文献翻译-材料的类型
英文文献
Style of materials
Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: s olid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials.
For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering m aterials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the man ufacturing process, which do not become part of the product.
Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc
Metals and Metal Alloys
Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metal s have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility.
Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, are magnetic. At low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic compounds become superconductors.
What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which co me from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electric al wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans.
Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nicke l.
Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio.
Some metal alloys, such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aero space applications for fuel economy. Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable.
What are some important properties of metals?
Density is defined as a material’s mass divided by its volume. Most metals have relatively hig h densities, especially compared to polymers.
Materials with high densities often contain atoms with high atomic numbers, such as gold or l ead. However, some metals such as aluminum or magnesium have low densities, and are used in a pplications that require other metallic properties but also require low weight.
Fracture toughness can be described as a material’s ability to avoid fracture, especially when a flaw is introduced. Metals can generally contain nicks and dents without weakening very much, and are impact resistant. A football player counts on this when he trusts that his facemask won’t sh atter.
Plastic deformation is the ability of bend or deform before breaking. As engineers, we usually design materials so that they don’t deform under normal conditions. You don’t want your car to lea n to the east after a strong west wind.
However, sometimes we can take advantage of plastic deformation. The crumple zones in a c
ar absorb energy by undergoing plastic deformation before they break.
The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties. In metals, the outer valence electrons ar e shared among all atoms, and are free to travel everywhere. Since electrons conduct
heat and electricity, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires.
It is impossible to see through metals, since these valence electrons absorb any photons of lig ht which reach the metal. No photons pass through.
Alloys are compounds consisting of more than one metal. Adding other metals can affect the densi ty, strength, fracture toughness, plastic deformation, electrical conductivity and environmental deg radation.
For example, adding a small amount of iron to aluminum will make it stronger. Also, adding some chromium to steel will slow the rusting process, but will make it more brittle.
Ceramics and Glasses
A ceramic is often broadly defined as any inorganic nonmetallic material． By this definition , ceramic materials would also include glasses; however, many materials scientists add the stipulat ion that “ceramic” must also be crystalline.
A glass is an inorganic nonmetallic material that does not have a crystalline structure. Such materi als are said to be amorphous.
Properties of Ceramics and Glasses
Some of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature, low densi ty, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.
Many ceramics are good electrical and thermal insulators. Some ceramics have special properties: some ceramics are magnetic materials; some are piezoelectric materials; and a few special ceram ics are superconductors at very low temperatures. Ceramics and glasses have one major drawback: they are brittle.
Ceramics are not typically formed from the melt. This is because most ceramics will crack ex tensively (i.e. form a powder) upon cooling from the liquid state.
Hence, all the simple and efficient manufacturing techniques used for glass production such as ca sting and blowing, which involve the molten state, cannot be used for the production of crystalline ceramics. Instead, “sintering” or “firing” is the process typically used.
In sintering, ceramic powders are processed into compacted shapes and then heated to temper atures just below the melting point. At such temperatures, the powders react internally to remove p orosity and fully dense articles can be obtained.
An optical fiber contains three layers: a core made of highly pure glass with a high refractive index for the light to travel, a middle layer of glass with a lower refractive index known as the clad ding which protects the core glass from scratches and other surface imperfections, and an out poly mer jacket to protect the fiber from damage.
In order for the core glass to have a higher refractive index than the cladding, the core glass is doped with a small, controlled amount of an impurity, or dopant, which causes light to travel slow er, but does not absorb the light.
Because the refractive index of the core glass is greater than that of the cladding, light traveli ng in the core glass will remain in the core glass due to total internal reflection as long as the light strikes the core/cladding interface at an angle greater than the critical angle. The total internal refl ection phenomenon, as well as the high purity of the core glass, enables light to travel long dista nces with little loss of intensity.
Composites
Composites are formed from two or more types of materials. Examples include polymer/cera mic and metal/ceramic composites. Composites are used because overall properties of the composi tes are superior to those of the individual components.
For example: polymer/ceramic composites have a greater modulus than the polymer component, b ut aren’t as brittle as ceramics.
Two types of composites are: fiber-reinforced composites and particle-reinforced composites.
Fiber-reinforced Composites
Reinforcing fibers can be made of metals, ceramics, glasses, or polymers that have been turn ed into graphite and known as carbon fibers. Fibers increase the modulus of the matrix material. The strong covalent bonds along the fiber’s length give them a very high modulus in this direction because to break or extend the fiber the bonds must also be broken or moved.
Fibers are difficult to process into composites, making fiberreinforced composites relatively expe nsive.
Fiberreinforced composites are used in some of the most advanced, and therefore most expen sive sports equipment, such as a time-trial racing bicycle frame which consists of carbon fibers in a thermoset polymer matrix.
Body parts of race cars and some automobiles are composites made of glass fibers (or fiberglass) i n a thermoset matrix.
Fibers have a very high modulus along their axis, but have a low modulus perpendicular to their a xis. Fiber composite manufacturers often rotate layers of fibers to avoid directional variations in th e modulus.
Particle-reinforced composites
Particles used for reinforcing include ceramics and glasses such as small mineral particles, metal particles such as aluminum, and amorphous materials, including polymers and carbon black. Particles are used to increase the modulus of the matrix, to decrease the permeability of the matrix, to decrease the ductility of the matrix. An example of particle-reinforced composites is an autom obile tire which has carbon black particles in a matrix of polyisobutylene elastomeric polymer. Polymers A polymer has a repeating structure, usually based on a carbon backbone. The repeat ing structure results in large chainlike molecules. Polymers are useful because they are lightweight , corrosion resistant, easy to process at low temperatures and generally inexpensive.
Some important characteristics of polymers include their size (or molecular weight), softening an d melting points, crystallinity, and structure. The mechanical properties of polymers generally inc lude low strength and high toughness. Their strength is often improved using reinforced composite structures.
Important Characteristics of Polymers
Size. Single polymer molecules typically have molecular weights between 10,000 and 1,000,000g/ mol—that can be more than 2,000 repeating units depending on the polymer structure!
The mechanical properties of a polymer are significantly affected by the molecular weight, with better engineering properties at higher molecular weights.
Thermal transitions. The softening point (glass transition temperature) and the meltingpoint of a polymer will determine which it will be suitable for applications. These temperatures usually deter mine the upper limit for which a polymer can be used.
For example, many industrially important polymers have glass transition temperatures near the boi ling point of water (100℃, 212℉), and they are most useful for room temperature applications. Some specially engineered polym ers can withstand temperatures as high as 300℃(572℉).
Crystallinity. Polymers can be crystalline or amorphous, but they usually have a combination of c rystalline and amorphous structures (semi-crystalline).
Interchain interactions. The polymer chains can be free to slide past one another (thermo-plastic) or they can be connected to each other with crosslinks (thermoset or elastomer). Thermo-plastics c an be reformed and recycled, while thermosets and elastomers are not reworkable.
Intrachain structure. The chemical structure of the chains also has a tremendous effect on the prop erties. Depending on the structure the polymer may be hydrophilic or hydrophobic (likes or hates water), stiff or flexible, crystalline or amorphous, reactive or unreactive.
The understanding of heat treatment is embraced by the broader study of metallurgy. Metallurgy i s the physics, chemistry, and engineering related to metals from ore extraction to the final product.
Heat treatment is the operation of heating and cooling a metal in its solid state to change its physic al properties. According to the procedure used, steel can be hardened to resist cutting action and ab rasion, or it can be softened to permit machining.
With the proper heat treatment internal stresses may be removed, grain size reduced, toughness inc reased, or a hard surface produced on a ductile interior. The analysis of the steel must be known b ecause small percentages of certain elements, notably carbon, greatly affect the physical propertie s.
Alloy steel owe their properties to the presence of one or more elements other than carbon, namel y nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, silicon, vanadium, and copper. Because o f their improved physical properties they are used commercially in many ways not possible with c arbon steels.
The following discussion applies principally to the heat treatment of ordinary commercial steels k nown as plain carbon steels. With this process the rate of cooling is the controlling factor, rapid co oling from above the critical range results in hard structure, whereas very slow cooling produces the opposite effect.
A Simplified Iron-carbon Diagram
If we focus only on the materials normally known as steels, a simplified diagram is often used. Those portions of the iron-carbon diagram near the delta region and those above 2% carbon conte nt are of little importance to the engineer and are deleted. A simplified diagram, such as the one in Fig.2.1, focuses on the eutectoid region and is quite useful in understanding the properties and pro cessing of steel.
The key transition described in this diagram is the decomposition of single-phase austenite(γ) to th e two-phase ferrite plus carbide structure as temperature drops.
Control of this reaction, which arises due to the drastically different carbon solubility of austenite and ferrite, enables a wide range of properties to be achieved through heat treatment
To begin to understand these processes, consider a steel of the eutectoid composition, 0.77% carb on, being slow cooled along line x-x’ in Fig.2.1. At the upper temperatures, only austenite is prese nt, the 0.77% carbon being dissolved in solid solution with the iron. When the steel cools to 727℃(1341℉), several changes occur simultaneously.
复合材料与工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译
毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES 抛光瓷砖 学院材料科学与工程 专业复合材料与工程 班级复材0802 学生 学号20080103114 指导教师 二〇一二年三月二十八日
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, 17(3), 401–413 (2002) POLISHING OF CERAMIC TILES C. Y. Wang,* X. Wei, and H. Yuan Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Guangdong University ofTechnology, Guangzhou 510090, P.R. China ABSTRACT Grinding and polishing are important steps in the production of decorative vitreous ceramic tiles. Different combinations of finishing wheels and polishing wheels are tested to optimize their selection. The results show that the surface glossiness depends not only on the surface quality before machining, but also on the characteristics of the ceramic tiles as well as the performance of grinding and polishing wheels. The performance of the polishing wheel is the key for a good final surface quality. The surface glossiness after finishing must be above 208 in order to get higher polishing quality because finishing will limit the maximum surface glossiness by polishing. The optimized combination of grinding and polishing wheels for all the steps will achieve shorter machining times and better surface quality. No obvious relationships are found between the hardness of ceramic tiles and surface quality or the wear of grinding wheels; therefore, the hardness of the ceramic tile cannot be used for evaluating its machinability. Key Words: Ceramic tiles; Grinding wheel; Polishing wheel
矫直机中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料翻译 原文： AUTOMATING THE CONTROL OF MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR STRAIGHTENING FLAT-ROLLED PRODUCTS The company Severstal’ completed the successful introduction of new in-line plate-straightening machines (PSMs) on its 2800 and 5000 mills in August 2003 [1, 2, 3]. The main design features of the machines are as follows: ●each machine is equipped with hydraulic hold-down mechanisms (to improve the dynamics and accuracy of the machine adjustments and more reliably maintain a constant gap); ●the machines have mechanisms to individually adjust each work roller with the aid of hydraulic cylinders (this broadens the range of straightening regimes that can be realized by providing a measure of control over the change in the curvature of the plate); ●each work roller is provided with its own adjustable drive (to eliminate rigid kinematic constraints between the spindles); ●the system of rollers of the PSM is enclosed in cassettes (to facilitate repairs and reduce roller replacement costs); ●the PSM has a system that can be used to adjust the machine from a nine-roller straightening scheme to a five- ●roller scheme in which the distance between the rollers is doubled (this is done to widen the range of plate thick-nesses that the machine can accomodate). Thus, the new straightening machine is a sophisticated multi-function system of mechanisms that includes a wide range of hydraulically and electrically driven components controlled by digital and analog signals. The entire complex of PSM mechanisms can be divided into two functional groups: the main group, which includes the mechanisms that partici-pate directly in the straightening operation (the hold-down mechanisms, the mechanisms that individually adjust the rollers,the mechanisms that adjust the components for different straightening regimes, the mechanism that moves the top roller of the feeder, and the main drive); the auxiliary group (which includes the cassette replacement mechanism, the
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
建筑学毕业专业外文翻译文献doc资料
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
有关隧道方面外文文献与翻译
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions HE Chunxiong( 何春雄 )， (State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Applied Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China) WU Ziwang( 吴紫汪 )and ZHU Linnan( 朱林楠 ) (State key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China) Received February 8, 1999 Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal
3英文文献及翻译格式示例
哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文） 英文原文（原文也可以直接将PDF版打印） ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量？ 本文：2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年，信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中，首先他们未能发现问题，导致安然和世通破产；其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑，但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍，然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起（错综复杂）的来源：1）和信贷质量相关的信息；2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据，我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式，在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1
材料英文文献翻译
The development of plastic mould China's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and the air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy, non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table. Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,
外文文献及翻译
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
物理材料学本科毕业_文献翻译
X X 毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 题目 效应 学院： 专业名称：应用物理 学号： 学生姓名：X X X 指导教师：X X X 2013年3月20日
自旋玻璃态La 0.67Ca 0.33Mn 0.9Fe 0.1O 3的庞磁电阻效应 Jian-Wang Cai State Key Laboratory of Magnetism,Institute of Physics and Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,P.O.Box 603,Beijing 100080,People’s Republic of China Cong Wang Department of Physical Chemistry,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China Bao-Gen Shen,Jian-Gao Zhao,and Wen-Shan Zhan State Key Laboratory of Magnetism,Institute of Physics and Center for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,P.O.Box 603,Beijing 100080,People’s Republic of China (Received 19February 1997;accepted for publication 21July 1997) The magnetic and magnetotransport properties of the perovskite La 0.67Ca 0.33Mn 0.9Fe 0.1O 3have been investigated,and the spin-glass behavior with a spin freezing temperature of 42K has been well confirmed for this compound.A metal-to-insulator transition and colossal magnetoresistance have been observed near its spin freezing temperature;besides,the insulator behavior has been found to reappear at lower temperature.The formation of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic clusters and the competition between them with the introduction of Fe 31ions,which do not participate in the double-exchange process,have been suggested to explain the experimental results.?1997American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(97)04938-3] 在近几十年的研究中发现空穴掺杂的钙钛矿锰氧化物δ+3-1MnO A La x x （A=Ca,Sr,Ba,Pb ）表现出有趣的磁性性能和运输性能。众所周知，3LaMnO 的主要特性是在过渡金属位点上具有自旋的反铁磁性排列和绝缘特性。通过改变的氧的化学计量或通过利用某些二价阳离子（+2A ），比如+2a C 、+2Sr 、+2a B 、+2Pb 来取代+3a L ，可以使3LaMnO 具有金属态，同时，由于由Zener 于1951年发现的所谓++??43Mn O Mn 的“双交换”效应，它表现出具有强磁性的基态。根据最近对钙钛矿磁性锰氧化物δ+3-1MnO A R x x (R=La,Nd,Pr,Sm,Y 等)的庞磁电阻（CMR ）和其他复杂的物理性能的观测结果，已引起人们重新重视这一类的材料。在多数情况下，钙钛矿有一个共同的特点，即在铁磁有序温度c T 附近会出现由金属态到绝缘态（MI ）转变和CMR 效应。 作为与3LaMnO 结构性质最为相近的钙钛矿型磁性氧化合物，3LaFeO 也有于之类似的磁性和输运特性，表现在绝缘性和反铁磁特性。但是空穴掺杂的δ+3-1FeO A La x x 即使在最大可能的程度空穴掺杂时依然具有反铁磁性的基态并保