英美概况论文英文版

Tourism in America

外语学院英本0801 张文凤20084336092

【Abstract 】This paper centers on the tourism employment and the four interrelated components: the tourists, travel information and arrangements, visitor attractions such as National Parks in the U.S.

【Key Words 】Tourism; America; Economy; Employment; Tourists; Tourism Organization; Tourist Attractions; Holidays

Introduction ：

1.Tourism, a Major Industry

Tourism in America has reached to a fairly high standard according to pleasure, shopping, entertainment, eating, accomodation and

transportation.The six aspects are mutually combined with each other properly and there are no weak links in them. Generally speaking, I think that thedistinguishing features of American tourism are come from these advantages.

1.1 Tourism Employment

The most important contribution that tourism in America making to the U.S. National Economy is providing a great deal of jobs. In America, there are one in eight persons being involved into this job. There are 50 States in America,of which there are 32 states that their quality of tourism employment ranks to the first three in each trade.What's more, there are 684,000 positions provided by tourism are in a high level.

The service industry has historically been characterized as providing low paying employment in the United States. But the 1990s has begun a new era for the American economy with major underlying changes in its employment structure. Many of these shifts, however, have gone unnoticed, perhaps

because of the difficulty in comprehending such profound fundamental structural changes in the U.S.

employment after so many decades of being dominated by the manufacturing industry. For illustration, here are more facts.

First, employment directly generated by travel has grown 27.7% in the last ten years ( the 1990s), much faster than the 19.6% increase in total nonagricultural U.S. employment. Second, average hourly earnings in the service sector had grown faster than in all other industries except finance, insurance, and real estate throughout the 1990s.

Third, employment in executive positions in this industry had increased faster by the year 2006 than employment in the overall economy. Fourth, the transportation sectors of the travel industry, especially airlines, rank among the highest paying sectors in the U.S. economy.

The rapid growth of travel and tourism in the United States through the is also reflected in the increasing travel expenditures in the country.

There are two main types of tourism: leisure tourism and business tourism. Business tourism includes travel for business meetings, conferences and conventions, and exhibitions and trade fairs. It accounted for about a quarter of the total domestic trips throughout the 1990s while leisure tourism the other three fourth. Leisure tourism thus becomes the focus of my paper.

1.2 Why Do People Travel

The motivations for leisure tourism are varied. Most people travel to meet personal needs. They can revitalize or enrich their lives, escape routine and have a relaxation, board their horizons and learn about different environments, get the chances to taste different foods and so on. Based on these motivations, leisure tourism can be sorted to the followings: education, culture and history, sightseeing, visiting friends or relatives, sports, health and adventure.

America has a variety of tourists attractions and activities. They are graceful. People can go sightseeing, go hiking, go camping, go skiing, go swimming, go boating or recuperate and so on.

Surprisingly, a growing motivation for much travel that combines pleasure-seeking and practical purposes involves discount shopping. Consequently, shopping become number one activity participated in by domestic travelers

in 1999.

2.Who Are the Tourists

People who want to travel are limited by many things such as income, age, education, time. Leisure tourists are people who are away from home or on visits which are short term and temporary or just for pleasure.

Even domestic travel is income-related, although styles of travel vary more than travel itself. Most Americans take a vacation trip most years. The differences are in cost level, from the luxury hotels and resorts to the car trip with budget motels and visits to friends and relatives.

The demonstrated rule for travel was always that the young traveled more. Most advertising was directed towards those in their 20s and 30s. But things are changing. Those whose children are out of school and who are at the peak of their incomes are a major market segment. Early retirees are more likely to combine incomes adequate for travel with available time. They are especially sought after in the “of peak” seasons when children are in school.

Young parents are more likely to stay near home and require different arrangements. Older adults free from parenting responsibilities re-emerge into the travel markets, but are still constrained by the schedule limitations of work.

Those with higher levels of education are more likely to travel, seek learning experiences with new environments and cultures. Since education is correlated with income, however, they may also be markets higher cost tours that promise a quality experience.

3.Tourism Organizations

Where do travelers obtain tourist information? It comes from a variety of resources, but the most direct information about the places that people want to travel comes from friends and relatives. The second most popular source of travel information is travel agency and travel companies are the third.

Most of the international arrangements and half of domestic air travel tickets are handled over by the local travel agents. But a travel agent is just a retailer of travel packages for leisure travel. Hundreds of the combinations in tourism arrangements are booked in the local community through the agent.

The American government alter some holidays to Monday or Friday to encourage people to travel. The holiday between Thanksgiving Day to Christmas Day is the longest in a year. Holidays such as the Easter, the Independence Day atnhde Armistice Day are short holidays.In relatively, holidays of teachers and students are more. There is respectively a spring holiday in March, a summer holiday in June or July and a winter holiday in November.

Tour operators put together the combinations of travel, hotels, meals, and all the other arrangements for the packages. American Express is a well-known tour operator that operates worldwide. Some tour operators specialized in domestic tourism while incoming tour operators specialized in tours for overseas visitors in the U.S. Most tour operators cooperate with the travel agencts to sell the products to their clients.Others are direct sell operators, who sell the package direct to the public. In essence, tour operators are the intermediaries between the airlines, hotel chains, bus companies,etc. and the travel agents.

In America, several hotel chains are in the most major cities around the world such as Hilton. Their accomodations are upscal for the tourists and business travelers. They are well-developed for their combination of beaches and golf and other sports facilities along with luxury hotels and restaurants.Some hotel chains are also in cooperation with airlines in an attempt to bypass the local travel agents.

America conducts vigorous propaganda for governmental travel.They are equipped with the most advanced economy, culture and technology in the world which are pretty attractive to the travelers all over the world.The American news media covering the whole world and films in Hollywood are actually soft advertisements for American tourism.

There are some special policies for the economically backward

regions.Openning gambling hells is not allowed in most states of American.But it is an exception in the eastern Atlantic City, New Jersey, and in the western Neveda, Las Vegas and Reno.Gambling is defined as any sort of game or contest in which individuals wager money in the hope of financial gain.

4.Tourist Attractions

There must be some attractions so that people become interested in one place and have an appetite for traveling. Attractions can be divided into two types: one is composed of man-made attractions, such as theme parks, museums, theaters and so on; the other includes natural ones, such as the

mountains, rivers,etc.

There are thousands of museums and artgalleries all over the United States. In the past 5 years, nearly 40 million Americans, or one-fifth of U.S. residents went on a garden tour, attended a gardening show or participated in some other garden-related activity.

Going to the beach is one of the American peopl'es most popular leisure travel activities. National parks are one of America's biggest attractions. They are managed either by the federal, the states, or the local governments. There are 48 national parks in the U.S.A. stretching from Maine to California, Alaska to Hawaii.

Conclusion:

In a word, American tourism is very prosperous.It makes a great contribution to economical development and meets peop'lse traveling demands.Tourism can improve the overall competitive strength and promote international standing. The tourism in U.S. is well-arranged and the

project is very reasonable, and the scenery spots are really famous and attractive so that a lot of people look forward to taking a trip to those places.In return, it drive the tourism in America to develop.

英语国家概况论文-政治体制 英文

Comparison of the Politics in Britain and United States Abstract: The system that British established in 19 century has a profound effect not only on its own country’s society developments of politics and history but also on other counties’ modern institution, politics and history. British is the mother of world capitalist constitutionalism. As a powerful capitalistic country, US’system is also based on the British’s system and set a prefect system after some reforms. Even so, the systems of the two countries still have many differences. Both of the two countries have powerful political systems in the world. Keywords: constitution, party systems, electoral system 1. Introduction: (political institution is superstructure, generally refers to the state power organs and the basic system which adapted with the social nature. "Political system, as same as the various systems of the human society, is the product of history development, branding with time and space.”) After the English bourgeois revolution, democratic politics was gradually established. The constitution was promulgated and constitutionalism was gradually be taken. Capitalism got a considerable development in Britain. Britain built the first set of the capitalist system, which is known as the source and model of Western political system. British and US political systems have the same theoretical basis: the principle of "separation of powers” and the theory of “human rights”; the concrete content includes the parliamentary system, the electoral system, the judicial system, and the political party system, etc; these are all considered to be the elements of "people's democracy", Regimes implemented the principles of separation of powers and check and balance and the "rule of law". And most fundamentally,as two typical representatives of capitalist countries’ political systems, Britain and USA have the same nature in the maintenance of bourgeois interests and the private capitalist system, the implementation of other aspects of bourgeois dictatorship. But in the specific political system level, they present different characteristics, the paper only compare British and American political system from three aspects of the Constitution, the party system, the electoral system. 2. Comparison of constitutions Britain is typical of countries with unwritten constitution, there is no unified, complete written form, and its constitutional system is extremely complex which is constituted by a variety of written and unwritten customary law, jurisprudence and constitutional practices constituted. British constitution can not be listed by one or several pieces of documents, nor strict distinct by the time, it lacks rigorous and explicit content, consistent and complete system。 The United States Constitution is the first written constitution in the world. In the course of its development, the United States Constitution formed the four main principles: the separation of powers and checks and balances, federalism, limited the powers of the government and judicial review. The US Constitution carried thorough the separation of powers which provide the separation of the legislative, judicial and administrative. Congress, the Federal Court and the President perform their respective duties, and the division of labor between federal, state and local governments is also very clear. Federal Court is an important weight in the separation of powers and checks and balances in the United States, in addition to the administrative function and legislative function, the most important function is the supervisory function and judicial function. Judges enjoy constitutional status and was appointed guardian to uphold the Constitution; the

英语国家概况论文——海伦凯勒

Helen Keller Zhang Chu (09yingjiao1-35) Abstract：This passage shows about a blind deaf author and educator—Helen Keller. When she was half a year old, an unexpected disaster happened to her which made her forfeit the instinct for living. After that, this little girl became isolated to the vivid and dramatic world. However, in the darkness and a lonely world, she didn't give up and never surrendered to fate. With the help and encouragement from her teacher Anne Sullivan, she overcame all the sufferings caused by the physical defects tenaciously. She learned to speak and study, and began to communicate with others. When she was 24, she graduated from Radcliffe College, Harvard University and became a knowledgeable famous writer and educator, who got hold of five languages. Helen’s life is extraordinary and she gave us great encouragement. She taught us to cherish our health and this wonderful time. Key words: Helen Keller, Anne Sullivan, love, encourage, breakthrough, success 1. Introduction The background of Helen Keller’s family and education did a beneficial foundation for Helen Keller’s success. 1.1Family Background Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green, which Helen's grandfather had built decades earlier. Helen's father, Arthur H. Keller, spent many years as an editor for the Tuscumbia North Alabamian and had served as a captain for the Confederate Army. Helen's mother, Kate Adams,was the daughter of Charles Adams. Helen's paternal grandmother was the second cousin of Robert E. Lee. In a word, hose in Helen’s family members had extraordinary position, which gave a superior foundation for Helen’s success in defeating the suff erings. Helen's father's lineage can be traced to Casper Keller, a native of Switzerland. Coincidentally, one of Helen's Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zurich. It might be another helpful factor for her to overcome the troubles.(1998:1-2) 1.2Education background

《英美概况》教学大纲

《英美概况》教学大纲 课程编号：12307058 课程名称：英美概况 学时分配：36学时，2-19 学分：2分 考核方式：考查，闭卷 课程类别：专业限选课 面向对象：外事二年级学生 一、课程的任务和目的： 《英美概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化入门的一门课程。开设本课的目的在于使学生通过学习，了解英美国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育等方面的情况及其文化传统，内容庞杂、信息量大。 培养学生正确分析有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。把学生培养成为高素质的人才，同时又能爱祖国、热爱社会主义，致力为祖国的繁荣、发达而努力的人才，培养学生树立正确世界观。 同时，通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，达到提高英语水平的目的。通过比较学习不同文化中具有特殊文化涵义的词语与表达式，可以促使学生掌握一些特殊词语的深层次意义，是对词汇的学习以及翻译水平的提高的有益补充；通过开展中外文化的比较，让学生切身感受到成功的交际仅有语言是远远不够的，文化方面的因素有时所起的作用远远大于语言本身，必将为英语学习者成功地参与国际商务活动，更有效地进行国际合作与交流打下坚实的文化基础。

二、课程的基本要求： 要求熟悉英语国家的地理、历史、发展现状、文化传统、风俗习惯，具有较强的跨文化交际意识。 三、课程的主要内容： 主要包括英美两国的地理、历史、政体制度、教育、新闻媒体、风俗习惯等内容，目的在于开阔学生的视野，扩大他们的知识面，并注意借鉴最新研究成果，合理吸收最新知识，进一步增强其实用性。 四、课程教学内容与要求 第一章：美国简况（国家的组成、国土等）（2学时） 教学要求：通过教学使学生掌握美国地理简况：国家的基本组成，国土等。以及美国国家形成的基本历史发展过程。 教学重点：美国国家形成过程中产生的几个重要的历史事件。 教学难点：分析并了解American Revolution产生的原因。

英美文化概况之英国篇

英美文化概况之英国篇 英国早期人文历史常识 （一） 英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。 地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。 政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。 联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。 大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。

英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附 属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 （二） 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。 总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西

英美文化概况论文l论美国文化的精髓——个人主义

The essence of American culture -individualism Abstract:Individualism as a typical Western capitalist political and social philosophy,that the supremacy of personal values.The United States is a typical representative of the values of individualism,individualism is an important part of the American spirit.American individualism, rational principles derived from the Christian spirit and the pursuit of individual autonomy.In the process of development of American culture,it became the starting point of American Thought and destination,constitute the essence of American culture. Key words:the essence of the individualistic culture "Individualism"in Western culture,especially in American culture plays an important role." Individualism,"the earliest use of the term is French form of"individualism",from the Europeans and so-called root causes of the French Revolution-Enlightenment thinking-common reactions.But first systematic use of"individualism"is the term the mid-1820s,Saint-Simon's followers.Perhaps because of the pervasive influence of Saint-Simon doctrine,"individualism" in the19th century the term has been very widely used,developed into a personal ideology and theory,that is a political philosophy Western philosophy and social.Its main contents are:emphasizing the value of the subject,I believe that everyone has value,a high degree of importance of individual self-control,self-control,self-development.Individualism is based on individual-based philosophy of life. However,the true meaning of individualism varies.In France,it usually carries a negative connotation,even it remains so,means that the emphasis on individual will be more harmful to the interests of the community.For some people,individualism is a dangerous idea;in others it seems,individualism is a social or economic anarchy,the lack of the necessary systems and standards;some people believe that it is the universal personal selfish attitude.Socialists are simply"individualism"is equivalent to a"socialist"and"communism"of the opposite.French liberals talk about individualism,but regarded it as a minimum of state intervention and political freedom in order of greatest threat to a pluralistic society.And in France,in sharp contrast,the" individualism"is the term romanticism in Germany,but the label affixed.German for" individualism"is a personal understanding of self-completion and the organic unity of the individual and society. There are profound differences between East and West,most of the Eastern countries, especially China,Japan and South Korea to"individualism"as with"collectivism"contrary to the values-oriented.That"individualism"is"all personal interests as the starting point of thinking......the performance of selfish,mercenary,intrigues,etc.";"Modern Chinese Dictionary"interpretation of"individualism"is"everything from the individual starting their personal interests to put collective interests,their own interests,regardless of other people's wrong thinking."In short,Chinese culture,individualism is synonymous with self-interest,is a derogatory term. In Western culture,emphasizing the individual-oriented values dominate,but only in the American culture,individualism is only part of the essence of the development to the point of culmination,and was as a fundamental value to be highly respected.However,in the United States,"individualism"was originally sang of capitalism and liberal democracy,the emergence

英语国家概况-论文

The Sports Culture of the United Kingdom ---An Introduction to the UK 姓名：谢宏桥 学号：2012213047 班级：七班 分数： 2013 年 12 月20 日 When it comes to the United Kingdom, People will always think of the British gentlemen with traditional hat and cane. In fact, sports are as traditional as gentlemen in Britain. The United Kingdom, a traditional and strong country not only in the area of industry and comprehensive national strength, but also in the area of sports, has a long history for playing sports. A lot of major sports originated in the UK, including association football, golf, tennis, boxing, rugby league, rugby union, cricket, field hockey, snooker, billiards, squash, curling and badminton, all of which are popular in Britain. Even the table tennis and baseball, the Chinese and American national sports, originated from Britain. Now British sports not only affect the social context at home, but also have a great impact outside home. We even can regard the sports as a reflection of British culture. Let’s know about Britain from its sports culture. 1. Various important sports originating in the UK 1.1 Association football. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a very important sport originated in his traditional home—England in the 19th century. The laws of the game were originally codified in England by the Football

英美国家概况论文

Contents Abstract (2) Key words (2) Introduction (2) Body (2)ⅠEnglish renaissance and humanism (2) A.English renaissance (2) B.English renaissance humanism (3) ⅡThree aspects influnenced by English renaissance (3) A.Drama (3) B.Architecture (4) C.Portraiture (4) Conclusion (5) Notes (6) Referances (7)

Influences of Renaissance in English History LI Siqi Abstract: The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. In this period, the most significant influence in English history is the spreading of humanism, which is reflected in the three main aspects: drama, architecture and portraiture through pouring humanism into works in those fields.. The greatly aroused creativity of human beings will create miracles. Key words: Renaissance Humanism Drama Architecture Portraiture "What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving, how express and admirable in action, how like an angel in apprehension, how like a god!" This sentence is abstracted from the book Hamlet written by Shakespeare, who is a representative figure in the period of English Renaissance. In this period, the most significant influence in English history is the spreading of humanism, which is a milestone in the development of English history, especially in art, and which is reflected in the three main aspects: drama, architecture and portraiture. This article is concentrated on how English renaissance puts influnence on these three aspects. ⅠEnglish Renaissance and humanism A. English Renaissance But first, what is English renaissance? “The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th

英美概况课程教学大纲(全理论的)

《英美概况》教学大纲 课程名称：英美概况课程代码：04213020 课程类别：公共基础课课程性质：必修 总学时：64 理论学时：64 先修课程：《综合英语》 适用专业：应用英语、商务英语开课单位：经管学院 一、课程性质、目的 课程性质：《英语国家概况》是英语专业的一门知识性基础课。本课程以英语为媒介，比较系统地向学生阐述世界主要英语国家的社会与文化背景，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。它是英语专业学生学习英语专业其它语言基础课和在高年级阶段学习英语文学和翻译等课程的基础。 课程目的：本课程的教学目的是提高学生在跨文化语言运用过程中对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，从而改善学生的跨文化语言运用能力。 二、课程内容和学时分配 第一章大不列颠与北爱尔兰简介 【教学基本要求】 对英国的社会及文化背景作全面概括，使学生了解英国社会和文化的过去和现在的情况。 【教学时数】 6 【教学重点和难点】 重点： 英国社会背景文化知识介绍。 难点： 英国的民族与宗教及政治体制。 【教学内容】 英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士的地理、语言发展和民族特点，以及北爱尔兰地理、宗教信仰及民族独立问题。 第二章英国政府与当代政治、经济 【教学基本要求】 使学生认识英国的政府统治体制和议会程序及选举制度，同时了解英国当代的政治经济情况。【教学时数】 6 【教学重点和难点】 重点： 英国政府体制的特色；民族等级制度对人民生活的影响；英国经济发展的原因。

难点： 英国政府议会选举程序。 【教学内容】 1、英国君主立宪制度议会制度及内阁 2、英国选举制度、政党制及政治发展趋势 3、英国经济概况、农业及飞机工业的发展 第三章英国的对外关系 【教学基本要求】 通过课文讲解使学生认识英国的发展历史、外交政策及英美两国的关系。【教学时数】6 【教学重点和难点】 重点： 英帝国的扩张历史； 难点： 对外政策的基础和对外关系发展。 【教学内容】 1、大英帝国的扩张历史及现状、英国对外政策的基础和立足点 2、英国与北约、欧盟等一些国际组织的关系 3、英美两个资本主义大国之间的关系 第四章英国社会文化与生活 【教学基本要求】 通过教学，让学生了解英国的教育体制和社会各阶层的生活情况。 【教学时数】 6 【教学重点和难点】 重点： 英国教育特点；传统节日。 难点： 英国各阶层和种族情况。 【教学内容】 1、英国社会各阶层、各种族概述 2、英国教育体系及特点和传统节日 3、英国新闻传媒机构简介 第五章英国文学 【教学基本要求】 使学生了解英国各时期文学的创作特色，能够欣赏相关文学作品。

英美文化论文

论文题目： Choose a topic from the followings and write an essay about it. (Total score: 100) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e2112665.html,pare “American and British Modern Education”: Analyze the similarities and differences from their history, system and emphasis. 2.Elaborate “America n’s role in the two World Wars”: when, how, why did US enter the war, and its role. 3.Elaborate “American Dream” in the perspective of USA?s early settlement, civil war, civil right movements or modern values. 论文模板： American’s role in the two World Wars（标题，3号字体，全 文字体均用Times New Roman） --a comparision….(副标题，可有可无，小三号) Abstract: This essay aims at redressing some of the imbalanced coverage given to this area of history thus far. A chronological study, it examines the role, importance and, to some exte nt, impact of a wide range of women?s organisations in the local context. Some were local branches of national organisations, others were specifically concerned with local issues. The local focus allows a challenge to be made to much current thought as to the strength of a“women?s movement” in the years between the suffrage movement and the emergence of a more radical form of feminism in the 1970s. The strength of feminist issues and campaigning is studied in three periods – the inter-war period, the Second World War and its immediate aftermath, and the 1950s and 1960s. (4号字，不超过300字,两端对齐) Keywords: WW; American; (不超过4个关键词，4号字)

英语国家概况论文 黄爱灵

湖南涉外经济学院外国语学院2013-2014《英语国家概况》期末小论文班级_英本1202班___ 姓名__黄爱灵__评分____________ American Higher Education American education system in the United States is the world's cause of education of the most developed countries in the world. American education system as early as the founding of beginning to take shape when, after 200 years of development and gradually perfect, Formation of the primary, secondary and tertiary institutions High education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. In the past more than 300 years, it has developed into a large enterprise with a very complex system. The higher education comprises four categories of institutions: a) the university; b) the four-year undergraduate institution----the college; c) the technical training institution; and d) the two-year community college. In America, the education system has the differentGraduate Degrees years, Bachelor’s Degree have 4 years; Master’s Degree have 1-2 years; Doctor’s Degree, ph.D (doctor of philosophy), have at least 3 years. So what are the differences between the “college” and the “university” in America? The term “college”refers to an undergraduate institution that confers the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science after four years of study or an associate degree after two years study. While a university is generally a group of colleges, each serving a special purpose: college of business, college of arts and humanities, college of education, etc. The system of higher education in the United States has three functions: teaching, research and public service. Each college or university has its own emphasis with regard to its functions. The majority of the higher educationinstitutions are located in states that have a large population. The American higher education institutions offer a wide variety of subjects, from the finearts to practical and career-oriented fields such as engineering and marketing. The United States has a variety of higher education institutions, from large comprehensive universities to small traditional liberal arts colleges. Distinctions among these institutionsare in size, level, educational quality, residential atmosphere and the time it takes to complete a degree.At the undergraduate level, students’personal preferences as to size, academic quality and location play a key role in their choice of college or university. At the graduate level, more attention is paid to the reputation of the faculty and department. However,all this effort in America’s higher education is very expensive. Some of the costs come from fees and benefactions, particularly towards research, but most have to be paid from public funds. Parents favor big expenditures on higher education; a wider public opinionfavors them for idealistic and cultural reasons, and because of the supposed value of education as an investment by society.The first universities were developed by private charitable organizations. The private universities are still very important, and most of the best-known institutions, like Harvard, Yale and Princeton, are private. Most of the principal state universities have between 10, 000 and 30, 000 students,