英美概况考试关键点总结

1. the Conservative Party保守党
In late 17th century, Tories got a new name and became known as conservative party. It tends to keep what it calls valuable traditions and stands for free enterprise and privatization of state-owned firms. The main support comes from the middle and upper middle class. And its top leading organ tends to assume an authoritative style in managing party affairs. The Party's national conference is attended by representatives of local party organizations.

2. British disease and Thatcher’s medicine
Britain's slow growth of productivity, soaring inflation and large unemployment gave birth to the mocking term, which makes the first developed country to become underdeveloped.
She stressed the importance of utilizing the machinery of the government, through fiscal and monetary policies, to guide and direct a free enterprise economy without changing its capitalist nature. It advocated increased government intervention to reduce the adverse effect caused by tense competition and help revive businesses by providing financial assistance.

3. The Great Charter 大宪章
The Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, it has regarded as "the corner stone" of English history and is the first step of constitutional experiment. It tries to establish a legal relation between the king and the barons by defining their respective rights and obligations. It protected the rights of the merchant class. At last, it laid down the basic rules for the English and America legal system.

4. What was the real effect of the wars of the roses?
The war was full of ferocities and plunder , was extremely destructive to the participants. The war was a hidden blessing to the English people, for the extinguishing of so many nobles enabled England to shake off much of its feudal burden to its advance. Moreover, the thinning out of the old barony strengthened the position of the royal house and paved the way for the development of a centralized administration.

5. Renaissance in England and its effect
It was during the Tudor Monarchy that the Renaissance spread into England and reached its height. It was a great emancipation movement. It originally meant the rediscovery of the ancient Rome and Greek culture. It helped to push England society forward and produced a variety of glorious works.



6. the declaration of the independence
the first declaration of the human rights and a masterpiece of bourgeois political philosophy. Its principle point was to provide a legal basis for independence. It justified the forthcoming Revolution by defining the rights of man and the nature of government in relation to such rights. The Declaration was a masterpiece of bourgeois political philosophy. The Declaration of Independence helped the colonists to see that there were times when people had the right to revolt.
7. lost generation and beat generation
(1)The growth of nationalism and conservatism also prepared soil for the fabricated “Red scare” a

nd he farce of the democratic development . It is normal for different trends of thought to show themselves in any historical period characterized by rapid changes. The wide –spread hypocrisy and corruption characteristic of any money-oriented society, where money meant everything, permeated the social mechanism and became unusually disgusting. They were discontent with the immoral surroundings, but they did not know what to do about them. Some of them vented their dissatisfaction by adopting cynical hedonism and advocated the motto “eat drink and be happy for tomorrow we shall die.
(2)referred to the young people who were born during the baby-room, they doubted almost everything traditional such as government authority, respect for parents , responsibility ,moral standard, and the traditional way of doing things.
8. Roosevelt’s New Deal”
To deal with the economic collapse was the Emergency Banking Act which granted Government the necessary power to interfere in financial business.
To large employment and raise the purchasing power and deal with by raising the price of farm products and increase consumption.
Effects : it use public fund to finance a lot of government projects so as to put people to work. It strengthened cooperation between government and farmers. Also it provided help to the unemployed, the old, the sick, and the homeless through redistribution of social wealth.

8. 君主的权力
Fountain of justice, the queen can , on ministerial advice , pardon or show mercy to those convicted of crimes.
Fountain of honor, the queen confers peerages, knighthoods and other honor
In international affairs, the queen has the power to conclude treatise, to declare war and to make peace, to recognize foreign states and governments.
9. 美国在二战初期的态度
（1）A sit-on-the-fence policy
Do trade with the warring countries, including the aggressors. Believe in “glorious isolation”
（2）Its negative effect:
Isolationism encouraged Nazi to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buy munitions in US. Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China.
10. 伊莉莎白一世的贡献
1． She was pro-puritanism from the start. And executed some die-hard Catholic, but she did this by labeling them as traitors.
2． She put the finishing touches to the establishment of the church of England. And she granted charters to merchants for the establishment of monopoly company.
3． In foreign affairs, Elizabeth made an effort to avoid wars with Catholic powers during her first years.
4． She was the foundation layer of the British Empire which was going to take shape soon.
11. Puritanism 对清教的理解
Puritans constituted the most important faction of the independents or separatists. The puritans believed that all men were predestined and the individual’s free will play no part in his quest for salvation. They advocated a strict moral cod

e, they stressed the virtues of self-discipline, thrift and hard work as evidence that choice heaven or hell. The developed the merits of the vigorous rising bourgeoisie by providing them with a religious basis.
12 工业革命对英国的意义
First, it turned Britain into the workshop of the world. English bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. Second, it simplified the class structure in Britain and changed the gravitational center of the advanced and prosperous. Third, there appeared a school of political economy which was systematically expounded by Adam Smith. At last, the introduction of new machines caused unemployment which gave birth to the viewpoint that Britain was overpopulated.