，造成句意逻辑上的错误。前句用“现在完成时”才对。所以本题答案应该选：A

2. This kind of fridge _____ very well. A sell B sells C are sold D is sold

分析：在英语中，表达某物销路不错，要用表示“特点”的“一般现在时”形式，而不能用“被卖”这种被动语态形式来表示。由于本句主语“this kind of fridge”是单数第三人称，所以本题答案应该选：B

3. What ___ Mr. Smith? He looks worried so much. A happens with B happens to C happened with D happened to

分析：在英语中，“发生”通常可译为“happened”或“took place”，要注意它不能变“被动语态”。本题之意是“史密斯先生发生了什么事？他显得很焦虑。”因此，“发生”不能用表示经常行为的“一般现在时”形式，应该用“一般过去时”的“happened to sb.”固定词组来表达。所以本题答案应该选：D

4. _____ clothes are usually _____ near a fire in winter.

A Washed, hung

B Washed, hanged

C Washing, hung

D Washing, hanged

分析：“washed”意为“被洗过的”，可以修饰“衣服”；“washing”意为“正在洗的”，它该修饰人、不该修饰“衣服”。后句意为“被挂在火炉旁”，该用过去分词“hung”才对。“hanged”也是“hang”的过去分词，但是它的意思是“被绞死”。所以本题答案应该选：A

5. The book _____ by me. I _____ it to a friend of mine.

A is written, sent

B is written, have sent

C was written, sent

D was written, have sent

分析：“书是被某人写的”、“书是在某地方被写的”都是表示发生在以前的动作，该用一般过去时被动语态。如过说“书是被用英语写的”，那就是指书的特点了，就该用一般现在时被动语态了。后半句意为“我把它寄给朋友了”是强调现在书不在我这里。不是强调过去寄的，不该用一般过去时，而该用现在完成时。这种类型的时态，学生最容易错，千万要注意。英语中有许多动作是以前发生的、但没有时间状语的句子都用“现在完成时”表达。所以本题答案应该选：D

6. Mr. Jackson ___ the city quite well since he ___ in the city for a couple of years.

A knows, was

B has known, was

C knows, has been

D has known, has been 分析：本句中的“since”不是“自从”之意，因此，前半句与后半句用“现在完成时”和“一般现在时”的形式做是错误的。本句中的“since”意为“由于”，与“as”近义。根据句意，“熟悉城市”是表示杰克逊先生的“特点”，要用“一般现在时”表达；“他来到这个城市有两、三年了”是表示到现在为止的结果情况，要用“现在完成时”表达。所以本题答案应该选：C

7. Could you tell me ___?

A how to do it

B why do it

C how to do

D what to do it

分析：由于“do”通常用作及物动词，因此要注意它有否宾语。要避免“C”的没有宾语和“D”的重叠宾语的错误。“B”是不定式遗漏了“to”，所以本题答案应该选：A 关于“do”的这种特点很重要，为了熟记它，可以背一句口诀：“how to do it, what to do”

8. English is his favorite subject. He can _____ it very fluently.

A say

B talk

C speak

D tell

分析：由于后句“it”指的是“English”，因此要用动词“speak”才对。所以本题答案应该选“C”。“talk”是不及物动词，后面不跟宾语。“speak”既可作不及物动词用，也可作及物动词，宾语只能是语言。“tell”的宾语有限；有“tell a story”、“ tell the difference”、“ tell the truth”、“ tell a lie”等。say一般作及物动词用，着重说话的内容，它的宾语可以是名词，代词或宾语从句。例如：say it in English.

9. Please _____ the city map before you go sightseeing.

A look at

B have a look

C watch

D read

分析：在英语中，“看”在不同场合有不同的译法。“look at”意为“粗略地看”；“have a look”意为“看一下”，其后不能跟宾语；watch表示“观看”，常用于看电视或看比赛等词组中。“看书”、“看地图”都要用动词“read”，意为“阅读”、“查看”。所以本题答案应该选：D

10. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 ______ Christmas Day.

A. is

B. was

C. has been

D. will be

分析：宾语从句表示一个客观事实或客观真理时，其时态不受主句时态的限制而使用一般现在时。答案：A

11. SARS ______ by SARS patients’ breathing, coughs and sneezes(喷嚏).

A. were spread (传播)

B. was spread

C. are spread

D. is spread

分析：SARS（呼吸系统障碍综合症）是一种的疾病名称缩写词，视为单数，接单数谓语动词。本句指一般的传播途径，并非指某一次，所以不用过去时。答案：D

12. Lei Feng ______ always ______ of others when he______ in the army.

A. is, thinking, was

B. was, thinking, was

C. did, think, is

D. was, thinking, was

分析：此句带有一种赞赏的感情色彩，称赞雷锋总是（always）想着别人这一习惯性动作，因此think of 应用进行时。答案：D

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