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叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(上)【圣才出品】

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(上)【圣才出品】
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(上)【圣才出品】

第一部分翻译技巧篇复习笔记

第1章翻译的基本概念和问题

一、翻译基本问题的提出

1. 翻译的定义

(1) 语际翻译与语内翻译

广义地说翻译包括的范围很广,甚至可包括语言和非语言符号之间的转换。

本书讨论的翻译就是指如何将某一语言活动的言语产物转换到另一语言中去,也就是语际(interlingual)翻译。

严格地说,翻译还应包括某一语言内不同变体间的转换,也就是语内(intralingual)翻译。

这两类翻译在本质上颇有雷同之处,而且其核心问题都是如何把原文的意思在译文中说出来。

(2) 探索翻译的新概念

随着现代语言学的发展,各类应用语言学分支学科应运而生,探索翻译的工具越来越得心应手,出现了许多关于翻译的新的概念,如“忠实”、功能对等、等值、信达雅等等。但翻译的本质仍然是在某一特定的社会环境内进行交流的过程。

概括来说,翻译的定义就是把原文中的意思在译文中表达出来。

2. 原文意思在译文中的表达

在翻译过程中,有些句子如照字面直接译过来意思就会不够清楚。

(1) 句子中的有些意思会紧紧地结合在语言本身的形式上使得译者将语言的形式照搬。

例:

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

【译文】这是一条举世公认的真理:凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太。

【解析】本句中it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的that从句。从翻译技巧上看,可先译that从句,后译It is a truth universally acknowledged,但是鉴于原文的语言形式有一种讽刺的口吻,译者有必要依照原文的句法结构进行翻译。

(2) 意思和语言结构完全绑在一起,而英汉两种语言结构上的不同造成了不可译性(untranslatability)。例:

The air war heats up as the air war heats up.

【译文】随着空战的升温,媒体报道也沸腾不已。

【解析】air war既可指空袭,也可指传媒竞相报道,该词的使用将音和意紧紧地结合在一起,但由于英汉两种语言结构的差异,导致汉语中无法用同一个语言单位进行表达,构成不可译性。

3. 翻译界的论战问题

(1) 直译还是意译(Literal Translation VS. Free Translation)

(2) 功能对等还是形式对应(Functional Equivalence VS. Formal Correspondence)

(3) 重原文的形式还是重原文的内容(Form VS. Content)

(4) 靠近源语还是靠近译入语(Source—oriented VS. Target—oriented)

(5) 以原作者为中心还是以译文读者为中心(Author—centered VS. Reader-centered)

(6) 原作者写作的目的还是译者翻译的目的(The Purpose of the Author VS. the

Purpose of the Translator)

二、直译还是意译

1. 有些情况下,直译和意译不构成翻译问题。

2. 句子可以直译也可以意译。

The Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.

【译文1】黑人依然生活在物质富裕的汪洋大海中贫乏的孤岛上。

【译文2】黑人仍生活在贫困的孤岛上,尽管放眼四周,是一片繁华景象。

【解析】译文1采用直译法,用了和原文相同的形象,保留了原作者的比喻,但可读性较差。译文2虽增加了可读性,但是舍弃了原文的形象和比喻。

3. 直译与意译的优点和缺点

(1) 直译

①缺点:使译文读起来吃力。

②优点:适用于一些特殊的文本。

(2) 意译

①缺点:意译超出了限度就会扭曲原文的意思,而且会抹掉由语言形式附带的意义。

②优点:保证可读性。

4. 直译、意译的选择

一个句子到底应直译还是意译,往往要考虑到上下文、语域、体裁、读者等等因素。

A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps, for there is a companionship of books as well as of men.

【译文1】人往往可以从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人。这是因为人与人之间有友谊,同样的,人与书之间也有书谊。

【译文2】所谓欲知其人,先观其友,看一个人读什么书也能了解一个人,因人不仅能与人为友,还能与书为友。

【解析】译文1采用了为直译和断句译法,简单易懂,贴合原文,译文2意译成分较多,文字凝练,可读性强。

在经济、科学、新闻、政论等文本中,语言形式不是关键的因素,译文应尽量保持译入语的特色。在大多数情况下,略偏重意译仍然是应该提倡的。

三、功能对等还是形式对应

1. 功能对等的定义

功能对等就是指译文要在语言的功能上和原文对等,而不是在语言的形式上和原文对应。

2. 形式对应的缺点

形式的对应是机械的,表面上看和原文一样,但由于语言系统不同,相同的语言形式并不一定能起到相同的效果。

Tomorrow is a minimum day, could you pick me up at noon?

【译文】明天只上半天课,提前放学。能在中午就来接我吗?

【解析】minimum day从字面意思来看是“最小日”的意思,若单纯追求形式对应,译文会让读者不知所云,因此译文优先选择了功能对等。

3. 功能对等的优点

采用功能对等法有利于信息的交流,译出的句子符合译入语行文的习惯,没有翻译腔,

通俗易懂。

四、重原文形式还是重原文内容

1. 过于强调形式的译法往往使译文缺乏可读性,翻译过程中总的策略应该偏重内容。

2. 个别情况下如作家的文体特征是由语言形式来反映,就有必要在译文中反映原文中有特殊意义的形式。

五、靠近源语还是靠近译入语

大多数情况下译者翻译的任务还是以传达信息为主。翻译的基本方法应该主要是向译入语靠拢,尽量地发挥译入语的优势。

六、以原作者为中心还是以读者为中心

1. 原则上讲,不应以原作者为中心,但这也要看原作者是否重要。如果文如其人,译者除了翻译原文的内容外,也有必要使译文也能文如其人。

2. 翻译的总原则是以读者为中心,特别是在英汉翻译中。

七、原作者写作的目的和译者翻译的目的

1. 在实用文本中,大部分翻译工作的目的和原文写作的目的相同,翻译的目的十分实用。

2. 当译者的目的和服务对象会和原文的目的和对象不同时,同一个原文会有几个不同的译文。用不同的文体来译同一个原文也应该得到允许。

3. 翻译文化内涵强的作品从来都有侧重,因为译者服务的对象不同,翻译的目的不同。

翻译时要考虑到:Who is translating what, for whom, when, where, why and in what circumstances?

新视野英语教程第三版unit4

U4 A Heroes among us 我们身边的英雄 Who's a hero these days?In an era of heightened heroism, the word hero has become more common.We use hero to describe both victims and survivors of all kinds of difficulties and tragedies.Who are the heroes among us? 谁是当今的英雄?在一个英雄主义发扬光大的时代,“英雄”一词已经变得更加常见。我们把各种困难和悲剧的受害者和幸存者都称为“英雄”。那么,我们身边哪些人是英雄呢?In the days subsequent to a mass shooting in Tucson, Arizona, many described20-year-old political associate Daniel Hernandez as a hero.During the horrible shooting, he courageously ran through the danger to save the life of one of the victims,his boss and friend,congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords. Daniel held her head up so she could breathe and applied pressure to her wounds.He spoke tender words of sympathy, telling her that he would find her

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新视野大学英语第三版翻译

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2014中医方剂学笔记(经典打印版)

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1 F 2 G 3 H 4J 5 E6 A 7 N 8 I 9 K l0 M 7 l 2 3 4 5 ; 6 7 8 9 世界公民是指一个人承认自己是新兴的全球社区的一分子,而且其行动对全球社区的价值打造和实践活动有所贡献。世界公民相信人类从本质上来说是一个整体,任何个人都有改变事物的能力。在我们这样一个相互依赖的世界中,世界公民意识鼓励我们认识到对彼此的责任,并从对方身上学习。世界公民关心全球的教育、疾病、贫穷和环境问题。在当今,全球合作的力量在使一些人萌发世界公民的意识,让他们拥有对全球社区的归属感。这种不断发展的世界公民意识在很大程度上来讲,要归功于现代信息、通信和交通技术的力量世界公民意识致力于给予人们力量,让他们付诸行动,世界公民除了要从世界问题中学习知识和价值观,还要拥有必需的技能,使他们拥有能力和自信,积极推动世界的发展。 , "" . , . . , , 's , .a's .,.

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新视野大学英语第三版

Unit 1 Section A 3.Words in use 1.The mayor decided to(condense)his speech in order to leave enough time for his audience to raise questions. 2. It was reported that there was a vehicle missing every 20 seconds in the US.If the trends continue,experts predict annual vehicle thefts could(exceed)two million. 3. Researchers put patients through a set of psychological tests to determine the negative consequences of sleep(deficit). 4. Too much(exposure)to dirty air can cause people to suffer from allergies and diseases that will eventually affect people's health. 5. Moving forward even in the face of great difficulties has become my most important(asset)in my life since it has helped me accomplish something remarkable. 6. The lawyer proclaimed they couldn't jump to conclusions because acceptable conclusions must be supported

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