英语语言学 框架知识 中文版

一、绪论

语言学的定义

语言学的研究范畴

几对基本概念

语言的定义

语言的甄别特征

What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。

The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴

Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学

\Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学

Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性

Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.

Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior.

Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data.

Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language

Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study

The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study

In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.

Speech and writing 口头语与书面语

Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: （1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution

（2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing

（3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language

Language and parole 语言与言语

Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community

Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use

Competence and performance 能力与运用

Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users' knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication

What is language? 什么是语言？

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication

Characteristics of language: 语言的特性

Language is a rule-governed system

Language is basically vocal

Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same

object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet."）

Language is used for human communication

Design features of language 语言的甄别特征

American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features:

1） arbitrariness 武断性

2） productivity 创造性

3） duality 二重性

4） displacement移位性

5） cultural transmission 文化传递性

二、音系学

语言的声音媒介

什么是语音学

发音器官

音标……宽式和严式标音法

英语语音的分类

音系学和语音学

语音、音位、音位变体

音位对立、互补分部、最小对立

几条音系规则

超切分特征

Two major media of communication: speech and writing

The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，

这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。

Phonetics语音学: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language.

Three branches of phonetics : articulatory phonetics 发音语音学（most highly developed）, auditory phonetics 听觉语音学and acoustic phonetics 声学语音学

Organs of speech 发音器官

The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:

The pharyngeal cavity咽腔——the throat

The oral cavity口腔——the mouth

The nasal cavity 鼻腔——the nose

Vibration of the vocal cords （声带） results in a quality of speech sounds called "voicing" 浊音，which is a feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 辅音。

单词补充：01） velum: The soft palate. 软腭

02） uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft

palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块

03） larynx: n. 喉

04） vocal cord: 声带

05） membrane: n. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, or organs of an animal or a plant. 膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官

06） the soft palate: 软腭

07） the hard palate: 硬腭

08） the teeth ridge: 齿龈

09） alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone 牙槽颚骨处的牙床

10） the teeth: 牙齿

11） the lips: 上下唇

12） blade of tongue: 舌面

13） back of tongue: 舌根

14） pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔

15） nasal cavity: 鼻腔

16） velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as （g） in good and （k） in cup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在 good中的（g）以及在 cup中的（k）

17） the tip of the tongue: 舌尖

18） the upper front teeth: 上齿

19） the roof of the mouth: 上颚

20） the lower lip: 下唇

音标……宽式和严式标音法

International Phonetic Alphabet （IPA）

The vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs）元音（单元音&双元音）

The constants 辅音

Broad transcription: transcription with letter-symbols only. （in dictionaries and teaching textbooks）

用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。

Narrow transcription: the transcription with diacritics.

但实际上，同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同，比如Pit和spit中的/P/音发音就不一样。

在宽式标音的基础上，再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄式标音法。

Classification of English speech sounds

英语语音的分类

The basic difference between a vowel and a constant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is obstructed in one way or another.

Classification of English constants

英语辅音分类

此主题相关图片如下：

Classification of English vowels

:the position of the tongue in the mouth舌位高低

:the openness of the mouth,口的张开程度

:the shape of the lips园唇与否

:length of the vowels元音的长度

此主题相关图片如下：

Phonology 音系学

Phonology and phonetics

音系学和语音学

Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.

语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音，旨在对语音进行描述和分类。

Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

音系学研究的重点是特定语言的语音体系，语音表达意义作用。

Phone，phoneme and allophone

语音，音位，音位变体

Phones, which can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.

语音是语音学研究的单位，是一个个具体的声音。

Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning.

音位是音系学研究的单位，是抽象的概念，每一个音位是一组语音特征的集合体，音位具有区别意义的作用。

The different which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.

音位变体是一个音位在特定的语音环境力的具体体现，同一音位在不同语音环境里体现为不同的变体，也就是语音。

Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair

音位对立，互补分布，最小对立对

rope and robe that /P/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning; therefore they are in phonemic contrast.

可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止，产生意义差别。

/P/ and /Ph/ these two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.

When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. [pen] and [ben]

最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。

Some rules in phonology几条音系规则

Sequential rules 序列规则：blik, klib , bilk, kilb is possible. But lbki, ilbk, bkil , ilkb not possible.

Assimilation rules 同化规则

Deletion rule 省略规则

Sign, design, there is no {g} sound

Signature, designation the {g} is pronounced.

Delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal constant.

Suprasegmental features—— stress, tone, intonation

超切分特征——重音，声调，语调

the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features;

超切分特征指切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。

三、MORPHOLOGY 形态学请结合《词汇学中的构词法》进行学习。

语素：语言最小的意义单位

语素的类型

复合词的类型

复合词的特征

Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. It is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology.

形态学研究单词的内部结构以及构词规则，有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支。

Morpheme:the smallest meaningful unit of language.

语素：语言最小的意义单位。

Free Morpheme: A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. （independent）自由语素可以作为单词独立使用。

Bound Morpheme: A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.

粘着语素必须和其他语素结合成单词

Bound Morpheme includes two types: （1）root （2）Affix（词缀）

1）Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）（inflectional morphemes）:

affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional

2）Derivational affixes（派生词缀）A）prefix: A prefix comes before words. B）suffix An adjective suffix（形容词后缀）that is added to the stem, whatever classis belongs to , the result will be an adjective.

free=free root（自由词根）

Morpheme（词素）

Bound root prefix

bound derivational

affix suffix

inflectional

Root and stem（词根和词干）

1）Root 2）Stem

The differences between root and stem:

A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.

A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.

Individualistic Undesirables

Individualist （stem）undesirable （stem）

Individual （stem）desirable （stem）

dividual （stem）desire （root, stem）

divide（root, stem）

Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：adding word-formation or derivational affixes to stem.

Prefixation前缀@：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.

1）'表示否定'nagative prefixes: un-,non,in-,dis,a- etc.

2）''reversative or privative prefixes: un-,de-dis etc.

3）'表示贬义'pejorative prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo- etc.

4）'表示程度'degree or size prefixes: arch-,

super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini- etc.

5）'表示方向、态度'orientation & attitude prefixes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro- etc.

6）locative prefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans- etc.

7）'表示时间、次序'time and order prefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc.

8）'表示数量'number prefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi-/poly- etc.

9）'混杂'miscellaneous prefixes：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-

Suffixation后缀@: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.

1）noun suffixes 2）adjective suffixes 3）Adverb suffixes 4）verb suffixes

Compounding复合法（also called composition）

Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems

Formation of compounds

Noun noun（名词＋名词）—— handbook, sunshine

Adjective noun（形容词＋名词）——highway, deadline

Adjective noun -ed（形容词＋名词＋ed）——white-haired, red-eyed

Verb noun（动词＋名词）——driveway, breakwater（挡水板）

Adverb noun（副词＋名词）——downtown, overburden

Noun verb（名词＋动词）——toothpick, snowfall

Verb adverb（动词＋副词）——follow-up, kick-off

Noun adjective（名词＋形容词）——world-famous, lifelong

-ing form noun（ing 名词）——baking power, dining-room

other forms（其他）——go-between, father-in-law

Features of compounds复合词的特征

1.Orthographically书写特征

（Compounds are written in three ways: solid（airmail）hyphenated（air-conditioning）open（air force, air raid）

2.Syntactically句法特征（复合词的词性一般取决于复合词最后一个成分的词性）

3.Semantically语义特征（复合词的意义具有习语性质，许多复合词的意义都不是其构成成分意义和总和）

4.Phonetically语音特征（复合词的单词重音落在第一个构成成分上）

英语语言学讲解

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。

三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。

英语语言文学专业基础

英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）

简明英语语言学知识点汇总

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;

②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;

27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 4 Phonology

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