【精品】国际商务英语学科考试复习要点+翻译.docx

国际商务英语学科考试复习要点

International Business English

Lesson 1

International Business

Business Knowledge:

The major differences between international business and domestic business

A.Differences in legal systems

B.Differences in currencies

C.Differences in cultural background

D.Different in natural and economic conditions

The major types of international business

A.Trade

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/df16756307.html,modity trade

b? Service trade

B.Investment

a.Foreign direct investment

b.Portfolio investment

C.Other types

a.Licensing and franchising

b.Management contract and contract manufacturing

c.Turnkey project and BOT

Trade Terms:

1.Customs area 关税区：

2.Conversion货币兑换

3.Visible trade 有形贸易：The form of commodity trade, i.c. exporting and importing goods produced or

manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another, (including cash transaction?by means of money and market, and counter trade)

4.Invisible trade 无形贸易：Tlie form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting,

information etc. is called invisible trade or se『vice industries.

5.FDI 外国直接投资：Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested

in a host country? / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.

6.Portfolio investment 证券投资：Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling?

7.Stocks 股衆：Capital stocks or bonds.

8.Bonds 债券：The papers issued by a government or a finn with promise to pay back the money lent or invested

together with interest?

9.Maturity (票据等)到期

10.Certificate of deposit 大额存单

11.Licensing 许可经营：In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another

countiy. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty?

12.Franchising 特许经营：Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser

who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty?

13.Trade Mark 商标

14.Patent 专利

15.Royalty专利(许可)使用费，版税

16.Copyright 版权

17.Licenser 许可方

18.Licensee被许可方

19.Franchiser 特许方：A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating

techniques for royalty?

20.Franchisee 被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of anothe匚

21.Management contract 管理合同：Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other

specialized services to anotlier within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume?

22.Value chain 价值链

23.Turnkey project "交钥匙"工程：For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign

purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.

区J B OT建设、经营和移交:Build, Operate, Transfer

25.Expertise专门知识

26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴

27.Royalty许可使用费

28.International investment 国际投资：Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.

29.Contract mjmufacturing 承包生产

30.GATT 关贸总协定：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

31 ?Intemational business 国际商务：Transaction between parties from different countries? Sometimes business

across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export?

32.Intellectual property 知识产权

33.Oil deposit:石油储备=oil reserves

34.the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备

35.Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。

Answer the following questions:

L What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international business and domestic business.

A: Intemational business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs tireas of the same countr\r is also regarded as import and export.

Some miyor differences between international business and domestic business is following:

(1)Differences in legal systems

(2)Differences in currencies

(3)Differences in cultural background

(4)Different in natural and economic conditions

2.Please explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more and more

important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?

A: Visible trade is the form of commodity trade? The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries. The later is become more and more important.

3.Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business?

A: Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc?

4.Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major difference?

A: FDI (Foreign direct investment) is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a puipose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit?

5.What is licensing? \Vhy do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?

A: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the foim of royalty ? Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country.

6.What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?

A: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniqucs for royalty? In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee?

7.What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?

A: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services lo another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume? When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts maybe a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets?

& What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from it?

A: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign com pail y. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project

Translate the following sentences into English:

1?国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。International business refers to transaction between parties fonn different countries? Il involves more factors and thus is more complicated the domestic business?

2?随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一

定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。

With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business? Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.

3?其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。

Other fonns for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing and turnkey project.

4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.

5?除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。

Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market.

Lesson 2

Income Level and the World Market

Business Knowledge:

(1)GNPand GDP

(2)Per capita income and per capita GDP

(3)High-incomc, middle income and low-incomc countries

A.Standards for class讦ication

B.Representative countries

(4)Triad and Quad

A.United States

B.Western Europe

C? Japan

D.Canada

(5)Other important markets for China

TYade Terms:

1.GNP 国民生产总值：Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property

and labor owned by the residents of an economy.

2.GDP 国内生产总值：Gross Domestic Product. Tlie market value of all goods and services produced within the

geographic area of an cconomy.

3.National income 国民收入

4.Per capita income 人均收入

5.Per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值：It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals

the average income level of consumers?

6.PPP 购买力平价:Purchasing power parity

7.Consumerism 消费主义

8.Income distribution 收入分布：The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people?

9.Infra structure 基础设施

10.Staple goods 人路货

11.Invoice (开)发票

13.OECD 经合组织，经济合作与开发组织:Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

14.The Commonwealth of Independent States 独联体，独立国家联介体

15.ASEAN 东盟，东南亚国家联盟:Association of Southeast Asian Nationals.

16.NIEs (亚洲四小虎)：Newly Industrialized Economies

17.Factors of production 生产要索

Answer the following questions:

L Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference. Can we use them interchangeably?

A: GNP (Gross national Product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The difference between them is that GNP focuses on ownership of the factors of production while GDP concentrates on the place where production takes place? Tlie difference between GNP and GDP can be ignored since it very small in most cases? Therefore, we can use them interchangeably.

2.In what different ways are GDP and per capita income significant in assessing the potential of a particular market?

A: Total GDP indicates the overall size of an economy, which is important in market assessment for durable equipment or bulk goods (grain, steel or cement). Per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables.

3.'Vhat are meant by high income, middle income, and low-income countries according to the World Bank? Cite some examples for each group.

A: High-income countries: those enjoying annual per capita income of $9386 and above? In ihis group comprise three types of countries; most members of OECD, rich oil producing countries of the Middle East, small-industrialized countries or regions?

Middle-income countries: those with annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765. In eluded in this category is most East European countries and most members of the Commonwealth of In dependent States, six OECD members, quite a number of Latin American countries and some comparatively developed countries in Asia, South Africa and oil-producing countries in African.

Low-income countries: those that have per capita incomes of only $765 or even less? Most African countries, some Asian countries and a few Latin American countries are included in this group?

4.Why are high-income countries important to trade and investment? Should we neglect low-income countries in international business?

A: High-income countries often have good infrastructure, high purchasing power, and advanced technology, efficient management and favorable environment for trade and investment. Tliey offer prime maikets for expensive consumer goods and are both attractive sources and destinations of investment.

In international trade the low-income countries should not be neglected, because they constitute markets for lower-priced staple goods, provide cheap labor and are often rich in resources? Once tapped, the business potential

of these countries will one day become real business opportunities?

5.Was China a low-income country a few years ago? How about now?

A: China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago.

6?\Vhat does the term “Triad” refers to? What is meant by Quad?

A: The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world; the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities? The scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad.

7.How much do you know about OECD? Please make a brief account*

A: OECD means Organization for Economic C(x)peration and Development. The organization is included 29 members, 23 of them are high-income countries and 6 are middle-income countries? The headquarters is in Paris?

8.What is the best policy for China to develop business opportunities?

A: So far as China is concerned, otlier markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India and a bit farther away Australia. These countries or regions either have rich consumers and offer good business opportunities or are developing fast with very promising market potential. And their geographical proximity to China is a great advantage for us in developing business relations with (hem.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1.民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。

GNP and GDP arc two important conccpts used to indicate a country's total income. The difference between them is that the fonner focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the country where production takes place?

2.要评估某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。

In assessing the potential of a country as a market, people often look at per capita income since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents..

3.世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。

Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle-income and low-income economies.

4.中国现在年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入国家。

China with a per capita income of over $ 1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago.

5.就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。

As far as China is concerned, otlier markets we should pay pailicular attention to tire those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, elc. These countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business

opportunities to China.

Lesson 3

Regional Economic Integration

Business Knowledge:

(1)Major objectives of regional integration *

(2)For levels of regional economic integration

A.Free trade area

B.Customs union

C? Common market

D. Economic union

⑶ European Union (EU)

⑷ Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

(5)Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Trade Terms:

1.Economic integration 经济一体化

2.Free trade area 门ill贸易区：The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each

own external policy

3.Customs union 关税『0盟：The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same

external policy

4.Tariff rates 关税税率

5.Settlement

6.NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定：North American Free Trade Agreement

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/df16756307.html,mon market 共同市场：The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production

and adopt the same external policy?

8.Banknotes circulation 货币流通

9.Cartel卡塔尔

10.APEC亚太经合组织，亚洲太平洋经济合作组织:Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

11.OPEC 石油输出国组织:Organ ization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

12.European Commission 欧盟委员会

13.Council of ministers 部长理事会

15.Quota Restrictions 配额限制

16.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟：The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production,

adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency?

17.EU 欧盟，欧洲联European Union

18.EC 欧共体，欧洲共同ft: European Community

19.Benelux 荷比卢(比利时、荷兰和卢森堡三国)：Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg

20.Mercousur 南方共同市场：Southern Cone Customs Union

21.ECSC 欧洲煤钢共同体:European Coal and Steel Community

22.EEC 欧洲经济共同体：European Economic Community

23.EURATOM欧洲原子能共同体，欧洲原子能联W： European Atomic Energy Community

24.SOM 高官会议：Senior Officials Meeting

25.TILF 贸易投资便利化自由化:Trade and investment liberation and facilitation

26.ECOTECH 经济技术合作：Economic and technical cooperation

27.Political entity 政治实体

28.Sovereign state 主权国家

29.Multi-polarization 多极化

30.Sub-committcc 分委员会

31.NTA 新跨大西洋议程：New Transatlantic Agenda

32.TABD 跨大西洋商业对话:Transatlantic Business Dialogue

33.TA CD 跨大西洋消费者对话:Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue

34.Territory economies 区域经济体

35.Pacific Rim环太平洋圈

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/df16756307.html,rmal Meeting of Economic Leaders 领导人非正式会议

Answer the following questions:

L VVliat is a free trade area? Make a brief account of the most notable free trade area in the world.

A: Free trade area is the loosest fonn in the regional economic integration. Members in this form removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders? Tlie most notable one is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991 with over 360 million consumers and total GDP of more than 6 trillion US dollars?

2.In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area?

A: The Customs Union goes a step further by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves. Imports from other countries arc subject to the same tariff.

3.What are the characteristics of a common market? VMiich organization remained a common market for

some years in the past?

A: The common maiket is further up the scale of regional economic integration. Besides free movement of goods and services and adoption of common external trade policy, factors of production such as labor, capital and technology are free to move among members so that they can be utilized in a more efficient and productive way. In the past, the European Community remained a common market for some years.

4.How much do you know about an economic union? Can members of an economic union keep all of their

national sovereignty?

A: The economic union is the highest form of economic integration, which is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy, finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and free production factor mobility? The members of an Economic Union are required

not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc., but also use the same currency ?

Tlic nicmbcr countries of an economic union arc required to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is eroding the trad it io n of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.

5.Make a brief account of the origin and development of the EU.

A: The first community, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established in 1952, which set the stage for more ambitious integration efforts.

The signing of the monumental Treaty of Rome in 1957 marks the establishment of the European Economic Community with the aini of gradually realizing the free movement of goods, sendees, labor and capital as well as the harmonization of economic policies of the member countries.

Ten years later in 1967, the European Community was fonned by merging EEC, ECSC and European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM).

1992 it became a true common market as envisaged by the Single European Act? Then on January 1, 1994 the European Union (EU) came into being on the strength of the Maastricht Treaty?

From the beginning of 1999 most of the members began to use the common European currency for accounting and settlement and in 2002, euro banknotes and coins were put into circulation?

6.What is the most powerful institution of the EU? What is the executive body of the EU? How does it

operate?

A: Tlie most powerful institution of the EU is the Council of Ministers.

Its executive body is the European Commission composed of 2() commissioners overseeing 23 departments in charge of different affairs?

Decisions of the council are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size?Different ministers attend the council meeting depending on the matters discussed? Tlie council even has the power to pass legislation.

7.Explain briefly the five layer organizational structure of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

A: a. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders

b.Dual-Ministerial Meeting

c.Ministers Responsible for Trade

d.Tlie Senior Officials Meeting (SOM)

c. Subordinate committees under SOM: Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, Economic and Technical Coopcration Sub-committcc of SOM and Budget Management Committee.

& What are the tenet and objectives of APEC? 'Vhat do its two wheels mean?

A: The tenet and objectives of APEC are inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system and reduction of regional trade barriers?

Its two wheels mean trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF) and economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH).

9.What are the nature and objectives of OPEC?

A: OPEC is a commodity cartel. It tried to limit the overall crude oil supply of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices?

Translate the following sentences into English:

1.过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。

The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importancc of regional economic integration.

2.最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。

The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the kirgest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.

3.经济联盟成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、企业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应使用同一货币。

The members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industiy polices, etc., but also use the same currency?

4.欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所

制定的条约履行自己的义务。

The European Commission is one of tlie governing organs of the European Un io n. It is the body that puts proposals to the Council of Minister for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.

5.APEC建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大

利亚、美国、加拿大、日本、新西兰和东盟六国。

APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries?

Lesson 4

Economic Globalization

Business Knowledge:

(1)Economic globalization as an objective trend

A. Basic feature *

B? Advantages and negative impacts

(2)Multinational corporations

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/df16756307.html,anization- parent and affiliates

B.Characteristics

a.Enormous in size

b? Wide geographical spread c. Longevity and rapid growth

Need, goals and roles

a.Profit

b.Security

c.As vehicles for cross-border transfer resources

D. Four types

a. Muki-domeslic corporation

b? Global corporation

c.Transnational corporation

d.World company

Trade Terms:

1.Share holders 股东

2.Economic globalization 经济全球化

3.Board of directors 莹事会

4.Inputs 投入

5.Economic environment 经济环境

6.Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部

7.Affiliate MNC子公司，分支机构，附属机构

8.Branch company 分公司

9.Subsidiary company 子公司

10.Day-to-day iunning 13 常管理

11.MNC跨国公司=TNC: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries,

companies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.

12.Home county 母国:The country where the headquarter of the investor is located?ost country 东道国：The

host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.

14.JUNE 跨国企业：Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business

organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more tlian one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.

15.Economies of scale 规模经济

16.Increase and growth数暈的增多和规模的增人

17.Revenue adjusted for inflation （除去通货膨胀后的）实际收入

Answer the following questions:

L What are the basic feature and major role of economic globalization?

A: The basic feature of economic globalization is to free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and infonnation in the global context for optimized allocation.

2.Mention some of the pros and cons of economic globalization. What is the right attitude towards it?(有利

和不利方面)

A: The pros is that with the basic feature of free flow of commodity, capitaL technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation, economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent. While the cons of economic globalization is different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefits ?

Tlic right attitude towards it is follow the trend closely, availing the opportunities it offers to develop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.

3.What is the formal definition of a multinational enterprise? How can you tell whether a multinational

corporation is a parent or just an affiliate?

A: A multinational enteiprise shall be defined as a business organization that owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets in more than one country.

If the MNC is the original investing corporation, it is known as the parent MNC, which is normally also the international headquarters of the MNE. If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.

4.Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.

A: The characteristics of MNEs is as follow:

a.MNEs are generally enormous in size

b?Wide geographical spread

c. Longevity and rapid growth

5.What is the commonly recognized objective of MNEs?

A: MNEs arc fomicd for profit, and the second basic need is security?

6.Why is security so important to MNEs?

A: Without security, an MNE's survival can never be assured? The need of security includes the security of profits in the shorthand-long-run, the security of the MNE's assets and investment, and the security of other organizational needs? Profit is useless if it cannot be secured by the MNE and transferred wherever it so desires?

7.Do you think “wide geographical spread'1 of MNEs plays a very important role in the development of their

business? Why?

A: Yes, I do. MNEs enables them to have a wide range of options in terms of decisions in areas such as sourcing and pricing? They are also more able to take advantage of changes in the international economic environment. Such multi-nationality also enables MNEs to engage in worldwide integrated production and marketing.

& What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?

A: MNCs are under the legal jurisdiction of their host governments that can impose various rules, regulations, and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets?

9.VVliat are the four types of multinational enterprises? Describe each of them briefly.

A: The four types of multinational enterprises is that:

a.Multi-domestic corporation: it is a gioup of relatively independent subsidiaries. The parent company

delegates sufficient power to each subsidiary to manage the production and marketing in the host country

for the needs of local customers?

b.Global corporation: it operates and views the world market as an integrated whole? Power and

responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manages production and marketing to achieve the

economies of scale as much as possible?

c.IVansnational Corporation: The activities and resources of the transnational corporation are highly

neither centralized as the second type nor decentralized as the first type but arc integrated in an

interdependent network of affiliates?

d.World Company: their national identities arc blurred to a large extent.

10< Are there may world companies at present? Imagine their future role in complete globalization.

A: Now it is very few. When such companies become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may be greatly reduced? Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1.经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent.

2.跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。

A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets in more than one country.

3.许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同时也有强烈的反对声音。

While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud vices of oppositio n.

4.除了总部以外，跨国企业组织也可能有不同的地区总部和业务总部。

An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to international headquarters?

5.跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。

The transfer of the Intra-MNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade.

6.尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨过企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。

Although the day-do-day running of corporate operation maybe decentralized to the affiliate MNCs, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company?

7.无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。

Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.

Lesson 5

International Trade I

Business Knowledge:

(1)The definition of international trade

(2)Two reasons for international trade

A.The uneven distribution of natural resources among countries

B.International specialization

(3)Two theories for international specialization

A.The theory of absolute advantage

B.The theory of comparative advantage

a. Contents of the theory

b? Not a static concept

c.Tlic cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade

d.David Ricardo, the economist who introduced the theory

l￥ade Terms:

1.Services 服务

2.Primary commodities 初级产品

3.Specialization 二$'IIM匕:To restrict one's economic activities to certain particular fields?

4.Absolute advantage 绝对利益：It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least

in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/df16756307.html,parative advantage 比较禾U 益：It holds that even if a countiy is less cfficicnt than another in the

production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in production both commodities, there is still

a basis for mutually beneficial trade?

6.Capital 资本

卜吹and labor 土地和劳动力

& International trade 国际贸易：The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.

9.Farm produce 农产品

10.Scarce resources 稀缺资源

Answer the following questions:

L How would you define international trade?

A: International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one countiy with those produced in another sufficient.

2.Why did international trade first begin?

A: The distribution of natural resources is uneven. Some countries are abundant in resources, while elsewhere reserves are scarce or even nonexistent. And a country may be rich in some resources but poor in others? That's why international trade first began.

3.VVliat is the new incentive for trade that arose with the development of manufacturing and technology?

A: With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization. One country producing more of a conimtxlity than it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries?

4.According to the theory of absolute advantage, trade occurs only when a country has an absolute

advantage or comparative advantage?

A: According to the theory of absolute advantage, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the others in the production of one commodity.

5.Who introduced the theory of comparative advantage? Which theory makes more sense, absolute

advantage or comparative advantage?

A: David Ricardo, English economist, introduced the theory of comparative advantage? I【seems that the idea of comparative advantage makes more sense?

6.Explain briefly why trade to exploit comparative advantage promotes efficiency among countries.

A: The comparative advantage holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. The first should specialize in the production ad export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller and import the commodity that its absolute disadvantage is greater.

7.Is comparative advantage something static? Is it purely decided by the endowments of nature? Give

examples to show the development of comparative advantage by certain countries?

A: Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions, independent of the endowments of nature. Such as the watch making in Switzerlan d?Translate the following sentences into English:

1.在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。

In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient.

2.随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.

3.按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。

According to the theory of Comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade?

4.比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions

5.比较利益理论己成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。

The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade?

Lesson 6

International TYade II

Business Knowledge:

(1)Other bases for trade among countries

A.Patterns of demand: different consumption preference

B.Economy of scale: the cost advantages of large-scale production

C? Innovation or style

(2)The reasons why complete specialization may never occur

(3)Tariff barriers-the most common form of trade restriction

A.Export duty

B.Import duty

a.Specific duty

b.Ad valorem duty

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/df16756307.html,pound duty

(4)Quotas-thc most common form of non-tariff barriers

Trade Terms:

1 ?Tariff 关税：A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area.

2.Quota 配额：A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the

most common form of non-tariff biuriers?

3.Import duties 进口关税:Tariffs levied on goods entering an area

4.Export duties 出口关税:Taxes levied on goods leaving an area

5.Ad valorem duty 从价税：

6.Specific duty 从量税

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/df16756307.html,pound duties复税、混合关税

& Drawback 退税：Duties paid on imported goods that arc refunded if the goods arc reexported?

9.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment 最惠国待遇：A tariff treatment under which a country is required to

extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country

10.Tariff schedule 税率表、税则

12.GSP 普恵制：Generalized system of preferences?

13.Reasonable costs 合理的成木

14.Customs area 关税区

15.Customs union 关税同盟

16.Tariff barriers 关税壁垒：The traditional protectionism measure

Answer the following questions:

L Are there other bases for trade when there are no differences among countries in production conditions?

Mention some of the bases.

A: Ws, there are. First, patterns of demand may differ among nations? Second, trade may occur out of economies of scale, i.e. the cost advantages of large-scale production. Third, trade takes place because of innovation or style.

2.What is economy of scale? What is the relation between economies of scale is trade?

A: Economies of scale is the cost advantages of large-scale production. The cost for the production of commodities will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale?

3.What does the theory of international specialization seek to answer?

A: The theory of international specialization seeks to answer the question which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.

4.Will complete specialization occur in reality? Why?

A: No, it may never occur. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage? The benefits of specialization may also be affected by transport cost. Protectionist measures that are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade?

5.What are tariff barriers? What is a customs area and what is a customs union?

A: A Hiriff barrier is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundaiy of customs areas.

A customs area is usually coincides with the area of a country. And a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union.

6.What is most favored nation treatment? Is it a very special treatment? \Vhy?

A: MFN treatment refers to a tariff treatment under which a counlry is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariffs schedule, but it still possible to have lower tariffs?

7.What is the most common form of non-tariff barriers? Explain it in a few words.

A: Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff biirriers? A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time? The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas maybe on a country basis or global, without reference to countries?

8? What are the differences between visible trade and invisible trade? Give a few examples of invisible trade. A: Visible trade involves the import and export of goods and invisible trade involves the exchange of services between countries. Invisible trade is including transportation service, Insurance, tourism and tlie immigrant remittance from import and export labor service.

9.Explain briefly the different kinds of tariffs.

A: Import duties arc tariffs levied on goods entering an area while export duties arc taxes levied on goods leaving an area

TYanslate the following sentences into English:

1.一件商品的成本会因生产规模的扩大而减少。

The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale?

2.在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。

In reality, complete specialization may never occur even though it is economically advantageous?

3.配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。

Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers?

4.有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。

The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries ?

5.国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。

The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade?

Lesson 7

Incoterms 2000

Business Knowledge:

(1)The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms

(2)The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms

A.Spread of customs-free zones 无关税区的发展

B.Changes in transportation practices 运输方式的变化

C? Increased use of electronic communication 电子通讯使用的增加

(3)The four groups of Incoterms

A.Group E: EXW

B? Group F: FCA, FAS, FOB

C.Group C: CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP

D.Group D: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP

(4)The three most commonly used terms

A.FOB (free on board)

B.CFR (cost and freight)

C.CIF (cost, insurance, freight)

Trade Terms:

1.Deal交易

2.Trade terms贸易术语、交易条件

3.Trade practices 贸易惯例

4.Negotiable (票据、证券等)可转让的、可流通的

5.EDI 电子数据交换:Electronic Date Interchange

6.Customs clearance 清关、结关

7.Dispatch发运、发送

8.ICC 国际商会：International Chamber of Commerce

9.Roll on-roll off 滚装滚卸的

10.Incoterms 国际贸易术语解释通则：It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly

used trade terms in foreign trade? Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such temis in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree?

11.Negotiable transport documents 可转i上的装运单据二Transferable transport documents

12.EXW 工厂交货:Ex Work

13.FCA 货交承运人:Free Carrier

14.FAS 装运港船边交货:Free Alongside Ship

15.FOB装运港船上交货:Free On Board

16.CFR 成本加运费:Cost and Freight

17.CIF 成本、保险费加运Cost, Insurance and Freight

18.CPT 运费付至:Caniage Paid To

19.CIP 运费、保险费付至:Carriage and Insurance Paid To

20.DAF 边境交货：Delivered At Frontier

21.DES 目的港船上交货:Delivered Ex Ship

22.DEQ 目的港码头交货：Delivered Ex Quay

23.DDU 未完税交货：Delivered Duty Unpaid

区JDDP 完税后交货：Delivered Duty Paid

25. UCP (the Uniform customs and Practice for documentary credit)跟单信用证统一惯例

Answer the following questions:

L What sort of risks can arise when goods are being moved from one place to another? If risks do occur, what consequences would they bring about?

A: Sending goods from one countiy to another, they have to face the risk, such as lost or damaged or delivery does not take place for some other reason. If risks do occur, the climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought.

2.Why is it necessary to have Incoterms? And what is the purpose of making amendments and additions to

Incoterms?

A: If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely?In so doing they eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute?

The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade? Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such temis in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree?

3.What is the main characteristic of Incoterms 1990?

A: The main reason for the 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronic data interchange?

4.What are the four different categories of terms in Incoterms 2000?

A: In Incoterms 2000, the terms have been grouped in four basically different categories: Group E (departure), Group F (Main carriage unpaid), Group C (Main carriage paid) and Group D (Arrival).

5.Why should the compilers of Incoterms 2000 take the trouble to set forth in detail the division of duties，

taxes, costs and charges etc. of both sellers and buyers, as some of them are irrelevant to either the seller or the buyer?

A: As with respect to the division between the parties of duties, taxes and otlier official charges, as well as the costs of caiTying out customs formalities, the terms explain for the Silke of clarity how such costs are divided between the parties although, of course, the seller might not have any interest at all in the buyer's further disposal of the goods after they have been delivered to him?

6.In what areas are substantive changes made with Incoterms 2000?

A: The substantive changes have been made in some areas: one is the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ. l\vo is the loading and unloading obligations under FCA?

Translate the following sentences into English:

1.包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运道目的地所需要的包装。Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation .In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.

2.在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则买方必

须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。

In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of gotxls at or before the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyers supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.

3.进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方

便。

The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being caiTied by means of negotiable shipping documents that are very convenient for use?

4.在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。

Under all terms, the respective obligations of the parties have been grouped under 10 headings?

5.2000年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展，商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加，以

及运输方式的变化。

The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-frcczoncs, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices?

Lesson 8

Business Contract

Business Knowledge:

(1)The definition of the contract

(2)Two types of business negotiation: oral and written

(3)Process of negotiation and conclusion of the contract

A.Inquiry

B.Quotation

C.Offer and acceptance

D.Counter-off

(4)The necessity of the written contract

(5)Tlic types of contracts

A.Sales contract

B.Purchase contract

C.Sales (or purchase) confirmation

(6)The settling of a contract

A.The title

B.The contract proper

a. The name and address of the buyer and the seller

b? The details of the commodity transaction

c.The terms and conditions mutually agreed

d.Indication of the number of original copies, language(s) used, and the validity

C.The signatures of the contracting parties

大一英语期末考试试题精选

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既能理解其主旨和大意，又能分辨出其中的事实与细节，并能理解其中的观点和隐含意义。 2）能根据阅读时间要求调整自己的阅读速度。 2.题型： 1)多项选择题（包括信息事实性阅读题和观点评判性阅读题） 2)简答题（要求根据所阅读的文章，用3-5行字数的有限篇幅扼要回答问题，重点考查阅读综述能力） 3.选材 本部分题材广泛，体裁多样，选材体现时代性、实用性；重点考查通过阅读获取信息和理解观点的能力；对阅读速度有一定要求。 III.英语写作 1.要求： 能根据所给题目及要求撰写一篇400词左右的记叙文、说明文或议论文。要求语言通顺，用词得体，结构合理，文体恰当。 2.题型：命题作文 《翻译硕士英语》考试内容一览表 参考书目：张汉熙主编：《高级英语》（第三版1-2册），外语教学与研究出版社，2011年。 声明：此资源由本人收集整理于网络只用于交流学习。如有侵权请联系删除处理。

外交学院英语翻译硕士考研真题,考研经验

翻译硕士考研指导 2016外交学院英语翻硕考研-英汉翻译-如何选词有些词看起来很简单，翻译是一下子就会想到常用的对应词。但有时最常用的对应词却不能准确地表达原作的意思，这是因为一个词的具体含义往往要结合上下文才能确定，在翻译的时候也只有综合上下文来考虑怎样处理这个词，才能译得准确。那么在处理一个词的时候要注意哪些方面呢？ 一、吃透原文 例1：各级干部要认真学习马列著作和毛主席著作，刻苦钻研业务，提高领导水平。（五届人大一次会议文件） Cadres at all levels should apply themselves to the study of works by Marx, Engels,Lenin and Stalin and by Chairman Mao,gain the professional proficiency required by their jobs,and improve their art of leadership. 我们一看到“水平”往往首先想到level.在大多数情况下，译作level是可以的。如“科学文化水平”，译作scientific and cultural level.但是在这里“领导水平”指的是领导能力、领导艺术，所以译作art of leadership. 例2：要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平…… We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army. 这里的“水平”指高度，故译作height,和动词搭配也比较顺。 例3：还要努力读一点历史和小说。 We should also find time to read some history books and novels. 这里“努力”一词理解为“挤出时间”是对的。如译作make an effort,则会让人误解为 我们的文化水平很低，读历史和小说很吃力。 二、免生歧义 例1：延安虽然还没有战争，但军队天天在前方打仗，后方也唤工作忙，文章太长了，有谁来看呢？ Although there is as yet no fighting here in Yanan,our troops at the front

手机电路图英汉翻译 英汉对照

模数转换 地址线 音频 自动频率控制控制基准频率时钟电路在手机电路中只要看到字样则马上可以断定该信号线所控制地是主时钟电路该信号不正常则可能导致手机不能进入服务状态严重地导致手机不开机有些手机地标注为文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 自动增益控制该信号通常出现在接收机电路地低噪声放大器被用来控制接收机前端放大器在不同强度信号时给后级电路提供一个比较稳定地信号文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习告警属于接收音频电路被用来提示用户有电话进入或操作错误 铃声电路 放大器 先进地移动电话系统 天线用来将高频电磁波转化为高频电流或将高频信号电流转化为高频电磁波在电路原理图中找到就可以很方便地找到天线及天线电路文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 天线开关控制信号 自动频率控制通常出现在手机发射机地功率放大器部分(摩托罗拉手机比较常用) 自动功率控制参考电平 专用应用集成电路在手机电路中.它通常包含多个功能电路提供许多接口主要完成手机地各种控制文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 鉴权中心 音频 辅助 音频供电 背光 平衡不平衡转换 频段 频段选择只出现在双频手机或三频手机电路中该信号控制手机地频段切换 基带信号 电源 电池电压 广播信道 接收数据信号 发射数据信号 背景灯控制 偏压常出现在诺基亚手机电路中被用来控制功率放大器或其他相应地电路 屏蔽罩 发光 基站 基站控制器 频段切换 基站收发器 电池尺寸在诺基亚地许多手机中若该信号不正常会导致手机不开机 缓冲放大器常出现在电路地输出端 通信总线

蜂鸣器出现在铃声电路 带宽 卡 码分多址多址接人技术一种通信系统容量比更大其微蜂窝更小手机所需地电源消耗更小所以手机待机时间更长文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 小区 蜂窝 信道 检查 充电正电源 充电电源负端 时钟出现在不同地方起地作用不同若在逻辑电路则它与手机地开机有很大地关系在卡电路则可能导致卡故障文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 复制 金属氧化半导体 编译码器主要出现在手机地音频编译码电路 列地址线出现在手机地按键电路 串口 连接器 联系服务商 代码 耦合 覆盖 表示鉴相器地输出端 控制信号输出 发射控制输出端 中央处理器在手机地逻辑电路完成手机地多种控制 晶振 片选 数模转换 数据 数据总线 外接电源输入 直流接通 数字通信系统工作频段在频段该系统地使用频率比更高也是数字通信系统地一种它是地衍生物地很多技术与一样文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习 频段选择信号 功率放大器输出地信号 射频接收信号 调解 检测 数字址 数字 二极管