研究生基础英语邱东林unit3练习答案

Unit 3

Text A

1 ) The ads in full-color magazines portrayed cigarettes as healthy or sexy.

2) The tobacco companies had concealed the truth from the public for half a century.

3) What had the doctor thought about the cigarettes in the early 20th century?

Many doctors were concerned that smoking was a health risk, although the scientific studies of the era often failed to find clear evidence of serious pathology.

4) Why did the tobacco companies increase the content of nicotine in the cigarettes?

They did this to make smokers more addicted to the cigarettes. In this way, they could spike consumers and it would be harder for smokers to quit cigarettes.

5) When did Big Tobacco understand the harm of cigarettes?

More than half a century ago. According to the jury. Big Tobacco has engaged in a 40-year conspiracy of hiding the health risks of cigarettes from the public.

6) What is the role of 29 historians in the federal case in 2004?

Thev were hired by Big Tobacco. By asking narrow questions and responding to them with narrow research, they provided precisely the cover Big Tobacco needed.

7) How do you understand the "pitfalls in combining scholarship with battle against the deadly pandemic of cigarette smoking"? Why did Dr. Brandt say he had little alternative?

There are possible risks and dangers when a scientist goes beyond scientific research into the fight against smoking, but Dr. Brandt's conscience left him with no other choice.

1. sophistication

2. exonerated

3. surrogate

4. extolled

5. perverse

6. endorse

7. derided

8. defrauded

9. gaggle 10. racketeering

1.After careful analysis that took the better part of July, the investigators exonerated the driver from responsibility for

the traffic accident.

2.The coach shows strong aversion to theoretical teachings because he is convinced that theoretical learning is no

surrogate for actual swimming.

3.When the idea of the flying machine was first proposed, people derided it as silly.

4.The invention of the silicon chip was a landmark event in the history of the computer.

5.Although a few delegates fully endorse everything the Chairperson has said, most hold different opinions.

6.To incite false alarm and blind patriotism, the government spread disinformation about the risk of terrorist attacks in

other cities of the US.

7.In the sequential trial Dr. Brandt as one of the best-reputed experts in medical research was required to give his

testimony.

8.After disappearing from public sight for 6 months, he pleaded guilty for defrauding $400.000 from various clients

and distributors.

Transitional Skills

1) In sequential testimony, each one stated that he did not believe tobacco was a health risk and that his company had taken no steps to manipulate the levels of nicotine in its cigarettes.

在随后的证词中，每个人都陈述自己不相信烟草会给健康带来风险，而且自己的公司从未采取措施来操纵香烟中尼古丁的含量。

翻译点评：如果将health risk这一名词性词组按照词典释义直译为“健康风险”，不符合汉语习惯，因此应灵活转类为动宾词组。

2) Dr. Brandt…amply demonstrates that Big Tobacco understood many of the health risks of their products long before the 1964 surgeon g eneral’s report.

布兰特博士用充足的证据证明，早在1964年卫生局局长的报告发表前，各大烟草巨头就已了解了自家产品对健康造成的诸多风险。

翻译点评：ample是指数量上充足的或空间上宽敞的，因此其副词形式应准确反映出原文的意思，此处用转类和增补的翻译方法，表明布兰特博士手头证据充足。

3) Early in the 20th century, opposition to cigarettes took a moral rather than a health-conscious tone, especially for women who wanted to smoke, although even then many doctors were concerned that smoking was a health risk.

在20世纪初期，对香烟的抵制带着道德的口吻，而不是出于对健康的关注，对想抽烟的女性更是如此，不过即使在当时，许多医生已经关注到吸烟会给健康造成风险。

翻译点评：health-conscious这种复合词构成方式在汉语中是找不到对应词的，因此应灵活拆分为独立从句，以准确表达。

4) And their marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns aimed at youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers.

在他们的营销备忘录中，记录了他们针对青少年发动的广告运动，旨在诱惑一代代的新烟民。

翻译点评：campaign的常见意思是"战役"，但涉及广告领域，则作为专业术语是指"广告运动"。因此翻译时应根据上下文语境来准确选词，不能望文生义。

5) Instead, these experts focused primarily on a small group of skeptics of the dangers of cigarettes during the 1950s, many of whom had or would eventually have ties to the tobacco industry.

相反，这些专家主要关注的是20世纪50年代的一小撮对香烟危害的怀疑论者，他们中的大部分人要么当时就与烟草业有勾结，要么最终也会同烟草业勾结起来。

翻译点评：had or would eventually have ties to the tobacco industry如果直译为"已经或将最终与烟草业进行勾结"，显然不符合汉语的句式要求，因此应采用拆句的翻译方法，分拆为两个独立的并列从句表示或然关系。

6) Last August, she concluded that the tobacco industry had engaged in a 40-year conspiracy to defraud smokers about tobacco's health dangers.

去年八月，她总结道，烟草行业策划了一场为期40年的阴谋，以欺骗烟民，掩盖烟草对健康的危害。

翻译点评：engage in在普通双语词典中，最常见的译法是"从事……"，但从上下文来看，"从事阴谋"显然不符合逻辑，因此应当根据语境来确定搭配所用的词汇，可考虑翻译为"策划阴谋"或"搞阴谋"。

The disingenuousness of food suppliers has become a serious is sue in today’s society. Some of them defraud the public by disinformation and extolling food additives as a great achievement in food industry. They also claim that additives at a moderate level do no harm to health. Some righteous scientists have made in-depth pathological investigations into the content and toxicity of food additives. Their findings, which suggest that some common food additives may lead to health risks if used for a long time, were regarded as a landmark event in the research of food security. Although a gaggle of skeptics hired by food manufacturers question whether such researches are scientifically based and even deride people as timid, many consumers are beginning to pay attention to food additives and turning to natural and fresh food. Some experts promise to give testimony if any consumer charges food suppliers with racketeering.

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