大学英语第二单元

I. 语言重点（Language Focus）

1. 重点词汇与短语

case, male, score, vocabulary, stage, act, block, repeat, language, physical, therefore, energy, independent, produce, factor, style, presentation, formula, logic, strength, paragraph, linguistic, quote, apply, visual, comprehension, instruction, relate, benefit, tend to, on average, find out, be caused by

2. 技能要求(Skills Development)

1) 听说（Listening and Speaking）

能听懂和回答老师的有关本单元内容的提问。

2) 读译（Reading and Translating）

要求学生能熟读对话与课文，背诵课文对话语句，增强学生的表达能力。

3) 写（Writing）

鼓励学生用所学的单词、词组和句型来书写书信。

II. Language Points

Dialogue

1. I just dropped in to say goodbye,LiMing.

drop in: 顺便走访, 不预先通知的拜访

eg. Remember to drop in tonight. 记住今晚来。

Please drop in again. 请再次光临。

2. Now ZhangJie is leaving for California,USA. to study.

leave for: 到.去, 出发前往

eg. He has left for Washington.他已经去华盛顿了。

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大学实用英语①

I asked for leave. 我请假了。

3. My plane will take off at 11:30 o’clock.

take off: 拿掉, 取消, 脱衣, 起飞,离开

(ant.)put on

eg. I take off my shoes. 我脱鞋。

4. Remember to look me up if you’re ever in California.

look up: 拜访, 尊敬, 仰望

eg. I look up several old friends. 我拜访了几位老友。

Don’t look up the dictionary. 不要查字典。

Text A

1. Do you believe that only boys do well in science?(para.1)

do well in: 成绩好,……做得好

eg. Students who do well in examinations are the ones who ask questions in class.

考试成绩好的都是上课爱提问的学生。

She was resolved to do well in the factory. 她决心在厂里好好干。

2. On average,males score higher on tests about mathematical reasoning,building things and problem-solving skills.(para.2)

on average: 平均起来

eg. By 1998, Chinese women had received 6.5 years of education on average.

1998年中国妇女人均受教育年数已达6.5年。

On average we receive five letters each day. 我们平均每天收到五封信。

score: v. to gain (a point or points) in a game or contest（在游戏、比赛中）得分

to score a point得一分

eg. Will you score for us when we play? 我们打球时你给我们记分好吗？

n. the result of a test or exam记号, 得分, 评分

level the score把比分拉平

eg. The score in the football game was 4 - 1. 足球比赛的比分是四比一。

3. Females show superior abilities in tests about vocabulary,spelling,and memory.(para.2) superior: adj. greater in quality, quantity, etc

比……高的, 高[上]级的; (指数量)较大的, 较多的

(syn.)better, greater, higher

Unit 2 13·

a superior court上级法院

be superior in numbers数量上占优势

be superior to 胜过, 比……好

eg.This western restaurant is superior to the one we went to last week.

这家西餐馆比我们上星期去的那一家好。

n. one of greater rank or station or quality长者, 高手, 上级

4. In several recent studies,young babies have been observed and tested to find out how different abilities are developed.(para.3)

Present Perfect Tense(现在完成时)：现在完成时表示一种联系，它把一个过去的行为或状态与说话时刻（现在）联系起来，着眼于现在。按其基本意义可分为如下用法：

1) “已完成”用法或称为结果性用法，它强调的是行为或状态的完成性及其影响。

eg. He has already explained why he was late.

他已经解释过为什么迟到了。（现在知道了原因）

The visitors have already left. 来访者已经走了。（现在不在这里了）

2) “未完成”用法或称为持续性用法，它表示行为或状态一直延续到现在，所以只有持续性

动词或非持续性动词的否定式才适用；非持续性动词不能用于未完成用法的肯定句中。eg. They have waited for you since 7 o’clock. 他们从7点一直在等你。

The rain has not stopped since three minutes ago. 三分钟前起，雨就没停。

3) “反复性”用法，它表示从过去某一时间到目前为止反复发生的行为。它往往与频度副词

连用。

eg. Tom has rung three times this morning. 汤姆今天上午已打了三次电话。

I’ve been to the pictures twice this week.这星期我曾经看过两次电影。

4) “经验性”用法，它表示说话者以往的经历。

eg. My father has seen the president. 我的父亲见过总统。

I’ve traveled a lot in America. 我在美国作了广泛的旅行。

5. This is repeated six times.(para.4)

repeat: v. to say or write (something) again, either once or several times重复; 重说; 重做repeat after sb. 跟某人朗读

eg. History will not repeat itself.历史不会重演。

Could you repeat the question? 你能把这个问题重复一下吗？

6. Act 2 is similar,except that the orange block is smaller.(para.4)

except:prep. apart from; with the exception of 除……之外, 除去, 除掉

(syn.)besides

except for 除……之外, 只是

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大学实用英语①

except that 除了, 只是

eg. We all went except John. 除了约翰外, 我们都去了。

Except for one old lady, the bus was empty.

公共汽车上要不是坐了一位老太太就是空的。

7. They seem to be trying to talk.(para.4)

try to: 设法, 试图/努力(做)……

eg. Try to act interested. 尽量地假装有兴趣。

Try to sing louder. 试着唱得大声些。

8. It is known that bones,muscles,and nerves develop faster in baby girls.(para.5)

it is known that:众所周知的

eg. It is known that he is honest. 人们都知道他是诚实的。

It is widely known that he is one of the most popular novelists in China.

众人皆知他是中国最受欢迎的小说家之一。

Comparative Degree of adj. and adv.(形容词和副词的比较级)

1) 比较级用于两者程度差异的比较。较高程度的比较用-er\more + than结构来表示，较低

程度的比较用less + than结构来表示。在表示“和……一样……”和“不及……”这类概念时，可用as…as…和not so(as)…as这样的结构，注意连词用as而不用than.

eg. There is nothing more important to life than the sun.

对于生命来说，没有什么东西比太阳更重要了。

This story is less interesting than that one.这个故事不如那个有趣。

He is as busy as before.他还是像以前那样忙。

My handwriting is not so(as) good as yours.我的书法不及你好。

2) “the+比较级…，the+比较级…”结构表示“越……，越……”

eg. The sooner,the better.越快越好。

Actually,the busier she is,the happier she feels.事实上，她越忙越高兴。

9. Scientists think there is a physical reason for this as the ……(para.5)

physical: adj. of or relating to the body, as distinguished from the mind or spirit物质的, 身体的the physical world物质世界

physical change物理变化

eg.Physical fitness is having a strong healthy body.

身体健康就是有一个强壮健康的身体。

(ant.)mental 心理的

Unit 2 15·

10. Therefore,by the time they start school,little girls have an advantage that boys do not have.(para.6)

therefore:adv. consequently; as a result因此, 所以

eg. He was ill, and therefore could not come. 他病了, 所以未能来。

We do not have enough money. Therefore we cannot afford to buy the new car.

我们的钱不够,因此买不成这辆新车。

advantage: n. superior or more favourable position or power利益, 益处, 优点; 优势(syn.)benefit

(ant.)disadvantage

to sb.’s advantage(=to the advantage sb.) 对……有利

take advantage of利用，欺骗

eg. Mary speaks good English, but she has an advantage because her mother is English.

玛丽英语说得好，因为她有一个有利条件，她妈妈是英国人。

11.These,of course,are skills that are important in elementary school.(para.6)

elementary school：小学

junior high school：初中

senior high school：高中

12. But what have the boys been developing in the years before starting school?(para.7)

现在完成进行体由have\has been + -ing分词构成。

eg. I’ve been writing letters for an hour (and I’ve still got some more to do).

I’ve been sitting in the garden(and have just come indoors).

上述第一例说明动作还将继续下去，第二例说明动作在说话时刻之前刚刚结束。

13. He feels strong and independent.(para.7)

independent: adj. free from control in action, judgment, etc.独立的; 自治的; 有主见的,

不依赖他人为生的

independent country独立的国家

an independent thinker独立的思想家

be independent of 与……无关; 不依赖; 不取决于; 不受……限制[制约]

eg.Although she is young, she is very independent.虽然她很年轻，但是很有主见。

14.What produces aggression in little boys?(para.8)

produce: vt. to bring (something) into existence; yield生产, 出产, 产生, 引起

produce grain生产粮食

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大学实用英语①

produce electricity发电

produce eggs生蛋

eg. Hard work often produces good results.努力工作经常会有好结果。

George’s jokes produced a great deal of laughter.乔治的笑话引起了哄堂大笑。

15.…by other factors such as an …（para.8）

factor: n. an element or cause that contributes to a result因素; 原动力; 主因

(syn.)basis, cause

eg. Rain and heat are factors in growing plants. 雨水和热是使植物生长的原动力。

Her friendly manner is an important factor in her rapid success.

待人友好是她迅速获得成功的重要因素。

such as: of a kind specified or understood例如……,象这种的

eg. Outdoorsy hobbies such as fishing. 户外爱好，如捕鱼

Text B

1. May be the presentation didn’t fit your learning style.(para.1)

presentation: n. the act of presenting or state of being presented呈现; 展示; 描述, 表现; 外观

a presentation day大学学位授予日

give a presentation of 对……作陈述

eg. There is a presentation of a new play tonight.今晚有一场新戏演出。

fit: v. to be appropriate or suitable for (a situation, etc.合适, 合身,使适合

eg.Her height fitted her for basketball. 她身材高适合打篮球。

Her new shoes didn’t fit so she took them back to the shop and changed them for another pair. 她那双新鞋不合穿,所以她去商店换了一双。

style: n. a form of appearance, design, or production; type or make风格, 作风, 体裁, 文体come into style 变得时髦; 流行起来

a hair style发式

a building in European style欧洲式的建筑

eg. That dress is in the latest style. 那套衣服是最新式样的。

2. People have different strengths and different learning styles.(para.2)

strength: n. the state or quality of being physically or mentally strong

力, 力量, 力气, 实力, 人数

build up one’s strength增强体力[实力]

Unit 2 17·

go from strength to strength 不断壮大

with all one’s strength 尽力

eg. Union is strength. 团结就是力量。

3. For example,one person might have difficulty in a paragraph but understand it immediately in a diagram.(para.2)

have difficulty in sth./doing sth.: 对……有困难

eg. I have no difficulty in getting in touch with him. 我和他取得联系没有什麽困难.

I have some difficulty in expressing myself. 我表达起来有点困难。

immediately: adv. without delay or intervention; at once; instantly立刻; 马上

eg. Stop smoking immediately!立即停止抽烟!

I recognize him immediately. 我立刻认出了他。

4. Another person will struggle with the diagram but not with the paragraph.(para.2)

struggle: v. t o exert strength, energy, and force; work or strive努力, 奋斗, 同……斗争struggle against [with] 向……作斗争; 同……博斗

struggle against [with] difficulties与困难作斗争

struggle for a living为生活而挣扎

5. They find it easy to remember quotes or phrases.(para.4)

quote: v. to recite a quotation (from a book, play, poem, etc), esp as a means of illustrating or supporting a statement摘引; 引用; 复述

eg. The author frequently quoted Shakespeare.作者经常引用莎士比亚作品里的话。

I can quote what he said. 我可以引用他的话。

phrase: n. a particular expression, esp an original one短语, 片语, 词组, 惯用语, 成语

a noun phrase名词短语

eg. I cannot comprehend this phrase. 我无法理解这个片语。

v. to divide (a melodic line, part, etc) into musical phrases, esp in performance

措辞；用短语描述

a neatly phrased report措辞简洁的报告

6. These people learn by applying mathematical formulas and scientific principles.(para.5) apply: v. to put to practical use; utilize; employ申请, 应用, 实施; 运用

be applied to 适用于, 应用于, 施加于

apply for 申请; 请求

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大学实用英语①

apply oneself to 致力于, 集中精力做某事

eg. I want to apply for the job. 我想申请这项工作。

Students should apply themselves to their study. 学生们应该专心致志地学习。

principle: n. a standard or rule of personal conduct原理, 原则

on principle 出于信念, 按照自己的原则

in principle 原则上, 按道理

stick to one’s principles/stick up for one’s principles 坚持原则

eg. It is a principle of mine to help people when I can.

我的一个原则是在我能够帮助人的时候帮助人。

7. They prefer maps to verbal directions when they are trying to find a place.(para.6)

prefer: v. to like better or value more highly 宁可, 宁愿(选择); 更喜欢

prefer ...to 喜欢……而不喜欢; 喜欢……胜过……

prefer ... rather than 宁愿[愿意]……而不愿

prefer doing to talking喜欢做而不喜欢说

eg. Do you prefer coffee or tea?你喜欢咖啡还是茶?

Which of these two dresses do you prefer?这两套衣服你喜欢哪一套？

8. Instead of finding music a distraction…(para.7)

instead of:in place of 替代，顶替

eg. I gave him advice instead of money. 我给了他忠告，而不是钱。

What if you go instead of me? 如果你代替我去，将会怎样？

distraction: n. the act or an instance of distracting or the state of being distracted

分心; 分心的事; 消遣, 娱乐

with distraction 心不在焉地

eg. There are too many distractions in the hotel for me to work properly.

旅馆里使人分心的事物太多,使我难于集中精力工作.

There are plenty of distractions here.这里有许多娱乐活动。

9. They find it comfortable to add spoken numbers mentally.(para.7)

mentally: adv. in your mind精神上地, 在内心做地

eg.He added the numbers mentally; he did not need a pencil and paper.

他心算数字，不需要纸和笔。

10.Intrapersonal—…what they are learning directly to themselves.(para.9)

Unit 2 19·

intrapersonal: adj. 个人头脑中的,内心的

direct to: 把(注意力、精力)贯注在……上

11.If schools present information in all these ways,psycologists say, all students will benefit. (para.11)

benefit: v. to do or receive good; profit有益于

benefit from/by:获益，得益于

eg. The plants benefited from the rain. 植物得益于这场雨。

n. something that improves or promotes利益, 好处

a public benefit公益

for the benefit of 为了……的好处

eg. This dictionary will be of great benefit to me.这部字典将对我有很大裨益。

III. Key to the exercises

Wordpuzzle

math logics chemistry administration physics

Text A

Get the message from the text.

I.

1) mathematical reasoning , building things , promblem-solving skills .

2) vocabulary , spelling , memory .

3) excited , make noises that sound like language .

4) left .

5) courage , energy , strong , independent

II.

1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F

5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F

Word study.

I.

1) exception 2) independent 3) on average 4) physically

5) case 6) superior 7) differences 8) energy

9) produces 10) therefore

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大学实用英语①

II.

1. 1) advantage 2) advantageous

2. 1) science 2) scientific

3. 1) influence 2) influencial

4. 1) aggressors 2) aggression

Structure

Model 1

1. It is this week that our manager will visit France.

2. It is tomorrow that the monitor suggested a meeting.

3. It is for themselves that they will keep these books.

4. It is the sun that we get light and heat.

5. It was last night I saw the comet.

6. It was yesterday evening that your father did the experiment in the lab.

Model 2

1. It is believed from some scientists that the left side of the brain is responsible for logic.

2. It is found long ago that the earth is round.

3. It is thought by most people that learning is a lifelong career.

Translation

I.

1. Professor Li said that work hard and then you will get a high score,but it is not always the case.

2. Because boys are aggressive,therefore they often start a fight.

3. Scientists think that the nerves develop faster in girls than in boys,so girls have more advantage in elementary school.

II.

1. 平均看来，男性在数学推理、建筑术和解决问题的技巧的测试中分数高一些。

2. 女婴比男婴说话要早。

3. 因此，当他们开始上学时，小女孩有了小男孩所没有的优势。

Text B

Get the message from the text.

I.

1) B 2) D 3) B 4) D 5) B

Unit 2 21·

Word study.

I.

1) tend to 2) style 3) clarified 4) struggle

5) match 6) relates 7) scored 8) apply to

II.

1) D 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) A

6) B 7) A 8) B 9) A 10) A

Translation

I.

1. We should relate theory with practice.

2. Most of boys find it is difficult to study English.

3. Many people tend to indifferent of classical music.

II.

1. 传统上，学校经常是通过语言和包含数字和逻辑的公式这两种方法来给出信息。

2. 这些人运用数学公式和科学原理去学习。

3. 一项适当的工作不会占据学生太多的时间。事实上，学生们把所有的时间都用在学习上是很不健康的。就像一位老者所言：“整天工作，毫无娱乐让杰克变成笨孩子”。

IV. Text Translation

Dialogue

(张杰和李明已经是很多年的好朋友了。现在，张杰要去美国加利福尼亚州学习。他正在跟李明道别)

张：李明，我顺路过来跟你道别的。

李：哦，你什么时候走？

张：我计划10点走。

李：时间过得真快啊！到我们下次见面又将是很长的一段时间。

张：我的航班将在11点半起飞。

李；好的，你什么时候回来？

张：我也不确定。但是我一定会想你的。

李：我也是。等你有空时别忘了给我打电话。

张：我会的，如果你到加州了要记得来看我。

李：好的，保重，一路顺风！

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大学实用英语①

Text A

只有男生才能学好理科，真的吗？

你相信只有男生才能学好理科吗？男生在建筑方面更行吗？如果你的回答是“对”，根据《当代科学》的一篇文章你是对的。但是事实并不总是如此。

平均看来，男性在数学推理、建筑术和解决问题的技巧的测试中分数高一些。女性在词汇、拼写和记忆的测试中表现得更加出众。但是这些差异大概不会总是这样。在将来，一个人的能力不会取决于性别。正如一个科学家所说的：“一切皆有可能”。

在最近的一些研究中，通过观察和测试婴儿来发现男女能力形成方面的差异。一个科学研究组正研究11个月大的婴儿的思考能力。让婴儿坐在妈妈的腿上看一个小舞台上的表演。

在第一场表演中，一块橙色的板子从一个蓝色的盒子里被举起，然后缓缓的横穿过舞台。然后被放回盒子里。这个动作被重复了6次。第二场表演也是相似的，除了橙色的板子小了一些。男婴好象没有注意到板子规格的不同；而女婴立刻变得激动，并且发出一些好象语言的声响。他们好象在试图着开口说话。

众所周知，女婴的骨头、肌肉和神经系统成长比男婴快。（通常女婴开口说话比男婴要早）。科学家们认为这是身体上的原因，因为女婴左脑的神经末梢发育得比男婴要快。而左脑对一个人运用语言、拼写和记忆的能力影响很大。

因此，当他们开始上学时，小女孩有了小男孩没有的优势。女孩在身体上已经做好了记事、拼写和阅读的准备。以上这些技能在小学当然是非常重要的。

但是那些男孩在入学前有什么发育了呢？他们正完成一种叫进攻的发育。一个进攻的人有勇气和精力。他感觉很强烈并且很独立自主。他常常是首先发动战斗的人。

是什么让小男孩产生了进攻意识？普遍认为那是由男性荷尔蒙引起的。然而，现在的科学家认为男性荷尔蒙只是原因之一。他们说男孩的进攻意识也可以是其他的因素引发的，比如说，一个好斗的母亲或者是一些特殊的经历。

Text B

学习方式

你有没有坐在课堂上想着老师讲的东西我怎么就不明白呢？可能老师的讲课方式不符合你的学习方式。

学校经常是通过语言和包含数字和逻辑的公式这两种方法来输出信息。然而现在心理学家认为这有一个问题。人们有着不同的能力和不同的学习方式。举例来说，一个人在文字段落理解方面很困难，但是用图表就能很快理解。另一个人用图表可能需要很大的努力而用段落就很容易。

美国哈佛大学的心理学家霍华德·加德纳说至少有以下七种学习方式：

语言型——这些人用听、读、说、写来学习。

——他们觉得这样很容易记住引文和短语。

Unit 2 ·23·

——当他们跟别人交谈时，他们往往是去听别人所用的词语，而不仅仅是所表达的意思。

逻辑型——这些人运用数学公式和科学原理去学习。

——他们喜欢把事情弄得很明白。

——他们发现记电话号码很容易。

视觉型——这些人的学习是靠观看学习的内容。

——他们考试得高分是依赖阅读理解。

——当他们想要找一个地方时，他们更喜欢用地图而不是口头指示。

音乐型——不相信音乐让人分心，而用音乐来表现的信息让这些人学得很好。

——比起书面指导，他们更倾向于口头说明。

——他们发现把数字说出来心算很好。

手势型——行动和肢体动作可以帮助这些人去学习。

——他们喜爱画画。

——他们擅长于利用手势。他们喜欢实验课。

个人独立型——这类人对自己有很好的理解，如果他们能够联系自己所学的内容，集中注意力就能学得很好。

——当解决词汇问题时，他们想要自己解决。

——对他们来说，一个团队一起完成学校的功课往往只会浪费很多时间。

人际交往型——这些人可以很好的理解他人，与别人一起学习会学得好。

——在做决定前，他们常常会跟家人或者朋友商量讨论。

——他们喜欢和别人一起来做家庭作业。

心理学家说，如果学校能用以上这些方式来提供知识，所有的学生都会受益。现在你可以更明白自己的学习方式了。

·24·

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