大学实用计算机英语教程翻译-吕云翔-Unit 2

Unit 2

Section A

Software Requirements （软件需求）

The main goal of the requirements phase is to produce the software requirements specification (SRS ), which accurately captures the client’s

requirements and which forms the basis of software development and validation. The basic reason for the difficulty in specifying software requirements comes from the fact that there are three interested parties -- the client, the end users, and the software developer. The requirements document has to be such that the client and users can understand it easily and the developers can use it as a basis for software development. Due to the diverse parties involved in software requirements specification, a communication gap exists. This makes the task of requirements specification difficult.

There are three basic activities in the requirements phase. The first is problem or

requirements analysis. The goal of this activity is to understand such different aspects as the

requirements of the problem, its context , and how it fits within the client’s organization. The second activity is requirements specification, during which the understood problem is specified or written, producing the SRS. And the third activity is

requirements validation, which is done to ensure that the requirements specified in the SRS are indeed what are desired .

There are three main approaches to analyze. Unstructured approaches rely on interaction

between the analyst, customer, and user to reveal all the requirements (which are then documented ). The second is the modeling-oriented approach, in which a model of the problem is built based on the available information. The model is useful in

determining if the understanding is correct and in ensuring that all the requirements have been

determined. Modeling may be function-oriented or object-oriented . The third approach is the

prototyping approach in which a prototype is built to

validate the correctness and completeness of

requirements.

To satisfy its goals, a SRS should possess characteristics like completeness, consistency , unambiguous, verifiable , modifiable, etc. A good SRS should specify all the functions the software needs to support, performance of the system, the design constraints that exist, and all the external interfaces.

One method for specifying the functional

specifications that has become popular is the use case approach. With this approach the functionality of the system when a user interacts with it for achieving some goal. Each use case contains a normal scenario, as well as mangy exceptional scenarios, thereby providing the complete behavior of the system. Though use cases are meant for specification, as they are natural and story-like, by expressing them at different levels of abstraction they can also be used for problem analysis.

For validation, the most commonly used method is reviewing or inspecting the requirements. In

requirements inspections, the team of reviewers also includes a representative of the client to ensure that

all requirements are captured.

7aunit1unit2翻译句子 (1)

Unit 1-2翻译句子 1.他戴着眼镜，喜欢玩电脑游戏。 He wears glasses，and likes playing computer games. 2.她留着短发. She has short hair.=Her hair is short. 3.他是校足球队里我最喜欢的足球运动员。 He is my favourite football player in the school football team. 4.我弟弟喜欢打网球，也喜欢听音乐。 My brother likes playing tennis and listening to music。 5.你擅长打篮球吗？ Are you good at playing basketball.=Do you do well in playing basketball. 6.埃迪一天好多次走到他的碗那儿。 Eddie walks to his bowl many times a day. 8.丹尼尔放学后和他和同学一起玩。 Daniel often plays with his classmates after school. 9.你的朋友们也在这个俱乐部吗？ Are your friends in this club too? 10.我今天下午没有空闲时间。 I don’t have any free time this afternoon. 11．西蒙来自广东，但是现在和家人住在北京。 Simon comes from Guangdong, but 12.我希望你的梦想成真。 I hope your dream comes true. 13.她总是一有空就学习英语。 She always learns English when she is free. 14.那个小伙子想参加下届的世界杯。 The young man wants to play in the next World Cup. 15.我的堂姐看起来很苗条。 My cousin looks very slim. 16.他喜欢听音乐，因为音乐总能让他开心。 He enjoys listening to music, because it always makes him happy. 17.你经常在电视上看足球比赛吗？ Do you often watch football matches on TV? 18.你和露西是朋友吗？ Are you and Lucy good friends? 19.西蒙游泳游得好吗？ Does Simon swim well? 20.丹尼尔不喜欢运动，但他有时打乒乓球。 Daniel doesn’t like sports, but he sometimes plays table tennis. 21.夏天游泳很有趣。 Swimming in Summer is fun. 22.你周末还做些什么？ What else do you do at weekends？ 23.我喜欢听音乐，因为它使我感觉棒极了。 I like listening to music，because it makes me feel great. 24.我们都在舞蹈俱乐部。 We are all in the Dancing Club. 25.你的妈妈有一个购物袋吗？

必修句子翻译练习

英语必修3句子翻译练习 Module 3 Unit 1 1. 这间医院是为了纪念孙中山先生而建的。(in memory of) The hospital was built in memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. 2. 孩子们盼望着万圣节，在那时候他们可以盛装打扮并互相捉弄。(look forward to; dress up; play a trick on) The children are looking forward to Halloween when they can dress up and play tricks on each other. 3. 我肯定他在会议上出现，因为他是一个守诺言的人。(turn up; keep one’s word) I’m sure that he will turn up at the meeting because he is a man who keeps his word. 4. 大家都很清楚他在撒谎。(obvious) It was obvious to everyone that he was lying. 5. 这出电影让外婆想起了她的童年。(remind … of …) The movie reminded grandma of her childhood. 6. 那个国家最后终于脱离美国，赢得了独立。(gain independence from) The country gained independence from the USA at last. 7. 他屏住气，一头扎进河里。(hold one’s breath) He held his breath and dived into the river. 8. 农民们正在地里收割庄稼时，就在那时他们听到了溺水女孩在呼救。(gather; drown) The farmers were gathering crops in the field when they heard the drowning girl calling for help. 9. 他为他的粗鲁无礼向我道歉并希望我能原谅他。(apologize; forgive) He apologized to me for his rudeness and hoped that I would forgive him. 10. 他们一获得许可就马上出发去灾区。(set off; permission) They set off for the disaster-hit area as soon as they got the permission. Module 3 Unit 2 1. 如果你时常请教老师的话，你将会受益匪浅。(benefit，consult with) You will benefit greatly if you regularly consult with your teacher. 2. 他认为自己能够逃过学习而考试，但最后他失败了。( get away with ) He thought he could get away with not studying for the exam, but in the end he failed. 3. 除非你保持均衡的饮食，否则将会增加体重。(a balanced diet, put on weight ) Unless you keep a balanced diet, you will put on weight. 4. 他对家乡的巨变十分惊讶。(amaze) He was amazed at the great changes that had taken place in his hometown. 5. 在做了一个令人惊叹的演讲之后，他又赢回了同事们的支持。(Win back…) After making a wonderful speech, he was able to win back the support of his colleagues. 6. 他谋求良好生活的能力受到了他缺乏教育的限制。(Earn a good living, be limited by; lack of) His ability to earn a good living is limited by his lack of education. 7. 如果我们联合起来，我们能减少完成这一项目所需要的时间。（combine one’s efforts; cut down） If we combine our efforts, we can cut down the time needed to complete the project. 8. 在搬进新房子之前，他扔掉了不需要的东西。(Throw…away)

大学实用计算机英语教程第2版翻译机工版9_中文-1-1

第9单元电子商务 第一部分听力和对话 对话：使用在线支付服务保护消费者的隐私 (Henry非常兴奋地在一家网上书店中发现了自己期待已久的图书，但是当得知系统要 求通过账号支付时，他犹豫了。) Henry: 最近互联网上信用卡账号的公然欺骗无疑为我们敲响了警钟。在进行在线交易时，我们并不知道要把自己的信用卡账号告诉谁。 Mark: 也许你可以使用第三方支付服务来保证在线支付更简单、更安全。 Henry: 什么是第三方支付服务？ Sophie: 简单地说，在使用第三方支付服务时，你可以把自己的资金转移到一个在线账号中，然后从那个账号中进行支付。这样就不用把自己的真实信用卡或银号账户信息暴露在网络上了。 Henry: 这种方法听起来更安全。有哪些第三方支付服务可以方便地使用？ Mark:在美国最受欢迎的服务是eBay公司掌控的PayPal,但也有一些其他的服务，如https://www.sodocs.net/doc/fa15866309.html, Payment等。以最简单的支付为例，例如在线拍卖或简单的网站销售，销售商只需要向买家提供他们的E-mail地址，而买家向销售商的PayPal账号进行适当的支付。Henry: 我明白了。 Sophie: 做出选择之后，建议你留意选择更加安全服务的一些细节。 Henry: 什么是更加安全服务的一些细节呢？ Sophie: 首先，阅读隐私政策，并确保自己同意其中的条款。如果不同意，可以继续选择其他的安全服务。此外，确认网站符合权威部门规定的特定的标准（查验同意的盖章）。这些的确都是非常重要但是有时被用户忽略的步骤。 Mark: 当使用第三方支付服务时，Henry,请记住千万不要回复来自第三方支付服务机构发送的要求确认如密码或其他私人身份识别信息等与账号细节相关的电子邮件。这些邮件很可能是身份盗窃骗局，如网络钓鱼。 Henry: 那么，怎样才能更安全地确认或处理我的账号细节呢？ Sophie: 如果需要确认或更新账号信息或者修改密码，我建议你可通过个人书签或者在浏览器中直接输入支付服务网站的URL来访问相应的网站。 Henry: 如何进一步确认卖家能够提供有效的支付服务？ Mark: 你可以通过查看卖家在几个月或更长的时间内是否为支付服务机构的有效成员来确定。有些网站还允许用户查看卖家的评价，虽然这些评价并不能作为保证，但是却是非常有用的信息。 Sophie: 切记，Henry,不要用自己的账号把资金转移到一个你不认识的人的账号里。这可能是一种高级的资金诈骗。还有，当你要购买一些诸如珠宝或者计算机等昂贵的物品时，尤其是在节假日或者商铺中售出的物品时，需要多加小心。 Henry: 好的。现在我对进行安全在线支付更加有信心了。非常感谢你们的见议。 练习

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必修一 Unit1 Anne’s Best Friend Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ. Her family was Jewish so nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her d iary. She said, ”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June, 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by my self. But as the moon gave f ar too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window bad to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly …I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longe r because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Yours, Anne

大学实用计算机英语教程翻译-吕云翔-Unit 5

Unit 5 Section A Software Design （软件设计） Design is defined in [IEEE610.12-90] as both “the process of defining the architecture, components, interfaces, and other characteristics of a system or component ” and “the result of that process.” Viewed as a process, software design is the software engineering life cycle activity in which software requirements are analyzed in order to produce a description of the software ’s internal structure that will serve as the basis for its construction. More precisely, a software design (the result) must describe the software architecture -- that is how software is decomposed and organized into components -- and the interfaces between those components. It must also describe the components at a level of detail that enable their construction. Software design plays an important role in developing software: it allows software engineers to produce various models that form a kind of blueprint of the solution to be implemented. We can analyze and evaluate these models to determine whether or not they will allow us to fulfill the various requirements. We can also examine and evaluate various alternative solutions and trade-offs . Finally, we can use the resulting models to plan the subsequent development activities, in addition to using them as input and the starting point of construction and testing. In a standard listing of software life cycle processed such as IEEE/EIA 12207 Software Life Cycle Processes [IEEE 12207.0-96], software design consists of two activities that fit between software requirements analysis and software construction: Software architectural design (sometimes called top level design): describing software ’s top-level structure and organization and identifying the various components. Software detailed design: describing each component sufficiently to allow for its construction.

英语必修一unit4句子翻译练习

Module 4 Unit 1 1.他不需要很多钱，并且很乐于过着简单的生活。（lead a … life） 2.四代同堂是中国一个值得骄傲的传统习俗。（tradition, generation） 3.老师在讲台前不用看就可以知道哪个学生表现不好。（without doing, behave） 4.如果我们一定要按时完成的话，我们就必须坚持工作。（carry on） 5.当我离开超市的时候，我碰巧遇见了我的老朋友。（come across） 6.老师的话促使我比以前更努力工作。（inspire） 7.保护环境是首要考虑的问题。（consideration） 8.直到回到家我才发现我把钥匙留在办公室了。（only+状语倒装） 9.听取老师的意见，我在英语学习上取得了快速进步。（V+ing 作 状语） Keys: 1.He doesn’t need much money and is happy to lead a simple l ife.

2.It is a proud tradition in China to have four gene rations living under one roof. 3.Without looking up fr om her desk the teacher knew which student was beh aving badly. 4.We must carry on working if we are to finish on time. 5.I came across my friend by chance when I was le aving the supermarket. 6.My teacher’s words inspired me to work harder than ever before. 7.Protecting environment is everyone’s prime consideration.8.I realized I had left my k eys at work only after returning home. 9.By following the teacher’s advice I was able to quickly improve my English. Module 4 Unit 2 1. 多亏了每一个人的辛勤努力，表演取得了巨大的成功。(thanks to) 2. 吉姆悄悄溜进房间，没有打扰父母。（without disturbing） 3. 我宁愿为理想奋斗，不愿意放弃而他日后悔。(would rather…than; struggle for)

2017-2018学年高中语文人教版必修一文档：第2单元 单元考点链接 文言文句子翻译 Word版含答案

文言文句子翻译 文言文句子翻译是必考题型。考试大纲中对翻译的要求是“理解并翻译文中的句子”。所谓“理解文中的句子”就是能够根据上下文的语境读懂、领会某一个文言句子在文中的意思，能从思想内容、表达效果等方面对整个句子作深入的分析。要想理解文言句子，就要留心句中的关键性词语，弄明白句中有关词语的指代义，把握分句间隐含的语意关系等。所谓“翻译句子”就是能将文言句子译成合乎现代语法规范的白话文，做到文从字顺、规范简明、流利畅达。 值得注意的是这一考点里面包含着“理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法”中的知识和能力要求。与现代汉语“不同的句式”主要包括：判断句、被动句、倒装句(主要是宾语前置、定语后置和状语后置)、省略句和文言固定结构。“不同的用法”，主要是指文言词类活用现象。 1．文言文翻译“八法” (1)保留法 古文中的专名如人名、地名、年号、国名、官职名、朝代名等一律照抄，不必翻译。 例：元和十年，予左迁九江郡司马。(《琵琶行并序》)这里除了“予”“左迁”之外，都可保留不译。 (2)替换法 有些词，在古书里常用，但在现代汉语里已不用或不常用，或者有些词所表达的意思古今说法不一样，这就要用现代汉语的说法去替换古代的说法。 例：而世之奇伟、瑰怪、非常之观，常在于险远。(《游褒禅山记》)可将“瑰”换成“珍贵”，“观”换成“景象”。 (3)加字法 即在单音节词前或后加字，使之成为包含这个语素的双音节词或短语。

例：天下事有难易乎？(《为学》)“难”和“易”可用加字法翻译。此句译成：天下的事情有困难和容易之分吗？ (4)删略法 指删去那些只起语法作用而没有意义的虚词，或某些表敬称或谦称的词。 例：公将鼓之。(《曹刿论战》)句中的“之”是个音节助词，可不译。 张良曰：“谨诺。”(《鸿门宴》)句中的“谨”表谦称，可不译。 (5)补充法 文言文中有较多的省略成分，在翻译时要将原文中省略的成分补充出来，使句意完整，然后再翻译。 例：不可，直不百步耳，是亦走也。(《寡人之于国也》)这一句不但省略了主语，还省略了谓语，翻译时必须补出。本句可译为：“不行，(那些人)只是没(跑)百步罢了，但这也是逃跑呀。” (6)调序法 古汉语中句子成分的位置与现代汉语有一些不同之处，常构成倒装句，应先调整成合乎现代汉语规范的句序后再翻译。 例：以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。(《烛之武退秦师》)这是一个状语后置句，翻译时应该把状语调整到它们应在的位置上，可译为：“因为郑国曾对晋文公无礼，并且依附于晋的同时又依附于楚。” (7)拆分法 有些词在文言文中使用，在现代汉语中也使用，但词义已发生变化，有的扩大或缩小了，有的已发生了转移，这时翻译就要使用拆分法。 例：率妻子邑人来此绝境。(《桃花源记》)语句中的“妻子”要使用“拆分法”拆分成“妻子儿女”。 (8)转述法 用符合现代汉语习惯的词语来表述使用了某种修辞格的词语。 例：雄州雾列，俊采星驰。(《滕王阁序》)“雾”“星”都是比喻用法，要译为“像雾一样”“像星星一样”。 2．解答文言文翻译类题目“五步骤” 第一步：读——理解文句大意 将所要翻译的文句放入原文中，前贯后连，把握大意。

大学实用计算机英语教程第2版翻译机工版4_中文-1-1

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