只铁专业操盘手高级培训教程笔记

只铁专业操盘手高级培训教程笔记

《循环理论》，《永久生存》

与60日均线的乖离值指标

不害怕，就不会死，不怕死，就不会死！

操盘计划书——买入

一、基本信息：名称、行业、概念、

二、买入理由

三、指标参数

四、所处位置

五、资金流向

六、大盘预测：位置、趋势、整体仓位、指标参数

七、操作性质：试盘、超短抢反弹、超短追涨、加仓、补仓

八、投入资金量

九、止损止赢策略

十、持有时间

卖得好不如买得好！

买的好需要策略好！

下跌上涨

-5 5.26

-10 11.11

-15 17.65

-20 25.00

-25 33.33

-30 42.86

-35 53.85

-40 66.67

-45 81.82

-50 100.00

-55 122.22

-60 150.00

-65 185.71

-70 233.33

-75 300.00

-80 400.00

-85 566.67

-90 900.00

资金进入资本市场的目的就是为了获利避险。

要想最终达到投资成功的卓越境界，必须要具备正确的世界观和方法论。因为股市哲学制约股市兵法，股市兵法制约股市战法，股市战法制约股市技法，股市技法制约股市技巧。具有正确的股市投资哲学思想，才不至于迷失了正确的投资方向。

在混沌系统中，均衡是个关键性的概念。一个非线性系统即使呈不稳定态势，它仍会趋于某个均衡点，系统围绕改点上下波动，达到改点时，便处于稳定状态。

股市或股票的运动是形成一个完整的循环过程，其本质就是阴阳矛盾的相互交替作用来实现的。——《股海灯塔》

供求决定股市波动。在股市中真正起决定作用的就是股市内在的供与求的经济规律即股市的资金流入与流出。它通过股市中实际的买卖盘力量这一矛盾的对立的供求关系的变化来影响股市或股票的未来走势。

中国证券市场的特征：零和游戏（本质特征）政策市和消息市（庄股市场）。

赚钱的经历≠赚钱的能力，事实上，只有很少的人能够长期的、稳定的、持续的从股票凑之中赚钱。

股市是有众多的投资者参与而构成，进入股市的每一个投资者都希望自己能成为赢家，而每个投资者都是互为竞争对手。所以要在激烈的竞争中胜出，首先要学会的就是不输，保障本金的安全。其关键之处就是消灭自己的弱点，而不被对手所利用、其次就是发现对手破绽给予攻击而取胜。

股票市场中，真正其根本推动作用的是资金的流入与流出。如果我们划分股市分析的内因与外因的问题，政策面和基本面属于外因范畴，分析市场行为的技术面则属于内因范畴。

基本分析主要高顺投资的方向，而技术分析不当可以告诉投资方向，还主要告诉你买卖的时机选择。关键是如何学会因时、因势、因地具体灵活、辩证地运用，尤其是对K线和形态的认识和分析。

技术分析的理论基础是基于三项合理的市场假设：市场行为涵盖一切信

息；价格沿趋势移动；历史会重演。

市场行为就是市场中的买卖行为，包括市场中的四大根本要素：价格、成交量、时间和参与人。时间：其具体可以体现为均线系统和时间之窗等。

历史会重演：绝对不是简单的现象重复，而是指的运动规律的恒久不变。

就算能够让你认识到了市场的主级、次级波动，市场也未必能够让你把握得到。这里有一个非常重要的知道和做到的心理控制，资金管理和操作行为能力的实战大问题。懂不等于会，会不等于好。

有的人至死都不明白自己有过赚钱的经历，但绝对不等于拥有赚钱的能力。靠运气偶然赚钱与凭本领必然赚到钱，这两者之间是有着的根本区别的。日间杂波，说穿了就是市场用来钓鱼的诱饵，他的瞬息变换，不断地让贪婪且无知的人们心甘情愿、奋不顾身地进场现身。不深刻地领悟和透彻地认识到这一点，你就终究无法再投资生涯中达到的最后的超越。

专业选手持续稳定必然获利、业业余选手间隙偶然获利，这就是区别！

道氏坚定地认为：经济的发展和实物周期循环的规律以及市场的买卖需求决定着股价的涨跌规律。供求关系的规律是所有经济规律的根本。

分析家与实战投资家的视角存在明显的不同，而且市场对实战投资家的要求远远高于分析家。

道氏理论的实战精华：

1、趋势的定量化运用：将道氏理论的波动分级与趋势定义相结合，

同时给出牛熊市的客观定义标准就构筑成为只铁战法寻宝图之总体轮廓。

2、乖离与成本制约：乖离原理的核心，就是市场的平均成本对股价

发展的具有极大制约作用。成本与股价的偏离程度代表着市场获利和亏损的程度。也代表着部分投资者获利及避险程度先决要求。市场的乖离达到某种程度后就会让特定的投资者将获利兑现或展开止损避险。（成本制约原理）

3、多要素整合回避陷阱：真正的投资家必须牢牢记住，投资活动和

投资行为的根本目的就是获利避险。而实现这一根本目的，绝不是光光只需要分析研判体系就能完成的，还需要更加重要的实战操作体系。

自有股市以来，有三个传奇般的英雄人物，江恩先生、索罗斯先生和理查德。丹尼斯先生。他们共同的特点都有着自己独特的实战投资操作个性和精深独到的投资哲学理论。

江恩时间之窗：江恩认为市场的运动就像自然中万事万物一样具有循环的时间周期。在神奇时间位置，市场波动容易从量变的积累，转变为质变的爆发。

江恩严格的按照十二条买卖规则和二十一条买卖守则进行操作。并指出有三大原因（有限的资本上过度买卖、没有设止损点、缺乏市场知识）是投资者在市场米买中遭受损失的最重要原因。

艾略特波浪理论：5+3=8个过程，为一个周期。

道氏理论：任何一种价格的波动都包括三种形式的移动方式——主级正向波、次级逆向波和日间杂波。

弗波纳奇数列：1、2、3、5、8、13、21、34、55、89、144……

艾略特波浪理论的模式关系，更多地是反映了人类行为心理变化因素对股价的作用，而时间关系和比例关系则更多地是表现了自然规律对股价运动的作用。

传统的经典投资理论的最重要部分由道氏理论、波浪理论、及江恩理论构成。其投资理论的主干是道氏理论。江恩理论和波浪理论都仅仅是从不同的侧面对道氏理论进行深化和完善而已。

成功投资三要素：严格的心理控制（心态控制）、正确而科学的资金管理、过硬的技术功底。

管理活动的计划、组织、领导和控制四个基本职能在投资活动中同样适用。

股价循环运动规律寻宝图总轮廓

位置，方向，时间，角度，模式，度

即时股价将围绕30均线上下不规则波动，这是股价运动的现象，问题的本质是30均线的方向

以上四大阶段循环往复，生生不息.ACD这三个阶段只有短线，尤其是D下跌阶段只能快进快出小资金强短线反弹，绝对不允许波段，更不允

许中线持仓，要学会绝对的空仓，只有B阶段才能波段操作。

寻宝图实战使用要点

1、位置：目前的股价所处在的具体位置，一定隐藏在道氏理论的不

同级别的波动结构中和波浪理论的不同浪形结构中，其具体位置直接反映了该运动趋势已经进行演化了的量变程度，并直接限定着实战投资规模、获利程度及可能的损失的大小。

2、方向：实战中，如果30均线向上就直接表明市场的股价处于荣

和阳的循环阶段。实战中买进做多投资就是操作行为的主旋律。反之卖出做空就是实战投资操作行为的主旋律。如果30均线横向走平，实战投资操作行为中空仓战术的展开就成为必然。方向同时也就明确

指出了市场的运动趋势。（先按最大级别来判定）

3、时间：寻宝图中股价目前所处在的具体位置，直接地反映了该种

阴阳枯荣运动循环趋势已经经历了多少时间。推动该运动趋势的动力在多大程度上得到了消耗，未来的股价运动趋势还能持续多长时间，以及未来股价运动能到达的空间位置等。此处江恩的时间之窗和波形结构的时间，对行情转点的判断可以起到宏观上的警示作用，也就是说在江恩时间之窗的时间范围，投资者应该比平时更加地提高警惕，来注意市场是否产生操作信号。

4、角度：实物运动所处的坐标或参照系中的位置，从时间和空间的

相关程度上也体现出来了。在股市中，我们可以通过股价所处的不同周期、不同大小循环波动趋势结构中的角度大小，能判别出在不同循环结构中，其股价运动趋势的强弱。如果股价在较短的时间中价格上涨得多，就表明其短期趋势强。这种强势必然会表现为均线系统的向上角度较大，反之股价下跌的趋势强弱判别也是同样的道理何用同样的方法。（上升角度>45°是做短线的最佳品种）

5、模式：事务运动必然有一定的演变模式，不管我们是否认识他。

股价在已经运行的行情中表现了什么样的模式的认知，对于判定后续股价可能出现的运动方式有所帮助。比如，前期的股价是以复杂的方式进行运动的，则随后的运动就可能已较为简单的方式交替展开。比如，前期的股价是以五浪上升进行运动，则随后的运动就可能以三浪的调整展开。

6、度：世界万物的运动，在枯荣更替，阴阳循环中始终处于从失衡

——平衡——失衡——平衡……的不断变化中。其中阴阳平衡是最稳定的时候，阴与阳的力量自有符合他应有的限度。如江恩认为股价上升运行45°角度是最稳定的结构论断，就是阴阳平衡的一种体现。

在股市中，股价的位置，方向，时间，角度等一旦超过他应有的限度，必将回复到股价运动结构稳定状态的位置，得以修正。

市场一定会用一切办法来证明大多数人是错的！

在BD段，大周期制约小周期，在AC段，小周期改变大周期趋势。

技术上量化条件：

筑底转换阶段

市场特征：

1、成交量大幅度萎缩。

2、长期均线系统（120，250）在一定的区域走平，K线形态成小阴

小阳。

3、指标系统月、周、日指标：KDJ在低位，筑底后期月KDJ将在

低位“金叉”

市场机会：具备了进行战略性建仓的机会。

上升阶段

市场特征：

1、成交量开始由小逐渐增大，市市场的量价关系处于和谐的状态。

2、中长期均线（30，60，90）由平行逐渐转为上行，并与长期均线

（250，300）出现“金叉”。

3、周、月、日线指标KDJ低位出现金叉信号，在完成了第一波上涨

后，市场（个股）会有一段回档（次级波）出现。之后将进入主升段完成升幅。对应的成交量将大幅度的增加，均线呈多头排列，指标完全进入强势区域。

市场机会：提供了最佳获利的市场机会，是投资者重点把握的阶段，是赚钱的黄金期。

做头阶段

市场特征：

1、成交量异常放大股价不涨，或成交量与价格出现背离。

2、30均线开始由朝上变为走平，短期均线上升角度减小说明该股票

向上攻击能量开始消失。中中期上升始建于升幅已大，与年线乖离很大。

3、KDJ周，月线KD值进入80，J值在100以上。

市场机会：只提供了兑现筹码的市场机会。

下跌阶段

市场特征：

1、30均线开始向下运行，短中长均线系统逐渐将形成空头排列。

2、市场在获利筹码兑现的打压之下，处于单边下跌过程之中，成交量出现无序放量、缩量状态。

3、月周日KDJ指标80以上死叉，指标从强势区向弱势区运行。

市场机会：该股票长期性空头下跌将成为相当长时间的主旋律，这个阶段的股票绝对不能买进，该阶段基本上不提供盈利的市场机会。这个阶

段所进行的大部分操作都是错误的。只有在非常特殊的情况下，短期下跌过度的股票将有反弹机会，可用少量资金快进快出抢反弹，仅此而已，而而不能恋战。

第三章大盘、个股各循环阶段的实战操作策略

1、大盘处于盘底阶段——个股同步在盘底（上涨、下跌）

低吸建仓性买点的必须条件：慢、耐心和信心

a、股价前期经历长期大幅度下跌；

b、120、250天均线走平且有了一段时间；

c、买进前的一段时间成交量已经高度萎缩，最好月换手率小于5%（个

人认为因票而异）；

d、60、30均线开始逐步上穿长期均线形成多头排列；

e、周线多头排列是该买点安全的前提条件，月线多头排列最好；

f、买进时成交量开始有规律的增加；

g、月周KDJ发出低位金叉信号；月周RSI出现底背离；

h、该买点的实战以中长线操作为考虑，尽量在底部形态的底部买

进。仓位控制为1/3仓操作。

要点：大部分个股都同步在筑底，所以按照安全度的角度来看，大资金应该开始进场试探性吸纳筹码，重点关注先于大盘筑底的个股。耐心、信心是心理控制的关键。

2、大盘处于上升阶段——个股上升

这类股票一般是在前期没能出逃的老庄股，不予考虑操作；如持有筹码则应尽快出局。如是已处于下跌末期的股票则可以超短线抢反弹。

3、大盘处于上升阶段——个股下跌

4、大盘处于盘头（下跌）——个股下跌（超前、同步、滞后）

5、大盘处于盘头（下跌）——个股上涨

股价运动的规律是完全按照多空双方力量对比大小和所占优势的大小而行进的。一般应遵循这样的规律，第一，股价就在多空双方取得均衡的位置上下进行来回波动；第二原有的平衡被打破后，股价将寻找新的平衡。

持续形态：三角形（上升、下降）；矩形、旗形（上升、下降）；楔形（上升、下降）；

反转形态：双重底（顶）、三重底（顶）、头肩底（顶）、圆弧底（顶）、足形底、V型顶（底）、喇叭口；

试盘；建仓；震仓洗盘；拉高；出货；（吸洗拉出）

洗盘目的：分时分段地对盘中筹码进行不断的清洗，并且通过多次洗盘的操作定式造成一种有规律的操作行为假象，以便庄家自己在今后的出货动作中进行打破前期操作定式的反向利用，诱杀自以为聪明的跟风盘，不允许有散户获利太多；

洗盘时机：拉升达到一定幅度（一般为25-30%）；短期乖离偏大说明跟

风盘获利丰厚，需要洗盘；成交量持续放大说明跟风盘太多，浮筹过重庄家也要进行洗盘。

洗盘方式：打压洗盘（向下震仓和上拉震仓）快速：深幅打压、频率震仓、上下跳蹿；慢速、自由回落、逆反做空洗盘、震荡洗盘（横盘洗盘）、向上洗盘；盘中洗盘（涨停洗盘）、逆反做多或做空洗盘。

效果：形态、技术、支撑、趋势、成交量均可破坏。

特征：

1、庄家洗盘的任何方式最终都必须达到成交量萎缩的第一特

征，这也是庄家洗盘的目的。获利盘、套牢盘、止损盘、买盘均

全部立场出局，不坚定的浮动筹码基本被清洗干净；

2、短期均线系统趋于横向粘合。

3、盘中股价波动幅度越来越小已经无法产生获利空间和获利机

会，促使短线客因无利可图而远离市场。

拉高阶段：1、初级拉高；2、中继拉高；3、疯狂拉高；4、逆市拉高。拉高方式：震仓洗盘并举拉高、缓慢盘升、通道式拉高、进三退二、快速拉高、轧空。

轧空容易发生在周末与周初，而且往往在开盘交易的前一个小时，一波、二波、三波封上涨停。引起市场注意，诱导市场追高。主要体现在：

1、主力机构将某某板块热炒；

2、突发性政策利好；

3、长期在低位的冷门股；

4、基本面有重大题材，消息即将明朗；

5、庄股在最后出货前的加速上扬、拉升；

6、被套庄家自救，让市场猜测题材。

根本特征：股价大幅上扬或快速上涨，成交量持续放大，赚钱效应不断产生。

出货

这是庄家坐庄环节中唯一不能100%彻底控制的环节！庄家只能利用跟风盘人性的弱点来使跟风盘自己失败，也就是说庄家的成功是建立在别人的失败之上，而非自己战无不胜无坚不摧，庄家永远只能去的相对的成功。

实战指导：不要过分认为庄家了不起，只要技术、心态良好，不被其诱惑，赚取属于自己的市场机会，就不会上当！

出货的时机：空间足够、自身资金、时间条件或大盘、个股背景突变，只要能吸引足够的跟风盘即可。

出货的方式：拉高出货（假突破）、边拉边出、涨停出货；震荡出货；打压出货（跌停出货）；反弹出货；次高位出货；换庄出货（假换庄形态和低位放量形态）；结合大盘、板块、题材、消息与上面多种方式运用。

操盘手法：小单出货法、裹单法多卖少买、给机会砸低股价后出货，先买后卖、跌停板开盘出货、涨停板出货、飘带是出货、波浪式出货法、大笔对敲后拉高出货（早盘）、反弹出货、题材出货、逆市自造热点、除权出货法、反技术出货法。

震荡市三大口诀

在市场进入震荡行情的走势中，投资者不要担心机会不再而急于进场。应掌握三大基本口诀：

1．不跌不买，不涨不卖，大跌大买，大涨大卖；

2．不听消息，不带感情，不预设立场，顺势操作，不随意操作；3．严格止损止赢，资金与风险控管，克服贪婪与恐惧心理，不过度频繁交易。

股票是有价证券，是用钱换来的，我们小散的钱就不说了。即便是血汗钱，沉甸甸的，但是在主力，机构那里都不是钱。只是他们的猎物，可口的猎物。但是主力、机构的钱是有成本的。就像我们造车买原材料一样，需要花钱。因为他们的钱都是贷款或其他渠道，都要考虑资金成本，

而且他们的资金陈本会很高。如果不达到一定的点位，他们会亏钱。如果不是极其特殊的情况下，他们会认亏吗，不会，因为他们永远掌握主动，他们会想尽一切办法板一板。德尔这种情况，我觉得主力是出不去的，出不去怎么办？这个位置往下砸，又有谁能接？我觉得还是要给散户点甜头，才有人觉得他会涨，才会去接。how do u think?

我觉得还是老打老实的，一点一滴的积累，不能投机取巧，不能急功近利，想一口吃个胖子。但是，肯定有的地方有盲区，有无人能看透和总结出来的规律。如果我们抓住了就成为一种包赚不赔，而且效率很高的盈利模式。慢慢总结慢慢悟！

K线图形分析，是通过总结和归纳价格图上以往价格的演化形态来预测未来价格走势的一种分析方法。典型的价格演化形态包括两类，一是反转形态，一是持续形态。

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】

第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：

I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is

语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)

Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题及典型题详解(第二语言和外语教学)【圣才出品】

第11章第二语言和外语教学 11.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching 语言学与语言教学之间的关系 2. Grammar, input and language learning 语法、输入与语言学习 3. Interlanguage in language teaching 语言教学中的中介语 4. Linguistics and syllabus design 语言学与教学大纲设计 5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis 对比分析与错误分析 6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching 语料库语言学与语言教学 常考考点： 语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。

本章内容索引： I. Definition of Applied Linguistics II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning 1. Grammar and Language Learning 2. Input and Language Learning 3. Interlanguage in Language Learning IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching 1. The discourse-based view of language teaching 2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design 1. Syllabus and curriculum 2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design 3. Types of syllabus (1) The structural syllabus (2) The situational syllabus (3) The communicative syllabus (4) The task-based syllabus 4. Current trends in syllabus design (1) The co-existence of the old and the new (2) The emphasis on the learning process

胡壮麟语言学复习及答案

胡壮麟语言学复习及答案 Chapter I In troducti on I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1.Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 2.L in guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral. 3.A scie ntific study of Ian guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks. 4.In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ian guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts. 5.Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole. 6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study. 7.Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on. 8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces. 9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces. 11.The study of meaning in Ian guage is known as sema ntics. 12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13.Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolati on, but in con text. 14.Social cha nges can ofte n bring about Ian guage cha nges. 15.Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society. 16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17.Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar. 18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage. 20.The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F. de Saussure. II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the

胡壮麟 语言学教程修订版 课堂笔记和讲义精选Chapter (6)

Chapter 6 Language Processing in Mind 6.1 Introduction 1. Language is a mirror of the mind in a deep and significant sense. 2. Language is a product of human intelligence, created a new in each individual by operation that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. 3. Psycholinguistics “proper” can perhaps be glossed as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language in any medium (spoken or written). 4. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures. 5. The differences between psycholinguistics and psychology of language. Psycholinguistics can be defined as the storage, comprehension, production and acquisition of language in any medium (spoken or written). It is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures. On the other hand, the psychology of language deals with more general topics such as the extent to which language shapes thought, and from the psychology of communication, includes non-verbal communication such as gestures and facial expressions. 6. Cognitive psycholinguistics: Cognitive psycholinguistics is concerned above all with making inferences about the content of the human mind. 7. Experimental psycholinguistics: Experimental psycholinguistics is mainly concerned with empirical matters, such as speed of response to a particular word. 6.1.1 Evidence 1. Linguists tend to favor descriptions of spontaneous speech as their main source of evidence, whereas psychologists mostly prefer experimental studies. 2. The subjects of psycholinguistic investigation are normal adults and children on the one hand, and aphasics----people with speech disorders-----on the other. The primary assumption with regard to aphasic patient that a breakdown in some part of language could lead to an understanding of which components might be independent of others. 6.1.2 Current issues 1. Modular theory: Modular theory assumes that the mind is structured into separate modules or components, each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others. 2. Cohort theory: The cohort theory hypothesizes that auditory word recognition begins with the formation of a group of words at the perception of the initial sound and proceeds sound by sound with the cohort of words decreasing as more sounds are perceived. This theory can be expanded to deal with written materials as well. Several experiments have supported this view of word

胡壮麟语言学教程第二章专业术语解释

2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生 phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征 or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统 6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化 辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法 9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出 排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦，这样发生的音叫辅音 10. Coarticulation协同发音: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are

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胡壮麟语言学笔记无私分享（全；免"支持"版：） 《语言学教程》重难点学习提示 第一章??语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章? ?? ?语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。 第三章? ?? ?语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章? ???音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。 第五章? ? 词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章? ? 词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。 第七章??句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章? ?语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章? ?语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章??语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。 第十一章??语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。 1.1.??What is language? "Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly.

胡壮麟语言学笔记 第三章

Chapter 3 Lexicon 3.1 What is word? 1. What is a lexeme? A lexeme is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other similar units. It is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken or written sentences, and is regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected. E.g. the word “write” is the lexeme of “write, writes, wrote, writing and written.” 2. What is a morpheme? A morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. E.g. the word “boxes” has two morphemes: “box” and “es,” neither of which permits further division or analysis shapes if we don’t want to sacrifice its meaning. 3. What is an allomorph? An allomorph is the alternate shapes of the same morpheme. E.g. the variants of the plurality “-s” makes the allomorphs thereof in the following examples: map – maps, mouse –mice, ox – oxen, tooth – teeth, etc. 4. What is a word? A word is the smallest of the linguistic units that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance in speech or writing. 3.1.1 Three senses of “word” 1. A physically definable unit 2. The common factor underlying a set of forms 3. A grammatical unit 3.1.2 Identification of words 1. Stability Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure, i.e. the constituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement, compared with the relative positional mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy. Take the word chairman for example. If the morphemes are rearranged as * manchair, it is an unacceptable word in English. 2. Relative uninterruptibility By uninterruptibility, we men new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. Nothing is to be inserted in between

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第8-9章

Chapter 8 Language in Use 1. 语义学与语用学的区别 1.1 语用学（Pragmatics） Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which they are used.（语用学是研究语言实际运用的学科，集中研究说话人意义、话语意义或语境意义。） 1.2 区别 Pragmatics is sometimes contrasted with semantics, which deals with meaning without reference to the users and communicative functions of sentences.（语用学主要研究在特定的语境中说话人所想要表达的意义，语义学研究的句子的字面意义，通常不考虑语境。） 2. 合作原则及其准则（Herbert Paul Grice） 2.1. 合作原则(Cooperative Principle) 说话人经常在话语中传达着比话语表层更多的信息，听话人也能够明白说话人所要表达的意思。格莱斯认为一定存在一些管理这些话语产生和理解的机制。他把这种机制称作合作原则。 2.2. 准则(maxims) 数量准则(quantity) ①使你的话语如（交谈的当前目的）所要求的那样信息充分。 ②不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。 质量准则(quality) 设法使你的话语真实 ①不要讲明知是虚假的话 ②不要说没证据的话

胡壮麟语言学复习重点

语言学期末考试范围 Chapter 1 ⑴Language, linguistics ⑵Design features of Language (细致掌握) ⑶Functions of Language(细致); Halliday’s metafunctions（了解） ⑷Saussure’s Langue and Parole (概念，区别，联系) ⑸Chomsky competence and performance; Communicate competence ⑹Prescriptive and descriptive ⑺Synchronic and diachronic Chapter 2 ⑴Phonetics; Three aspects of phonetics ⑵Write the phonetic symbols according to descriptions ⑶Vowels and consonants; The criteria of the classification of English ⑷Vowels and consonants (manner, place ,voice) ⑸IPA ⑹Phonology; Phoneme; phonology ⑺Suprasegmental, syllable( syllabic) Chapter 3 ⑴Morpheme; Morphology ⑵Types of morphemes ⑶Inflection ⑷The relation between morpheme and phoneme Chapter 4 ⑴Syntax ⑵Syntactic relations; Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations ⑶Constituents and Immediate analysis ⑷Endocentric and exocentric construction ⑸The characteristics of English subject Chapter 5 ⑴Semantics ⑵Leech’s seven types of meaning ⑶The referential theory; Reference; concept ⑷Semantic triangle ⑸Synonymy, ⑹Antonymy (三种类型，细致掌握) ⑺Entailment（定义）