专八历年翻译真题详解
【2001年8级测试英译汉】
Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau’s idea of the low levels1. The active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high2. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.
Effort is the gist of it3. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties4. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains”5. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless6.
We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard of the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty7. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.
【概述】
这是一篇说理性的议论文，文章评论美国19世纪哲学家、思想家、作家亨利·大卫·梭罗对人生幸福的看法。用词正式，逻辑严谨，哲理性强。译好这类文章有一定难度，但在近年的8级考试中出现的概率较高，不可忽视。翻译时要注意整篇文章的逻辑关系，特别注意语篇的连贯和衔接。
【翻译要点评析】
1. Thoreau: Henry David Thoreau (1817 —1862), 美国哲学家、作家、“一个人的乌托邦”的倡导者和实践者，年轻时代师从美国“先验论者”爱默生，其论著在美国有一定影响。idea of the low levels和idea of the high, 是梭罗所理解的“低层次境界”和“高层次境界”。
2. active discipline: 主动律己；heightening one’s percepti on: 提高自己的感悟能力；what is enduring in nature: 自然界永恒存在之物；在his idea of the high短语中，后边省略了levels,与上句idea of the low levels相对应。
3. gist: 与essence同义，意为“精要；精髓”。此句可译为“全力以赴，便是其精髓所在”。
4. short of: 除……之外。short of the impossible 可译为“除了不可能做的事情之外”。Yeats:William Butter Yeats, 叶芝（1865 —1939）爱尔兰诗人及剧作家，曾获1923年诺贝尔文学奖。as Yeats put it: 正像叶芝说得那样。
5. Robert Frost: 罗伯特·弗罗斯特（1874——1963），美国著名诗人，曾4次获得美国普利策诗歌奖。t aking painbs: 吃苦；努力。例如：It takes pains to learn a foreign language well.学好一门外语非吃苦不可。
6. mortal flaw: 致命的缺陷。advertised 应理解为popular, made known, 即“世人宣扬的”，“世俗的”。Purport:意味着；大意是……。
7. arbitrary imposition of difficulty: 任意施加难度于；人为设定难度。
【参考译文】
梭罗所理解的“低层次境界”是，为了拥有而去拥有，或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的“高层次境界”，则是这样一种积极的人生戒律，即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力，他可以将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿，但在饮食方面所投入的精力仅裹腹而已，只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务，除此，别无他求。
努力才是其精髓。没有磨砺，何来幸福。叶芝说过，除了难以可为的事情，人生的幸福大小就在于所选择的难度高低。罗伯特?弗罗斯特也有“以苦为乐”之类的说法，他与叶芝英雄所见略同。世人所宣扬的那种幸福观，其致命错误就在于它认为，幸福似乎可以唾手可得。
甚至于游戏也离不开难度。没有了难度也就没有了游戏。游戏之道恰恰在于难中作乐。游戏规则就是人为设定的难度。不依规则便叫人意兴阑珊。下棋时随心所欲、信马由缰会赢得很爽但没劲儿。唯有进退有尺有度方才趣味横生。不难便无趣儿。
【2002年8级测试英译汉】
The word “winner” and “loser” have many meanings1. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society2.
Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence, and manipulating others3. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable4. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.
Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge5. They can separate facts from opinions and don’t pretend to have all the answers6. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them7.
Winners do not play“helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game8. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives.
【概述】
这是一篇议论文，议题讨论人生的核心问题——成功与失败。虽然涉及的题目人人皆知，但对其真实内涵却仁者见仁，智者见智。该文语言精炼，讲究修辞，采用对比、排比等手法加强语气。翻译时应注意上下文的逻辑关系，注意修辞格的翻译技巧。
【翻译要点评析】
1. “winner”和“loser”这两个词是该文的关键词，一开头能否正确选择好词义将影响到整篇文章的翻译。一般情况下，译为“赢家”和“输家”，或“胜者”和“败者”。但本文第一句就说，这两个词have many meanings。这就意味着本文所讨论的winner并不是传统意义上的“赢家”或“胜者”，下文对winner的定义就说明了本文的winner与传统定义不同。鉴于此，我们可以将winner译为“成功者”或“智者”。
2. authentically: 自然地；没有假装地；由衷地。此句的关键是译好4个形容词，这是对成功者品质下的定义。credible: 有诚信的；trustworthy: 可依靠的；可信赖的；responsive: 反应敏捷的；敏感的；genuine: 诚实的；不虚伪的。此句可译为“成功者的一切反应均由衷而发，富有诚信，值得信赖，反应敏捷，从不虚伪”，句子读起来非常有节奏感。
3.they imagine 是插入成分。What they imagine they should be 直译过来就是“他们自己认为该成为的样子”，也可以说“他们的自我臆想”。rather: 相反。they are themselves: “他们保持其本色”，用中国的一句古语就是“我仍故我”。as such 的本意是“诸如此类的人或物”，此处可以顺接上句译成“正因如此”。putting on a performance: 做作；作秀；装腔作势。maintaining pretence: 自命不凡。manipulate 原意为“巧妙的操纵别人”，这里可译成“对别人指手画脚”。
4.此句中“being…“是“真的在做……”, “acting…”是“假装在做……”，这是译好句中三个排比句式的关键。being loving and acting loving可译为“真爱和装爱”；being stupid and acting stupid可译为“真傻和装傻”；being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable 可译为“博学和卖弄”。
5. “are not afraid to do…”: 无畏于……; 从不怯于……; “to do their own thinking”: 独立思考；用自己的知识独立判断；独当一面。
6. 此句中，facts与opinions两者是互为矛盾的，facts指“事实”，opinions不是传统意义上的“意见”或“观点”，而是“议论”或“传闻”，因此才有句子They can separate facts from opinions; “成功者能够区分事实与传闻“。
7. 此句中有4个排比式的过去分词，译起来比较困难，因为它们的词义差别很微妙。be defined by them原意是“由他人来界定，来规定”，此句则理解为“受制于他人”。be demolished by them 可译为“被他们所摧垮”。be bound by them b可译为“被他们所束缚”。be awed by them 可译为“被他们所吓倒”。
8. 此句中，不要将两个play 译成“玩”或“耍”。Play在这里是生动的比喻词。可译为：成功者不故意“示弱”，也从不怨天尤人”。
【参考译文】
“成功者”和“失败者”这两个词含义很多。当我们将某人称作成功者时，我们并非指他是一个让别人失败的人。对我们来说，成功者乃是这样一个人，无论作为一个个人抑或作为社会的一分子，他的一切反应均由衷而发，富有诚信，值得信赖，反应敏捷，从不虚伪。
成功者不会穷其毕生之精力，执着于自我之臆想。相反，他们会保持自己的本色。正因如此，他们不装腔作势，不自命不凡，不对别人指手画脚。他们知道，真爱不同于装爱，真傻有异于装傻、博学有别于卖弄。成功者无需面具来伪装。
成功者无畏于独立思考，无畏于独立判断、独当一面。他们能够在事实与传闻之间明辨是非，不会假称自己无所不晓。他们倾听别人意见，择善从之，最终得出自己的结论。成功者敬仰尊重别人，但他不会受制于人、不会被他们所摧垮、不被他们所束缚、不会被他们所吓倒。
成功者不故意“示弱”，也从不怨天尤人。他们会毅然肩负起人生的责任。
【2003年8级测试英译汉】
In his classic novel,“The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building1. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis2. But his cousin looks around bewildered3. All she ses is a forest.“Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?”She asks4. He’s astonished she can’t see them..“Where! Why everywhere,”he replies5. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.
Cooper was illustrating6 a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness7; the ability to see the
present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come8. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being. ”9
【概述】
这是一篇关于美国文学的评论性文章，短文评论美国著名作家詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）的小说《拓荒者》（The Pioneer）。文中主人公是一位土地开发商，带着他的表妹游览一座待开发的城市。从而揭示了美国人特有的一种性格——前瞻意识。虽然语言的理解不算难，但涉及到美国人独特的处事视角，对于中国读者来说，接触较少，很难有作者那种深刻的体会。对于我们陌生的主题或文化视角，翻译时应注意尽量用“直译”，少些个人发挥，但其文章的风格，则要通过译文充分地展示出来，特别要注意描写人和物的形容词和副词的翻译。
【翻译要点评析】
1. 此句中有两个专有名词，涉及美国著名作家James Fenimore Cooper (詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀)和他的小说The Pioneers (拓荒者)。库珀（1789—1851）是生活在美国西部大开发时代的一位作家。以描写西部边疆生活而闻名。hero 在小说中指“主人公”、“正面人物”，正式的用词是protagonist, 反面人物为enemy,正式用词是antagonist。land developer意为“土地开发商”，这种人在美国开发西部边疆时代十分时髦，他们极富挑战性和冒险性。
2. a teeming metropolis 中的teeming意为“挤满人”、“人声鼎沸”、“熙熙攘攘”、“生机盎然”。teem，动词，原意为“盛产”、“多产的”，如The Taihu Lake teems with fish and shrimps.(太湖盛产鱼虾。)在本句中，teeming metropolis是比喻，可译为“繁华的大都市”。
3. bewildered: 过去分词，原意为“使着慌”、“手足无措”，在句中作状语，表示方式，它跟在looks around 后边，可译作“深表困惑”，“满脸迷茫”，“茫然”等。
4. 此句中beauties and improvements是由抽象名词转化来的，可理解为“美景和改观”。有时也可理解为“上位词”，上文提到的streets, houses和metropolis就是beauties and improvements所对应的“下位词”。在具体的翻译过程中，如果发现上位词不好译，可转到与此对应的下位词试试看。比如，觉得beauties and improvements译成“美景和改观”不妥，可尝试译为它们在本文中所对应的下位词“宽广的大道”、“鳞次擳比的高楼”和“生机盎然的大都市”之类的字眼。
5. “Where! Why everwhere,”中的Why表达的是略带不耐烦与不快的惊讶。翻译时注意要把说话人的这种心态体现出来，有时标点符号就是一种很好表达语气的工具。译文中的标点符号完全可以和原文不同。这句话可译成“在哪儿？这不到处都是嘛？！”
6. 此句中concrete意为“具体的”，“实实在在的”。as if they were already constructed and finished是虚拟语气，可译成“如同造好竣工一样”。
7. illustrate: “展现”，“用实例说明”。trait: “特色”，“特性”，“特有的品质”。Future-mindedness: “面向未来的心态”，“以未来为参照点的思维方式”，可译为“前瞻意识”、“超前意识”、“未来观”等。
8. vantage: 优越，有利的地位；from the vantage point of the future: 站在未来的高度，从未来的高度看。unencumbered: 没有阻碍的；不受妨碍的。the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past可译为“摆脱过去束缚”，“自由地抛开历史羁绊”等。feel attached to : “喜欢；爱慕；依恋”，这里feel attached to things to come可译成“情系未来”，“放眼未来”。
9. Albert Einstein: 艾尔伯特?爱因斯坦，相对论的创立者,当代最为大的科学家，德国犹太人，二次大战中移居美国。此句中的难点是becoming 和being,前者指“未来”，后者指“现在”。句中is always becoming 意为“将来会变成什么”，never being 意为“而不是现在是什么”，整个句子可译成“美国人永远生活在将来而不是现在”，也可译成“对美国人来
说，生活总是进取，而非守成”。
【参考译文】
詹姆斯?费尼莫?库珀在其名著《拓荒者》一书中写到主人公，一位土地开发商，带着表妹四处参观自己正在规划中的城镇，津津乐道地描述着宽广的大道，鳞次擳比的高楼和生机盎然的大都市。但表妹环顾四周而茫然。他看到的仅仅是一片树林：“你给我指的美景和大厦到底在哪儿呢？”开发商闻言大惊：“在哪儿？这不到处都是嘛？！”尽管大厦还未破土动工，但他们在开发商的脑海里早已成形，而且真切得如同造好竣工一样。
库珀在这里揭示了一种美国人特有的品性——前瞻意识:站在将来的高度看现在，自由地抛开历史羁绊而放眼将来。正如艾尔伯特?爱因斯坦所说：“美国人永远生活在将来而不是现在。”
【2004年8级测试英译汉】
For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding1. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages2, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness3.
I am lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up4. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out5.
Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and, perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person6.
It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains7, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconsciousness, bring back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood8.
【概述】
这是一篇关于个人生活的散文。作者为女作家梅?莎唐（May Sarton）(1912——1995)。本文选自散文The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life (《单独生活的回报》)的结尾部分，个别地方有删节。这篇文章在理解方面没有什么障碍，关键是表达时的文采和风格。翻译时应尽量把作者对孤独的感受用较好的文学语言表达出来。
【翻译要点评析】
1. 此句中，主语部分是the most interesting thing about a solitary life。Mine has been that 是难点，mine 指my life, “that” 指a solitary life。“is that…”引导一个表语从句。it 指的是
a solitary life。it becomes increasingly rewarding 可译为“单独生活的回报与日俱增”。
2. 此句中，在an entire day 后边有两个后置定语ahead和uninterrupted,还有一个in which 加三个动词不定式引导的定语。
3. be flooded with happiness是比喻，意为be filled with, be full of, “充满了幸福”。
4. 此句中三个when 引导的时间状语从句描述的是同一时刻同时存在的三种状况：“当我过度疲劳”、“长时间不间断工作”、“一时间感到空虚而需要充实自己时”。后一句的两个when描述的又是另一种情况，不要把每一个when引导的短句理解成一种独立状态，也就是说原文共描述了两种情况，而不是五种，表达时要把这两种情况区别开。needing filling up
可译为“需要充实自己”。
5. a lecture trip意为“外出讲演”或“巡回讲演”。full to brim是个短语，意为“漫边儿”、“满”，full to brim with experience意为“满脑子的体验”或“满脑子纷乱的头绪”, sort out 意为“拣出”、“梳理”、“整理”。
6. 此句中，It has to be recaptured意为“找回自我”。查阅原作，我们发现在it were a person 后删去了by feeding the two cats, by cooking a meal。如果按删除后的文章理解by looking again at each one as thyough it were a person, 可将each one视作“一棵一棵花草”, as thgough it were a person是虚拟语气。
7. 查阅原文，此句fountains后删除了at the end of the field (在田头，在田边)。fountains 可理解为“泉水”、“喷泉”，surf原意为“浪花”，此处可译为“向四处溅出的水花”或“水柱”。
8. 查阅原文，在slowly understood后删除了when I can converse again with my hidden
powers, and so grow, and so be renewed, till death do us part。此句中，deep unconsciousness 意为“潜意识”。to be explored and slowly understood可译为“细思深究”，或“让我探究，让我领悟”。
【参考译文】
过去二十年，我一直单独生活。对于我，最为有趣的是，单独生活的回报与日俱增。经常在醒来时能够亲眼看着太阳在海洋上升起，清楚地知道有一个完整的一天供我使用，没有任何间断。我可以写上几页东西，遛遛狗儿，读读书，听听音乐，我充满了幸福。
只有当我疲惫不堪，长时间不间断地工作，或者一时间感到空虚而需要充实自己的时候，我就感到孤独。当我刚从外地讲学回到家中，或者当我见过了很多人而且说了许多话，满脑子纷乱的思绪需要梳理时，这时我也会感到孤独。
一段时间内，我觉得屋子既空又大，也不知道“我自身”藏在了什么地方。只好通过浇浇花，也许再看看花草，把它们一棵一棵地当人一样地看看，来慢慢地找回自我。
这需要一段时间。当我看着喷泉激起的水花时，这个时刻便来到了：周围的世界慢慢地消失，自我再次从潜意识里涌出，带回到我刚才经历过的一切，让我探究、让我领悟。
【2005年8级测试英译汉】
It is simple enough to say that since books have classes —fiction, biography, poetry —we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us1.Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices2. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author: try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice3. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read4. But if you open your mind as widely as possible5, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this6, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.
【概述】
这是论述怎样读书的散文中的第一段话（全文见Unit 2的范例欣赏How Should One
Read A Book?），作者是英国著名现代女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫（1882——1941），她的主要作品有《达罗卫夫人》、《到灯塔去》、《海浪》等长篇小说，以描写意识流见长。该文开宗明义谈如何读书，实际上兼有文学评论的性质。全文用词朴素、行文流畅，而内涵丰富、意味深长。翻译时，需仔细品味原文的含义，明白无误地表达出作者的意思与风格。所采用的翻译方法有：省略法、词类转译法、分译法、增词法等。
【翻译要点评析】
1.It is simple enough to say……each should give us: 该句中It 是指代to say + that 所引导的宾语从句。可采用分译法翻译此句，先将宾语从句译成一个独立句，再将主句译成一个独立句：“这话说来很简单。”
2. Most commonly……our own prejudices: come to books 应理解为“着手阅读”或“捧起书本”。Blurred and divided minds 可译为“模糊而又杂乱的想法”。另外，在翻译asking for 后面所跟的从句时，可省略代词it。此句中it 后均用shall, 表示说话人的意图，意为“必须”。
3. Do not dictate……Be his fellow-worker and accomplice: 这两句的意思层层递进，如果合译成一句，效果更好。第二句中的两个名词转译成动词。而accomplice 本意指“同谋”或“帮凶”，具有贬义，这里应选择褒义词来表达其意，可译为“共同创作”。
4. from what you read: 该短句不必按字面意思翻译，可引申为“从书中”。
5. open your mind as widely as possible: 此处可在翻译时适当增词，用两个词组来表达其意：“敞开心扉，虚怀若谷”，这样后一个词更进一步说明“敞开心扉”后的境界。
6. Steep yourself in this……with this: 这是两个并列祈使句，表示一种条件。翻译时可采用合句法译为一个单句并省略掉第一部分的指示代词this, “钻进去熟悉它“。
【参考译文】
既然书有小说、传记、诗歌之分，我们就应把它们分类，从各类书中汲取其应该给予我们的营养。这话说来很简单。然而很少有人要求从书籍中得到它们所能提供的养分。我们总是三心二意地带着模糊的观念去看书，要求小说必须真实，要求诗歌必须虚构，要求传记阿谀逢迎，要求史书能加强自己的偏见。读书时如能抛开这些先入之见，便是极好的开端。不要对作者指手划脚，而要尽力与作者融为一体，共同构思，共同创作。如果你不参与，不投入，而且一开始就百般挑剔，那你就无缘从书中获得最大益处。你若敞开心扉，虚怀若谷，那么书中精细入微的寓意和暗示便会把你从开头那些山回水转般的句子中带出来，走到一个独特的人物面前。钻进去熟悉它，你很快就会发现，作者展示给你的或想要展示给你的是一些比原先要明确得多的东西。
汉译英部分
——1998—2003年英语专业8级统考题中汉译英试题评析
【1998年8级测试汉译英】
1997年2月24日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3点了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只见四周峰峦叠翠，湖面波光粼粼。望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊，我想了许多，许多……
这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛1。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想2。在世纪之交的伟大时代，
我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成3。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台4。跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题5。
日月潭水波不兴，仿佛与我一同在思索……
【概述】
这段文字是一篇赴台访问记的节选，文中夹叙夹议，用词讲究，文笔优美。翻译时有三大难点，一是文中的几个复杂的长句，如第二句长达75字，而且里面包含转折、并列等多种关系。二是我们习以为常的很多说法如“铭刻着……印记”，“推到历史前台”等要翻译好也不容易。三是这段文字涉及祖国统一的主题，笔下饱含感情，充满了对祖国统一的期望和对台湾同胞的深厚情意，所以翻译时措辞很关键。
【翻译要点评析】
1．第一句的前半部分属于汉语无主句，在翻译成英文时需要增添主语，因为汉语是主题显著的语言，而英语是主语显著的语言。汉语句子建构在意念主轴(thought-pivot)上，句子强调的是意义，而不是结构。英语句子建构在形式（或主谓）主轴(form-pivot)上，强调句子结构的完整和严密,绝大多数英语句子需要主语和谓语。
该句可分为两层意思，从句首到“交了新知”属第一层意思，翻译时可补充主语we,译成We visited many places … ,或者以“访问交流”作主语译成The visit enabled us to see many places…。
该句的第二层意思很明确，翻译时也可有不同的处理方法，或者用“大家”作主语，译作People gather together and take …as an important topic of their talk，或者用“重要话题”作主语译成an important topic of discussion was …。笔者更倾向于后一种译法，这样更能突出“重要话题”。
“行程匆匆”意思应该是日程安排得很紧，走马观花似的在台湾参观访问，根据这个理解，可译成tight schedule;当然也可以说本次访问brief and cursory。
“谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛”，这个句子首先要理解正确，即如何使中华民族在21世纪繁荣昌盛，how to make China powerful and prosperous in the 21st century,而不是Chinese people’s powerful and strong future in the 21st century。
2. “虽然祖国大陆……振兴中华民族的共同理想” 是原文的第二个长句, 共有75字, 在“虽然……但是……”这个复合句中又包含几个并列句，翻译时要理清头绪，分清主次。
“铭刻着……的印记”是汉语中常见的比喻，与“打上……的烙印”同义。所幸的是英语中imprint也有相同的比喻，意思是(fig) fix something in sb’s mind (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary)。Collins COBUILD Dictionary对这个词的解释是If something leaves an imprint on a place or on your mind, it has a strong and lasting effect on it。
“振兴（中华）”这个词经常出现在政论文章中，见诸报刊杂志，早已有了被大家广泛接受的译法，即rejuvenate 或revitalize, 名词形式分别是rejuvenation 和revitalization。
3. 第三句也有几层意思, 熟主熟次必须分清。该句主要成分应该是“海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成，”因此可以将“我们的祖国正在走向繁荣昌盛”处理成一个状语从句，增加连接词as，这样整个句子也就主次分明了，符合英语“葡萄串型”或“多枝共干型”的结构。
该句的关键是“统一”这个词的译法，牵扯到政治问题，应庄严对待。众所周知，台湾自古以来就是中国的一部分，只是由于历史原因才造成今天“孤悬海外”的情况，所以这里的“统一”只能是reunification。类似的涉及国家政治外交政策的文章翻译时必须注意词汇
的政治含义，正如著名毛选翻译家程镇球所说的那样“政治文章的翻译要讲政治”。八级考试这段文字虽不是严格意义上的政治文章，但每当出现与政治相关的语句时，一定要慎重选词。
4．第四句的结构很简单，但是“历史前台”这个说法怎么译? Forefront 比较恰当，意思是the most forward or important position or place。
5．最后一句中的“姿态” 不宜从字面理解和翻译，引申的含义是“态度”，attitude, “充满希望”不宜译成replete with hopes，因为replete with hopes意思是well-fed or full; well stocked or supplied，与“充满希望”的意思相去甚远，不如译成a new century of hope，既简洁又准确。
【参考译文】
When we stayed in Taiwan for an exchange program, despite the tight schedule, we visited many places, meeting old friends and make new ones. At every get-together, one important topic was how to make China powerful and prosperous in the 21st century. Though young people on the mainland and in Taiwan live in different social environments and have varied life experiences, their hearts are all imprinted with the fine tradition of the Chinese culture and they cherish the same ideal of rejuvenating the Chinese nation. The turn of the century has ushered in a great epoch during which our motherland is becoming stronger and more prosperous day by day. The people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits will strengthen exchanges and work together to bring about an earlier reunification of their motherland. The precious opportunities and tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the forefront of history. What attitude should be adopted by the cross-century younger generation to meet the new century of hope? This is a question that demands our answer.
（译文参考了常青藤英语考试研究组的《英语专业八级翻译指南》）
【1999年8级测试汉译英】
加拿大的温哥华1986年刚刚度过百岁生日，但城市的发展令世界瞩目。以港立市，以港兴市，是许多港口城市生存发展的道路。经过百年开发建设，有着天然不冻良港的温哥华，成为举世闻名的港口城市，同亚洲、大洋洲、欧洲、拉丁美洲均有定期班轮，年货物吞吐量达到8，000万吨，全市就业人口中有三分之一从事贸易与运输行业。
温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献1。加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万2。吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策3。可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已4。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市5。现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人6。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用7。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地8。
【概述】
这段文字是对加拿大著名港口城市温哥华的简要介绍，语言清晰流畅，理解起来并不困难，除了“辉煌”、“结晶”等少数词汇外，翻译时在措辞上也不存在太多问题。但是原文少数句子与句子之间、句子内部各成分之间的逻辑关系和语义关系不是很明确，译成汉语时应根据译入语的表达习惯灵活转换。汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)，英语语法呈外显性
(overtness)；汉语重意合，英语重形合，因此英语句子中外在的形式连接手段很多，连词的使用也远远多于汉语，这一点对本文的翻译尤为重要。
【翻译要点评析】
1.第一句中的“辉煌”一词在时下可汉语中很常见，多用作形容词，如“辉煌的成就”brilliant achievement、“战果辉煌”brilliant military victory等。但现在这个词也越来越多地用作名词，如“走向辉煌”、“未来的辉煌”等等。从原文的整体出发，“温哥华的辉煌”可以理解为“温哥华的繁荣”，the prosperity of Vancouver。
“其中包括多民族的贡献”一句中“民族”不可理解为汉语中常说的“少数民族”（national minorities）。加拿大是个移民国家，温哥华也是个移民城市，其居民来自世界各地，属于不同的“族裔”，因此应译作ethnic groups。
“温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献”这个句子在汉语上是讲得过去的，但是如果照字面翻译成“The glory of Vancouver is the result of the wisdom and diligence of the people of Vancouver, including the contributions of many ethnic groups.” 就不符合逻辑。可以转换成定语从句，作插入语。
该句中的另一个难点是“……是……的结晶”这种比喻的译法。其实无独有偶，英文中也有同样的比喻，如crystallization of wisdom 智慧的结晶(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary)，不妨信手拈来。
2．第二句三个分句，却有三个不同的主语，看似三个并列句，实际上第二、第三部分是对第一部分的解释或证明。译成英文时应该确定主语，并决定把哪些信息放在主句中。其余则可灵活处理，安排在从句、独立结构等次要位置，Canada is a large but sparsely populated country, with a territory larger than that of China but a population of less than 30 million。有人使用boast 一词来翻译该句Canada boasts of a large territory and a small population 不太妥当，因为boast的意思是to possess with pride 骄傲地拥有。“地大”值得骄傲，“人稀”似乎并不是值得骄傲的地方。
3．第三句中的“外来移民”不宜按字面译为overseas immigrants 或foreign immigrants，因为immigrants 这个词本身的意思就是person who has come to live in a foreign country。“长期奉行的国策”也有一个较固定的说法pursue the national policy of ….
4．该句需要进行句型转换，决定谁主谁从，使译文的句子结构主次分明，同时也将原文的逻辑关系表示出来。可以将“除了印第安人外”转换成一个介词短语作插入语，把“不同的只是时间长短而已”转换成一个非限定性定语从句who differ from each other only in how long they have lived in the country。也可使用分译法，一句译成两句It is correct to say that all Canadians are immigrants except the native Indians. They differ only in how long they have lived in the country。
5.“屈指可数”极言数量之少，可用one of the few. “多民族城市”中的“多民族”是multinational或multi-ethnic。
6. “亚洲人”根据上下文应理解为“亚裔人”，people of Asian origin, 或people who come from Asia。能仅仅译成Asians。同样下句中的“华人”也可指’“加籍华人”，严格讲是生活在温哥华的华人，可译为Chinese Canadians in Vancouver。
7. “经济转型”是近年来常在我国报刊杂志上出现的词，因为我国正处在经济转型期，其英文是economic transformation。“对……起决定性作用”，可借用play a decisive role, 是固定说法。
8．最后一句的翻译也有两种处理方法，一种是拆译法，将一句分成两句来译。另一种方法是将前一部分确定为主句，后一部分转换成一个伴随成分。第二种译法更符合英文的表达习惯。此外，“温哥华地区”中的“地区”不是行政区划的prefecture, 而是一个地理概念，
指的是“温哥华市及其周边地区”，所以可译为the Vancouver area.
【参考译文】
The prosperity of Vancouver, to which many ethnic groups have contributed, is the crystallization of its people’s wisdom and industriousness. Canada, a sparsely po pulated big country, has a territory larger than that of China, but only a population of less than 30 million. Admitting immigrants has therefore become the long-term national policy pursued by Canada. It is safe to say that the Canadians, aside from the Indians, are all immigrants, who differ from each other only in how long they have lived in the country. Vancouver is one of the few multinational cities in the world. Among the 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half were born outside the country, and of every four residents one comes from Asia. The 250 thousand Chinese immigrants have played a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver. Half of them have come to the Vancouver area within the past five years, turning it into the largest Chinese settlement outside of Asia.
【2000年8级测试汉译英】
中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。
世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史1。第二代属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性成果2。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者3。
世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆4。在这里，观众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心观察5。这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙6。
中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆！它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。【概述】
这是一段对中国科技馆的介绍性文字，语言比较朴素，条理清楚，句子结构都比较简单，没有太多费解的地方。尽管如此，翻译起来还是有一定难度。如何断句，如何选词是颇值得考虑的。
【翻译要点评析】
1．第一句由两个并列的成分组成，后半部分是前半部分的补充和解释。翻译时也有两种处理方式。一是果断断句，将原句一分为二，第二句增添主语They，译作The world’s first generation museums are museums of natural history. They introduce to the people with fossils and specimens the evolution of the Earth and various organisms on it. 第二种方法是将后半部分转换成定语从句，The first generation museums in the world are those of natural history, which, by means of fossils and specimens，introduce to the people the evolution of the Earth and various organisms. 后一种译文结构更复杂，但也很连贯，是地道的英文。句中的“属于”并不表示“被拥有”，belong to, 实际上就是“是”的意思。见到“通过”并不一定非译成through, 此处就可译作by means of, 或者with.
2. 第二句的结构与第一句相同，译文也可如法炮制。此句的难点在“阶段性成果”的翻译。这是汉语中比较流行的说法，如果不能确定英文中是否有现成的说法，则可采用“解
释”法：fruits of industrialization at various stages.
3. 第三句是一个“虽然……但是……”结构，清晰明了，应注意的是如何表达。“传播科学知识”中的“传播”一词可译作disseminate, 从语义和文体两方面来说均比较恰当。“科学知识”是一个偏正词组，应为scientific knowledge。“科学技术”则是个并列词组，science and technology。“把参观者当成了被动的旁观者”，这部分是指建造设计博物馆的人在设计理念上仅仅把参观者当成“观看者”、“观众”。可采用拟人手法翻译They (the museums) regarded /treated visitors merely as passive viewers。也可以用一个定语从句来说明这样的博物馆是怎样的地方“are in fact places where visitors become passive spectators。
4．第四句中“充满全新理念”翻译起来比较棘手。“充满”如译作full of, replete with, 一则容易引起误解，二则会使译文费解。因为不清楚Museums are full of new concepts 能否讲得通，是不是有word-for-word translation的嫌疑，不如根据上下文，发挥译者作为编辑和解释者的作用，同时发挥译文优势，灵活处理原文，将原文中的真正意义体现出来，译成designed with new concepts，因为第三代博物馆的独特之处就在于它们的设计理念的创新上。
5．该句中的两个以“自己”开头的句子结构对称，强调了在第三代博物馆里参观者本身的主动地位，“自己动手”、“自己观察”。因此译成英文也最好选择对偶句，结构匀称，读起来音调和谐，琅琅上口，visitors can operate with their own hands and observe with their own eyes。
6.最后一句重复了“科学技术”一词。这种重复是符合汉语表达习惯的，但是译成英文这样的重复却不好，因为从修辞学角度讲，英文的一个原则就是avoid repetition。在译文中可使用“语态转换法”，将原文的主动语态译成被动语态，They are brought closer/nearer to science and technology。既避免了重复“科学技术”这个词，又更加符合逻辑，因为正是设计者的全新理论使参观者更贴近先进的科学技术。
【参考译文】
The first-generation museums in the world are those of natural history, which, by means of fossils and specimens，introduce the evolution of the Earth and various organisms. The second-generation museums are those of industrial technologies. They demonstrate the fruits of industrialization at various stages. Although they have played a role in disseminating scientific knowledge, museums of the first generations are in fact places where visitors become passive spectators.
The third-generation museums in the world are those designed with new concepts. In such museums, visitors can operate with their own hands and observe with their own eyes. In this way, they are brought closer to advanced science and technology, and offered more opportunities to explore the mysteries.
【2001年8级测试汉译英】
乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓1，他说，“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的2，好环境便会给人好心情3。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园4，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所5。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动6，有益于身心健康7。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段8：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣
9，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息10。”
【概述】
本文原文相对简单，不会造成理解问题。要注意的是在英文表达时，充分认识到英语词汇的多义性，对词义理解透彻，选用恰当的词汇。另外要注意的一点是语体类别。本文属书面语言，应当尽量选用相应的英文书面词汇和表达方式。在这一点上，译文１要比译文２得体的多，试比较。
【翻译要点评析】
1.“晚年”，可简单地翻译为“old age”，或者具体一点“one’s later/remaining years”，或
者形象一点“twilight years; closing years”。“喜爱”，较简单口语点就是“like; love; be fond o f; be keen on”，较复杂书面点就是“have a fancy for; have an inclination for”,但是这些表达方式都只是描述了一种状态，是静止的，此处从上下文看，应该是“喜欢上了”的意思，是动态的，用“become fond of; take to; develop a fondness for”等较好。“在……
垂钓”为“angle/troll…for fish”;“去垂钓”则为“go fishing/angling”。
2.此处的“说”和“有”是两个汉语中的高频词，这种词语最容易翻可也最不容易翻好，
比如“（断然地）说”就是“assert”；“（揭露地）说”就是“disclose”；“（幸运地）享有”
为“be blessed with”；“（骄傲地）拥有”则为“boast”。要翻译好这种词，一要注意平时积累丰富的同义词、近义词词汇，二是要注意在自己翻译或看别人译文时注意揣摩。
“好”也是个高频词，此处不再赘述。“环境”，一般翻译为“environment; surroundings;
circumstances; ambience”，“circumstances”侧重处境、状况，“ambience”侧重氛围，都不适合。可用“environment; surroundings”，两词都可指自然周边环境。
3.“心情”一般翻译为“mood; frame/state of mind”, 间或还可以用“heart; spirit”。心情
欢畅愉快则为“be in a happy mood; be in a cheerful frame of mind；be in high spirits; have
a light heart”。也可以简单的译为“be filled with joy”。
4.“comfortable，cozy，snug，restful”，都含有“舒适的”，“舒服的”意思。“comfortable”
为常用词，多含“（使身体）舒适的”、“安逸的”之意，“cosy”主要指“温暖而舒适的”、“安逸的”，含“带热情或友情，使之舒适而满足的”意思，“snug”指“地方虽不大，但舒适而安全的”，“restful”指“宁静的”、“（使感到）平静的”，惟有
“comfortable”还勉强可用。因为此处“舒适的”指该场所给人以安乐舒服的感觉。“园”
指庭园，供人憩息、游乐或观赏的地方，为“place for public recreation”。译为“man-made fish-pond”,与下文“an enchanting place in the wild”形成对比，而译为“commercial fishing centers”，则结合了准备饿鱼之说，也不为过，两者皆可用。
5.“大自然“一般为“nature”,强调其中诸因素时则用“the elements”;“野外”为“open country;
field; outdoors”。“open country”强调野外空旷的地区；“outdoors”强调室外；“field”强调田野。“大自然野外天成的场所”，结合上下文看，实指天然形成、远离人类、未受人工破坏的地方，这样，翻译为“naturally-formed places in the wilderness”就非常恰当了。
6.“athletics，calisthenics”侧重体育运动；“exercise”指训练、锻炼；此处运动指钓鱼，
一种休闲活动它们都不合适。再看“sport”除指运动之外，还可指“an active pastime;
recreation”，而“game”也指“an activity providing entertainment or amusement; a pastime”，都可选。“陶冶”比喻对人的性格和思想进行培养，可用“mould;cultivate;exert a favorable influence on sb.”。“性情”指人的禀性和气质，可用“disposition; temper;
temperament”。
7.“身心”一般翻译为“body and mind”,而“身心健康”则指健康的身体和愉快正常的
心态，一般翻译为“sound in body and mind”，“physically and mentally healthy”，或者“physical and intellectual integrity”。可以结合上下文酌情使用。
8.“分”可用“divide; separate; classify; grade; fall into”。其中“separate”指分开不致混乱；
“classify”指按类别分；“grade”指分级、等、类；“divide”指整体分为部分；“fall into”
意思是可分为，此处应该用“divide; fall into”。“阶段”可用“stage; phase; period”。“stage”
指发展的进程, 阶段或时期；“phase”指有明显特点的发展阶段；而“period”指时期、时代。此处可用“stage；phase”。
9.“…可分…阶段：第一阶段是…；第二阶段是…；第三阶段主要是…”。可以利用省略结
构让表达更为简洁，避免重复。比如“…falls into…stages: the first for…; the second …; and the third ….”另外，此处“情趣”“钓趣”都指的是通过钓鱼而获得的一种乐趣、快乐，宜翻译为“the pleasure of fishing”。
10.“一池”作为量词可翻译也可省略。“碧”指青绿色，英文为“blue; bluish green; green;
azure”。“碧水”不论翻译为blue water; green water都可，如引申一步，翻译为clear water 也未尝不可。
【参考译文1】
In his later years (Late in his life), Qiao Yu has become enamored of fishing (developed a penchant / special fondness for fishing). He asserts: “ Mostly speaking, a place with water and fish must necessarily be blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. I believe that the optimum fishing places are not those commercial fishing centers which provide the fishermen with all the conveniences and where fish are kept hungry for ready capture, but those naturally-formed places in the wilderness which exert a special appeal.” According to him, fishing can const itute an activity conducive to the cultivation of one’s temperament and to one’s health, at once physical and psychological. Qiao Y u claims: “Fishing can be divided into three stages. The first stage consists of mere fish-eating; the second a combination of fish-eating and the pleasure (enjoyment) of fishing; the third primarily the pleasure of fishing when, confronted with a pond of clear water, one puts aside all his troubling vexations and annoyances and enjoys the total relaxation both mentally and phys ically.”
【参考译文2】
Qiao Yu took to fishing in his old age. He said: “Where there is fish and water, there is good environment, and good environment fills one’s heart with joy. I think the best place for fishing is not a comfortable man-made fish-pond where hungry fish are ready for you, but an enchanting place in the wild where everything is natural.” Fishing is a game that can help improve one’s temperament. It is good for mental and bodily health. Qiao Yu said: “Fishing falls into three stages. The first stage is just for eating fish. The second stage is for enjoying the pleasure of fishing as well as eating fish. The third stage is mainly for the pleasure of fishing-----facing a pool of green water, one casts aside all anxieties and worries and enjoys a good rest, both mental and physical.
【2002年8级测试汉译英】
大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等1。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深的依赖着2。尤其在乡间，上千年以来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄3，酿酒和饮酒4，喂牛和挤奶5，锄草和栽花6；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜7，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞、和唱歌8；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园9。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来10。
【概述】
本文的理解基本上不构成问题。表达时，要注意恰当的断句、恰当的使用关联词，以及恰当的使用平行结构。比如第一句和第二句是因果关系，应该合二为一。第三句有7个分句，原样照译会造成相当大的困难，容易失误，并且毫无必要，可以按照其内在逻辑和表达需要分为三句来译。同时，在众多同义词、近义词中选择恰当的词汇仍然是一大考察重点，请注意琢磨下面评析要点。。
【翻译要点评析】
1.“恩赐”即恩惠，一般可用“favor; kindness; grace; bounty”来表达，其中“favor”指
“仁慈的、恩惠的行为”；“kindness”指“仁慈的行动；友好的行为”；“grace”指“怜悯、仁慈、无义务而给予的恩典，常是自上至下的”，用在此处都不妥当。只有“bounty”指“liberality in giving,慷慨好施”或者“施与物”,可用。“无论贫富”可用“poor or rich”；“whether they are poor or rich”或者“no matter they are poor or rich”,后两者都不够简洁，选“poor or rich”。
2.“全都一致”为同义反复，这是汉语为了加强语气而采取的一种同义词叠加使用的情况，
相比之下这种同义反复的搭配在英语中是不能被接受的。切忌翻译为“People all unanimously…”；“All the people unanimously… ”；或“Everybody unanimously…”。
“依赖”一般理解为依靠，“rely on; depend on; lean on”，此处也可用。不过此处“依赖”的深层意思是“附着、从属”，如翻译为“attach to”更佳。
3.“种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花”这几个短语基本呈平行结
构，无主次之分，其隐含主语一致，都是人们（他们），除第一个短语为带双宾语的动宾短语外，其他三个都是由两个动宾短语构成的联合短语。翻译时要从整体把握，用平行结构，如一致用动宾结构：“They plant crops and grapevines, brew and drink wine, feed and milk cows, weed the gardens and grow flowers”，或者用“They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers”，因为后三个短语中的前后俩个短语之间有一种目的关系。此处的“葡萄”也不应该是水果“grape”,而应是果树“grapevine”。
4.“酿酒和饮酒”中的“酒”在英语中可以有很多选择：alcohol, wine, liquor, spirits, beer,
whisky等，其中“alcohol; liquor; spirits”都指烈酒，“beer”指啤酒，“whisky”是威士忌，都不可用，只能用泛指的“wine”。另外，此处酿酒是为了饮酒，用词应该一致，不能为了避免重复而换词。可以使用及物动词，但统一宾语，比如：brew and drink wine；
或者使用不及物动词：brew and drink。为与邻近的结构取得平行效果，可选择“brew and drink wine”或者“brew wine to drink”。
5.“喂牛和挤奶”中的“牛”在英语中有以下一些选择：cattle(牛的总称)，bull（公牛），
cow（母牛），calf（牛犊），ox（牛的统称或公牛、阉牛），bullock（阉牛），buffalo （水牛）。从上下文看，此处的牛应该是母牛“cow”，切忌混淆概念，贻笑大方。正确的译法是使用及物动词：feed cattle and milk cows, feed cows and milk them, feed and milk cows, feed cows for milk；或者使用不及物动词译“挤奶”：feed cattle and milk。
为与邻近的结构取得平行效果，可选择“feed and milk cows”或者“feed cows for milk”。
6.“草”一般译为“grass”，但“锄草和栽花”中的“草”却指的是“杂草，野草”，
即“weed”。“锄草”有多种译法：按字面直译：eradicate /remove, uproot/hoe up weed；
意译：hoe the garden, weed the graden, weed。为与邻近的结构取得平行效果，可选择weed (the garden) and plant flowers, weed (the garden)to plant flowers等。
7.“去教堂祈祷和做礼拜”，有三种译法“go to church”；“go to the church to pray and
worship”；或“pray and worship in the church”。因为go/attend to church本身就是“去（教堂）做礼拜、祈祷”的意思，所以如果照字面直译为“go to church to pray and worship”
就造成了不必要的重复，另外两种译法可用，其中又以“go to church”最为简洁明了。
8.“拉琴”中的“琴”既然在广场上拉就有可能是轻巧的violin(小提琴)或者accordion(手
风琴)，不大可能是笨重的piano（钢琴）或organ（风琴）。就搭配来说，英语中“演
奏乐器”在“乐器”前要加定冠词“the”，千万不能漏掉。“到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌”，就可翻译为“they meet in the square on holidays, singing and dancing”。
9.“往日的”一般译为介词短语“in former days; in bygone days; in the past”,是“过去的”
意思。此处不宜使用。此处“往日”与“今日”构成对照，其意即为“这片古老的土地现在仍旧是”，翻译为“The age-old land remains the same as”。“温馨的家园”中的“温馨”不能译成warm and fragrant(home)，应改为warm and comfortable, 或者用warm一词即可。使用cozy也可以，cozy包括了comfortable and warm。其实英语中有一个词能表达“温馨的家园”，那就是hearth，它本指壁炉前的地面，但后来引申指家庭生活、家，侧重家的温暖舒适。
10.“传说”一般翻译为“legend; saga; tale; story”，其中“story”是个泛指词，可用。“legend”
一般指古代流传下来的未经证实的故事；“saga”指中世纪北欧传说或英雄传奇；“tale”
指对真实的或想象中的事件的讲述、故事，都不太恰当。此处的传说指的应该是民间传说，即“folktale”或者“folklore”。“衍传”即“流传下来”。“spread; circulate”都有流传的意思，可是只有“hand down；go down”才有流传下来的意思，可在两者中酌情选一。
【参考译文】
The bounty of nature is equal to everyone, rich or poor, and therefore all men are strongly attached to her. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they meet in the square on holidays, singing and dancing. The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth. Each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go on.
【2003年8级测试汉译英】
得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道1，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里2，我顿感打入冷宫3，十分郁郁不得志起来4。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放5，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢6。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华7，自己的哥姐、堂表弟兄8，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋9。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头10，禁不住痛哭起来。
【概述】
本文中有相当多的四字词组，比如“横行霸道、打入冷宫、百花怒放、宾客云集、笑语四溢、大千世界”，其中一部分带有鲜明的中国文化特色，对它们的翻译构成了第一个难点，请参看翻译要点评析。另外，本文由四句构成，可每一句都包含至少四个分层，如何正确的组句构成了第二个难点，请注意对比原文与参考译文，看连接方式。
【翻译要点评析】
1.“横行霸道”在英语中有着许多表达方式，比如：run amuck, like a tyrant, run wild, lord
it over, gangsterism, gun law, play the bully, acting like an overlord。它们主要与以下喻体
有关：lord（统治者，君主，贵族），tyrant（暴君），gangster（歹徒，匪徒），bully （恃强凌弱）。根据上下文，（我）“在家中横行霸道”，用lord，tyrant，gangster 等的比喻不合适，用bully的比喻合适，比如play the bully at home，还可以用run wild （变野蛮，放肆起来），用run amuck就太过分了，原文中的“我”还没有到“要杀人”
的程度。
2.“隔离”一般翻译为“isolate; segregate”，“隔离病人”为“isolate the patient”；“隔离审
查”为“take sb. into custody and put him under investigation”；“种族隔离”为“racial segregation”。此处“我”生病隔离，选“isolate”。“拘禁”字面意思是“take into custody;
put under arrest; imprison; put in jail”。此处父母并不是真的“囚禁”了我，用“拘禁”
二字只是表明了作者当时那种委屈的心情，事实上应该是“局限在、关在”的意思，应译为“be confined to; be kept in”。
3.“打入冷宫”中的“冷宫”：戏曲、旧小说中指君主安置失宠的后妃的地方，现在比喻
存放不用的东西的地方。在此，“打入冷宫”指失宠（fall into disfavor），或受冷遇（to be in disfavor），可以意译为“loss of favour，out of favor，in disfavor，fall into disgrace，be neglected”等。切忌照字面翻译为“cold palace”，或者罗里罗嗦的用“拼音+加注”
的方法来翻译，或者按汉语思维方式用比喻译为“like a deserted wife”等。
4.“郁郁不得志”中的“郁郁”形容忧伤苦闷，“不得志”指失意、失落，可以翻译为
“be in dismay; be in a dismal mood; be in low spirits; feel sad and gloomy; feel depressed;
become melancholy”等。
5.“百花怒放”中的“怒”字切忌照字面翻译为愤怒，比如“a hundred of flowers
angrily(infuriately, violently)opened”。“怒放”指（花朵）盛开，有时也用来形容心情非常高兴或愉快，比如心花怒放，此处指盛开，可翻译为“in full bloom”。“百花怒放”作为成语可翻译为“Hundreds of flowers are blooming in profusion.”。
6.“宾客云集”、“宾客如云”、“宾客盈门”都形容来客很多，如聚积的云层，如同充
满了家门，切忌依照汉语思维，照字面翻译为“The guests gathered like cloud”，翻译出“多”的意思就可以了。“笑语四溢”中的“笑语”指谈笑、玩笑的话（cheerful talk）；
“四溢”指四散飘溢（waft），因此，“笑语四溢”可翻译为“Their cheerful talks wafted through in the air.”。
7.“大千世界”原为佛教用语，世界的千倍叫小千世界，小千世界的千倍叫中千世界，中
千世界的千倍叫大千世界。后来用来指广阔无边的世界。“大千世界”的字面义在英语中没有对应的，其比喻是可译的。“大千世界”的译文必须考虑与上下文中“（我在山坡的）小屋（里）”的“小屋”对比关系，即“大千”与“小屋”的对比关系。试译如下：In my little house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters, and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation。
8.原文中“哥姐”、“堂表弟兄”要传达的信息与性别、长幼、父方还有母方等语义成分
不大，原文的意图是作者等将“同辈亲属”的“喜气洋洋”与自己“郁郁不得志”之间的对比。原文的意图决定了译文的选择。因此，“哥姐”在这里译成“elder brothers and sisters”，“堂表弟兄”译成“cousins”反而在语用上得体。
9.“穿插其间”不能照字面翻译为“penetrate and insert in it”。它的一般译法“alternate; do
in turn; interweave; episode”显然也不合适。此处，“穿插其间”指（我的哥姐等）在宾客中间走过来、跑过去，根据上下文它强调的应该是他们在宾客中间而“我”不在，被，所以用一个介词“among”足以。
10.汉语中表示情感的量词，主要用“股”和“阵”，英语中有相应的表达，例如：a cloud
of grief(suspicion), a fit(flood, gush, storm, thrill, wave) of anger。“一阵……悲愤”的“一阵”可以在其中选择。可是大多数时候，一套、一阵、一片等数量词语只是用来帮助形成四字词组而已，翻译时完全可以省略。比如：（1）你知道他们的那一套说法。You know their argument。（2）房间里爆发出一阵大笑。The room exploded with laughter。（3）观众中响起一片掌声。Spectators break into applause。因此，原文中“一阵……悲愤”
的“一阵”也可以省略不译。
【参考译文】
Before I was taken ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of a garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavor and my wings clipped. One spring evening, with myriads of flowers in full bloom in the garden, my parents held a garden party in honor of many guests, whose arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats. In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation. All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears.
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2005年-2016年考研英语一翻译真题汇总
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2016年专八翻译题及答案详解 “流逝”表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。子在川上曰：“逝者如斯夫。”他们发现无论是潺潺小溪，还是浩荡大河，都一去不复返，流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄，很自然有错阴的紧迫感。流逝也许是缓慢的，但无论如何缓慢，对流逝的恐惧使人们必须用“流逝”这个词来时时警戒后人，必须急匆匆地行动，给这个词灌注一种紧张感。 【参考译文1】 They have found that the flowing water,either a murmuring stream or a mighty river, passes quickly and never returns. With the passage of time, the young become the old and the green grass turns yellow. People naturallyhave a sense of urgency to value every bit of time. As time goes by,no matter how slowly it elapses, people always use the word “liushi” to warn thelater generations for fear of time’s flowing away. They tell their descendants to treasure every single minute and make a hurried action, which adds a sense of tension to the word. 【参考译文2】 They find that either a murmuring stream or a mighty river has gone forever and that the passage of time turns a young man into an old one, and yellows of the grass, which sends a massage of how time flies. Maybe the passing of time is slow. But no matter how slow it is, it makes people so fearful that they use “passage” to warn the later generations to rush. And the use of “passage” also infuses a sense of tension into the word. 【参考译文3】
完整word版2000 2015年专八翻译真题与答案
2000年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文 中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。 世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里，观 众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆!它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。 参考译文The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduced to people the evolutionary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which presented the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different stages of industrialization. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums helped to disseminate / propagate / spread scientific knowledge, they nevertheless treated visitors merely as passive viewers. The third generation of museums in the world are those replete with / full of wholly novel concepts / notions / ideas. In those museums, visitors are allowed to operate the exhibits with their own hands, to observe and to experience carefully. By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people can probe into their secret mysteries. The China Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of such museums. It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those museums with international reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, those exhibits demonstrate scientific principles and present the most advanced scientific and technological achievements. 2001年英语专业八级考试--翻译部分参考译文 C-E 乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说，“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都
十年专八翻译真题附答案
2013汉译英 生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。Life is like a cup of wine；people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. 将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。Hold in the hand and gaze at it，the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood，which is the impress of life.抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste，the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life，which is complicated and blurred. 喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益。Once the sip is swallowed，the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind，leaving a person lifelong benefit. 红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好。There was a remarkable resemblance between life and wine：the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows，just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. 当人生走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 When life comes to twilight years，it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity，just like a bottle of wine to be savored. 英译汉 联合国代表大会，中心政治论坛，由193个成员国组成，几乎包括世界上所有国家，其中三分之二的国家为发展中国家，占世界总人口的四分之三。通过决议非常困难，尤其是所有惯例决出的协议必须达成一致才能通过。结果就是，重要的协议总是被狭隘的特殊利益所挟持，并且大部分协议都只是用来使自己的利益最大化。但真正的问题是世界上主要国.是否愿意看到民主最大限度地开展。联合国安理会，负责和平和安全，处理最重要的政治问题。安理会只有15个成员国，所以能经常性地应付危机。它曾一度由于冷战对立而停摆，但已经重新获得了联合国宪章给予的权利。 2012汉译英 痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。 Tortured by the pains gathering in her heart, she felt something was burning between her eyebrows. Her chest was brimmed with depression which was likely to run out of her throat at any moment. She could not think clearly any longer when the headmaster told her that the child suffered from developmental retardation. She strode up and down in the room where her child stayed with other pals. There was only one window in the room, out of which some shady trees were whispering. ―Just leave it here‖, she told herself, ―This is the best choice by far, for there are kind priests and nuns in this place which may also be renovated into a Medicare center‖. The chi ld was her secret which would be kept in the buildings behind the woods. 英译汉But such policies seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence. Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers(夜总会，就把等保安人员)（not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses）now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternity houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behavior their drinking. The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs. During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs. As fields are burned and contraband(违禁品) confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace. Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace. 然而上述政策反而引发了更多的校园暴力。一些大学生先前在夜总会的酒吧买醉，处于保安人员严密的监控之下(酒吧老板们为了保住自己卖酒的牌照也不会允许过激的事情发生)。现在，大学生们躲到他们互助会会所和公寓中酗酒,对自己饮酒的 数量或行为都不再控制。政府在打击非法毒品方面采取的措施同样适得其反。近年来,联邦政府已经有效地抑制了街头毒品买卖。警方捣毁了很多毒品种植地，没收了违禁品，导致毒品的价格暴涨，那些便宜的替代品因此也有了竞争力。糟糕的是，那些便宜的替换品带来的危害甚至比他们所替代的毒品更大。 2011：汉译英原文现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。而最让现代人感到尴尬的是，面对重重矛