经济词汇的英语翻译

经济词汇的英语翻译

来源：中国论文下载中心 [ 10-03-22 13:33:00 ] 作者：鲍明捷沈小燕编辑：studa20

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e77801845.html,/Translates/100322/13330060.html

【摘要】本文通过收集中国经济词汇的中式翻译材料,并对其进行相关的分析和研究,试图找出经济词汇中“中式英语”翻译倾向出现的主要原因及其表现形式,并提出克服“中式英语”的各种技巧。

【关键词】经济词汇中式英语英语翻译

中国经济的迅猛发展以及世界经济一体化进程的加快促使中国经济与世界经济的发展密不可分。不仅如此,中国经济的发展产生了许多具有中国国情和中国特色的经济词汇,这些词汇要么出自于中国的官方正式文件或专有名词,要么来源于人们现实经济活动中的约定成俗。作为对外宣传和对内交流的手段,这些经济词汇不可避免地会被翻译成英语,然而要保证翻译的准确性可接受性却并不是一件简单的工作。因为翻译是使用不同语言的人们互相沟通的纽带和桥梁,其本质是不同思维形式的转换,思维的方式决定着语言的表达形式。对于同一思维对象或内容的思维角度就不尽一致,从而在语言上采用不同的表达形式,因而不同民族在语言表达上存在着明显的差异。由于东西方两个民族思维方式和文化心理结构的不同以及英汉句子结构的差异和表达习惯的不同,在翻译过程中,很容易掉入“中式英语”的陷阱。《译学辞典》曾对“中式英语”作出如下解释:中式英语(Chinglish,它是由Chinese和English两词掐头去尾拼缀而成)指口头或书面表达的不地道的英语。曾在外专局工作多年的美国专家Joan Pinkham曾对中式英语下了一个比较全面的定义:“Chinglish,of course,is that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as …English with Chinese characteristics?”(所谓中式英语就是那种畸形的、混合的、既非英语又非汉语的语言文字,也可称其为“具有汉语特色的英语”)。中式英语的表达方法以及词汇的选择和搭配都是中国式的,它不符合英语的规律和习惯和思维方式;它是死译、硬译、字对字翻译的结果。因此,中式英语是不规范的,甚至是晦涩难懂的,更有可能令人产生误解。由此可见,透视经济词汇翻译中的Chinglish倾向,进行“中式英语”的分析与研究具有积极的意义。

一、经济词汇翻译的中式英语倾向的原因

造成这一问题的原因是多方面的,既有客观方面的原因,也有主观方面的原因,“信、达、雅”被封为是翻译的黄金标准,但在实践中要达到这个标准,却不是一件容易的事。

1、害怕出“政治差错”

经济类词汇大多首现在官方文件中,其翻译对忠实原文的要求就更为严格。一旦出现纰漏,后果严重,再加上“信、达、雅”的翻译标准“信”字当头,因此为了保险,译者认为直译比较保险,从而过于拘泥原文字句,机械地从字面上“对号入座”,因而译文常常迁就中文,易产生不符合英文词法句法的中式英语。

2、频繁出现带有中国特色的经济词汇

Joan Pinkham在她编写的《中式英语之鉴》(《The Translator?s Guide to Chinglish》)一书中,将中式英语称为English with Chinese characteristics (中文特色的英文)。中国的经济词汇在中国的具体运用过程中有可能使那些原产于西方国家的经济学术语的含义有所改变,从而更适合中国国情和反映中国的经济特色,更

不用提中国的经济词汇,除少数借用固定的经济术语外,大部分是中国所特有,无法从英文词典中找到现成的对应词,也就不会有现成的英译法,更容易产生中式英语。如中文有“摇钱树”之说,有些人就把它按照中文习惯把它译成“money tree”, 然而英语中也有“cash cow”(产现金的牛)的比喻。这二者虽然一个是“树”,一个是“牛”,但含义却是一样的,尽管在各自的语言中都十分地道,但是在对外翻译的过程中如果我们能译成后者会更地道。再如与数字结合的词组很多都是中国专有的,在英文里找不到相应的词组,即使深刻理解了原文,用通顺易懂的英文译出来,也未必理想。英语专家王弄笙在其《近年来汉英翻译中出现的一些新问题》中提议将“三条保障线”译作the system of three social security programs,既强调了数量的概念,the system又使三者浑然一体,还体现了社会保障的范畴,可谓言简意赅。

3、中英文本身的差别

英语要求句子结构紧凑、逻辑关系严密、层次分明、主谓关系密切,而中文(尤其是政府报告)句子偏长、句型结构单一,多用并列短句或并列谓语,“一逗到底”,连接成分使用不多,层次不太明显。

二、经济词汇翻译的中式英语的克服策略

1、翻译前了解相关经济领域的知识,熟练掌握同一概念的中英文表达法

比如要翻译“三角债”这一词汇,如果译者对于“三角债”的具体含义不清楚,根据字面意思直译成“triangle debts”,那就不太准确,因为很多情况下,三角债都不仅仅只牵涉到三方,这里的“三”是指“多”,所以不能与英文的triangle 对应,应根据实际情况译成“chain debts”更确切。因此,了解经济知识,在翻译过程中对翻译人员的语言理解力和翻译质量都有很大帮助。

2、掌握一些经济英语的翻译技巧

(1)要注意调整句子结构。要尽量吃透中文的精神,摆脱中文字面的束缚,从英语读者的角度出发,按照英语习惯,对句子进行重组。从东方民族重在综合思维形式,强调句子结构以动词为中心,以时间顺序为语序链,形成“流水型”的句式结构跳到西方民族重在分析的思维形式,这种思维形式直接表现于句子结构以主语和谓语为核心,统摄各种短语和从句形成了“树杈形”的句式结构。如“眼下,咱只盼着有关部门对…工薪族?们作一个详细的调查,对我们的收入心里有个数,别出来个咱累死也够不着的房价。”翻译成“Now, I am expecting the departments concerned to survey on us “the salaried”, so as to gain a clear understanding of our income and abandon such a high price we can?t afford even if we toil to death.”就是一个抛弃了“中式英语”,掌握了句子结构调整的较好的例子。

(2)增词或减词的灵活运用。由于英汉两种语言存在许多差异, 汉译英时为了使译文通顺而且更加忠实地表达原文的意思,往往需要增加一些原文中没有的词或者减少原文中一些不符合英语习惯的词。增词的情况表现为根据意义或修辞的需要增加表示时态意义的词,增加英语不及物动词隐含的宾语意义的词或是根据句法上的需要,增加原文句子中所省略的词。由于英语是主要借助语言手段(词汇、句型、语法等)来实现语言的连接。而汉语不是依靠语言手段,而是靠意义上的连贯来实现的。因此,汉语在转化成英语时,增减词法对于具有中国特色的经济类词语的准确翻译、帮助克服“中式英语”有百益而无一害。如“一次性筷子的用量猛增,不但加重了环境的负担,而且加速了森林的破坏。”就可以省略连词的方法达到如下比较标准的翻译:Booming use of throw-away chopsticks increases the burden of our environment and accelerates the destruction of woods.

(3)使用近义词或同义词灵活替换翻译材料中的重复词。在一份报告中“上

市”一词在同一段落里就出现三次处,但译者却根据具体情况巧妙地分别译成“go to the market”和“be listed”等。报告中还出现其他的“上市”,译者都根据上下文变换词汇、确定搭配,给出了不同的译文。如:“无氟冰箱一上市就领导了一场…环保革命?”就被灵活地翻译成Freon-free refrigerator leads an “environmental revolution” on its going to the market.众所周知,普通商品的“上市”可以说go to the market,但金融领域的“上市”,如公司、股票、证券等的上市却要用“be listed”。如上市公司:listed companies,上市证券:listed securities等。

(4)用代词代替、使用概括性名词和变换用词等手段替代重复指称。中文为了结构的平衡经常有重复的现象,而英语不喜欢重复,所以汉译英时要想方设法避免重复。现举用代词代替的例子:在“实现了千百年来围湖造田、与湖争地到大规模退田还湖的历史性转变。”这句话中我们可以很清楚地看到原文“湖”出现三次,“田”出现两次并且原文中“围湖造田”“与湖争地”属同意反复等中国特色的句型结构,在克服“中式英语”后译成“This represented a great shift from the centuries-long history of reclaiming farmland from lakes to restoring it to them on a large scale.”同样我们很容易观察到译文中lakes和farmland只出现一次,再次出现使用了代词it和them来代替。既避免了重复,又增加了连贯性。

(5)紧跟潮流,不断学习新出现的经济词汇和知识。举几个例子:Quickionary 扫描器字典,Telephovision 电视电话,Anot-for-profit group 非赢利集团,Megatrends Asia 《亚洲大趋势》,Quantum Fund 量子基金,Hedge Fund 对冲基金。一般说来,译者的综合素质越高,知识面越广,英语的造诣越深,越能跟上飞速发展的时代,其译文中的Chinglish就越少。

综上所述,尽管中国人用英语表达一些具有中国特色的经济词汇具有很大的难度,而且带有中文特色是在所难免的,但是如果我们能用好以上各种方法,就能达到既帮助克服中式英语,又提高译文质量,最终实现中国英语中的经济词汇在繁荣中国经济和跨交往中发挥更大作用的目的。

【参考文献】

[1] 方梦之:译学辞典[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.

[2] The Translators Guide to Chinglish, Pinkham 2000.

Summary: The rapid develepment of China`s economy and the financial globalisation has produced numerous economic vocabularies with Chinese characteristics which need to be translated into English as a propaganda approach. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and study the chinglish in the translation of economic vocabularies. Initially, the author gives a breakdown of the three main reasons of the frequent occurences of chinglish in translation:1.the relatively strict demand in loyalty to the original version. 2. the high frequency of expressions with Chinese charaxteristics. 3. the distinctive difference between Chinese and English. In terms of this problem, the author presents us with two different ways in tackling the chinglish: 1.understanding the economic background and the expression of both languages. 2. Mastering the translation techneques of economic English.

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常用专业术语翻译

1.素质教育：Quality Education 2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient 3. 保险业：the insurance industry 4. 保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas 5. 补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears 6. 不良贷款：non-performing loan 7. 层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting 8. 城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas 9. 城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for city residents 10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11. 出口信贷：export credit 12. 贷款质量：loan quality 13. 贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14. 防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15. 防洪工程：flood-prevention project 16. 非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction 17. 非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels 18. 非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions 19. 费改税：transform administrative fees into taxes 20. 跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing 21. 工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects 22. 国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets 23. 过度开垦：excess reclamation 24. 合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects 25. 积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy 26. 基本生活费：basic allowance 27. 解除劳动关系：sever labor relation 28. 金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision 29. 经济安全：economic security 30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development 31. 扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand 32. 拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth 33. 粮食仓库：grain depot 34. 粮食收购企业：grain collection and storage enterprise 35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds 36. 粮食销售市场：grain sales market 37. 劣质工程：shoddy engineering

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教育界 education circle 教育投入 input in education 九年义务教育 nine-year compulsory education 考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools 课外活动 extracurricular activities 必修课 required/compulsory course 选修课 elective/optional course 基础课 basic courses 专业课 specialized courses 课程表 school schedule 教学大纲 teaching program; syllabus 学习年限 period of schooling 学历 record of formal schooling 学分 credit 启发式教学 heuristic teaching 人才交流 talent exchange 人才战 competition for talented people 商务英语证书 Business English Certificate (BEC) 适龄儿重入学率 enrollment rate for children of school age 升学率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate

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Between..and…在..之间 Country of origin and manufacture生产国别和制造厂商 Time of shipment装运期限 Port of shipment）装运口岸 Port of destination 到货口岸 Be liable for 对…负责 On account of由于 Attribute to 造成 Take measures采取措施 Shipping mark唛头 Gross weight毛重 Net weight净重 Do not stack up side down此端向上 Handle with care小心轻放 Keep away from moisture切勿受潮 Terms of payment付款条件 Payment by L/C信用证付款 Payment by collection信托付款 Payment by M/T信汇付款 In case of在情况下，以某种方式 Freight to collect运费到付 Insurance policy/certificate保险单/证明 War risk兵险 Breakage and leakage破碎渗漏 In the event of在发生情况下if Upon arrival of在到达之时 Invoice of quintuplicate发票5份 Packing list in duplicate装箱单2份 Certificate of quality质量证明 Technical document技术资料 Foundation drawings基础图 Wiring instructions布线说明 Terms of shipment装运条款 Shipping agent装运代理人 In the matter of如有。。if Be free from defects不存在缺陷 For a period of 2 years from the date of purchase自购买之日起两年内Warranty 保修期 Batch number批号 Forwarder 代运人 Shipment date装运日期 Design specification设计规格 Risk assessment风险评估

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这里汇聚了计算机和网络技术领域的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 A AAIMS（An Analytical Information Management System）分析信息管理系统 Abacus 算盘 Access security 存取安全 Access time 存取时间 Active 有源的 Ada programming language Ada 程序设计语言 Adapter 适配器 Adapter card 转接卡 Add-on 外接式附件 Address 地址 ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字客户线路 After-image record 残留影像记录 Algorithm 算法 Alpha testing ɑ测试 3 Alteration switch 变换开关 ALU(Arithmetic/Logic Unit)运算器 Amplitude 幅度 Analog data 模拟数据 Analog cellular 模拟移动电话 Analog signal 模拟信号 Analysis block 分析块 Animation 动画制作 ANSL(American National Standards Label)美国国家标准标号 Answerback memory 应答存储器 Anti-noise coding 反噪声编码 Antivirus software 反病毒软件 APL(A Programming Language) APL 语言 Application development cycle 应用开发周期 Application program 应用程序 4 Application software 应用软件 Arithmetic operation 算术运算 ARP(Automatic Receive Program)自动接受程序 Artificial network 仿真网络 ASCII(American standard Code for Information Interchange)美国信息交 换用标准代码 Assembler 汇编程序 Assembly language 汇编语言 Asynchronous 异步的

《商务英语翻译》历年真题及答案[]doc

全国商务英语翻译统一考试初级笔译练习试题 练习一 Part I Translate the following sentences into English or Chinese 1．迄今为止，各国的移民政策侧重于为低技能工人设置障碍，同时鼓励高技能专业人才、工程师、科学家和企业家前来工作，甚至定居。 2．Kasda是瑞士的汽车、能源和食品集团公司。本年度第一季度，尽管它的总营业额下降了6%，但是利润却增加了12.1%。 3．“海洋城”以其绵延10英里（相当于16公里）的海滩而闻名，每年接待约800万游客 4．当富人想到将财富传给子孙的时候，他们通常会有两种情绪：害怕和忧虑。他们害怕或忧虑金钱会对子孙产生消极影响；害怕金钱会让子孙失去通过努力工作获得成功的人生动力。 5．关于我方第315号订单，由于到货质量低劣，我方被迫表达强烈不满。 6．China is fielding its largest-ever Olympic team at the upcoming Beijing Games, with 639 athletes competing in all 28 sports. The Chinese team will attempt to surpass the 32 gold medals won at the Athens Olympics, four less than the United States. 7．A Japanese media report says Japan and China have reached a compromise and agreed to jointly develop gas fields and share profits in disputed areas of the East China Sea. 8．The number of newly laid-off U.S. workers rose last week, the latest sign that the economic downturn is affecting the job market. A report Thursday from the Labor Department said the number of people applying for unemployment benefits for the first time rose 22–thousand, to 378–thousand. 9. Chinese economy suffered only a mild setback in the first quarter of 2008, and remains resilient despite inflation and worsening global credit crisis. 10. Praise and encouragement also makes employees more likely to work hard and stay in their jobs, saving on the cost of finding replacements. Part II Translate the following passages into Chinese. Passage 1 Most Americans believe someone isn’t grown up until age 26, probably with a completed education, a full-time job, a family to support and financial independence, a survey said. But they also believe that becoming an official grown-up is a process that takes five years from about the age of 20, concluded the report from the University of Chicago’s National Opinion Research Center. The findings were based on a representative sample of 1398 people over age 18. The poll found the following ages at which people expect the transitions to grown-up status to be completed: age 20.9 self-supporting; 21.1 no longer living with parents; 21.2 full-time job; 22.3 education complete; 24.5 being able to support a family financially; 25.7 married; and 26.2 having a child. “There is a large degree of consensus across social groups on the relative importance of the seven transitions,” said Tom Smith, director of the survey. The only notable pattern of differences is on views about supporting a family, having a child and g etting married. “Older adults and the widowed and married rate these as more important than younger adults and the never-married do,” he added. “This probably reflects in large part a shift in values across generations away from traditional family values.” The most valued step toward reaching adulthood, the survey found, was completing an education, followed by full-time employment, supporting a family, financial independence, living independently of parents, marriage and parenthood. Passage 2 Spend less than you earn. This is perhaps the most worn out, overused phrase in the world of personal finance. But guess what? It’s also the single most important financial lesson you’ll ever learn. No matter how hard you work and how much money you earn, you’ll never achieve financial security if you spend more than you earn, so…… do whatever it takes to make sure that this doesn’t happen. This takes self-discipline, and might require constructing a budget, but if you ever want to get to a point where you can afford all the little niceties in life, you need to make it happen. Plan for the future. I’ve been where you are, and I know that “the future” seems like it’s a million miles away. Do yourself a favor. Sit down and define short, intermediate, and long-term goals and then put together a plan for getting there. It’s not easy, and you probably won’t get it right at first but once you do this, you’ll have something concrete to work from (and to modify in the future). Start small and work your way up. Be patient. Building a solid financial foundation takes time. Don’t look for shortcuts or try to strike it rich overnight wit h the latest hot investment tip. Likewise, don’t make major financial decisions wi thout fully considering the ramifications. This isn’t to say that you should be paralyzed fear. Rather, you need to do your homework. Turn those unknowns into knowns, and