自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理

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English Lexicology(英语词汇学)

1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English

words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation

and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。

2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学)

Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary

1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence

词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。

2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系”

3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。

（2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。

（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。

（5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。

—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it

is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语

—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表

4.What is vocabulary？

（1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合

（2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词

（3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词

5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标

准或者不同的目的进行分类。

By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。

By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词

By origin:native words&borrowed words可以根据来源分为本地词和借词。

6. The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of

the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. 基础词是几世纪积累的词汇的基础，构成语言的核心。尽管基础词占英语词汇比例小，它仍然是最重要的组成部分。

7. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的基本特征):

1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability（相对稳定性relative）

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3)Productivity（多产性are mostly root words or monosyllabic words）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）

8. nonbasic vocabulary(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语）(7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) 是新建立的词或者表达，或者已经采用新意的词。

9.—Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as

in medicine、in mathematics、in music、in education. 包括特定学科的技术术语和学术领域—Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences,

trades and professions communicate among themselves用于特定的词汇，通过特定艺术，科学，商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流

—Slang belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant,

jargon, and argot俚语粗话属于低等语言，处在标准通用语言，（包括每人用的非正式词汇）和团体内部语言包括cant(任何下等团体的行话)，jargons,argot

10. slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive俚语生动，直率，印象深刻而且感人

11. Certain words are labeled 'slang' not because their appearance or pronunciation but because of their usage特定词被标示为“俚语”不是因为他们的写法和发音，而是因为他们的用法

12.Content words/notional words实词

Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals内容词表示清楚的概念，因为被认为是概念词。他们包括名词，动词。形容词，副词和数词

13.functional words/empty words虚词

Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words.

As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as

well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries

and articles belong to this category. 功能词没有他们自己的概念。因此，他们也称作“空词”。由于他们的主要功能是去表达概念间的关系，词语间和句子间的关系，他们被认为是“结构词”。介词，连词，辅助词和冠词属于这一类

14.区别：

Content words, which constitute the main body of the English vocabulary, are numerous, and the number is ever growing whereas functional words, which make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable. However, functional words do far more work of expression in English

on average than content words 内容词，构成了英语词汇的主体，是数量多的。并且那数量还在增长，然而，功能词，只占词汇的很少一部分，保持稳定。然而，功能词比内容词在表达上做了更

多的工作

15. Native words本地词1. Neutral in style风格中性2. Frequent in use使用频繁：（1）Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000盎格鲁撒克逊源头词数量很少，大约在50000到60000之间

（2）they form the mainstream of the basic word stock 他们构成了基本词汇的主流

（3）stand at the core of the language处在语言的核心

16.Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms从外国带来的词被认为是“借词”“借代词”或者“所借的”

17.Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language. 同化词是过去早期借词，现在很好的同化进了英语

Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling非同化词是保留了原始发音和拼写的借词

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学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考English in the the existing material Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from

翻译借词是从英语中的现language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.

有材料中取材构成，但是模仿其他语言的构成方式。their But the reference to form. this category are not borrowed with Semantic-loans.Words of

借义词这类词不是参考形式借来，但是他们的意义是借来的。meanings are borrowed.

第二章英语词汇的发展Chapter 2 the development of the English Vocabulary

1.The English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles. 英语不是英国群岛上原住民的语言。

2. The Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)

The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）

The Eastern set:

（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian普鲁士语，立陶宛语，波兰语，捷克语，保加利亚语，斯洛文尼亚语，俄语

（2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany波斯语，孟加拉语，印地语，吉普赛语

(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.

(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.

The Western set:

(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.

(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc. 五种拉丁语言，就是葡萄牙语，西班牙语，法语，意大利语，罗马尼亚语都属于意大利语系

(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton, etc苏格兰语，爱尔兰语，威尔士语，布里多尼语等

(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：

German, Dutch, Flemish and English,Scandinavian(Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish)

etc. ，德语，荷兰语，弗兰德语和英语（挪威语，冰岛语，丹麦语和瑞典语）这些都被称作斯堪的纳维亚语言

3.A historical overview of the English V ocabulary英语词汇的历史概述

（1）The first inhabitants were Celts. Their languages were Celtic. 现在所指最早的居民是凯尔特人，他们的语言仍然是印欧语系的另一分支凯尔特语的方言

（2）The second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions. In 55-54 B.C., the Romans invaded the British Isles英国的第二种主要语言是罗马军团的拉丁语，在公元前55到54年，罗马人入侵英伦群岛

（3）Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary凯尔特语只对英语词汇有很小的贡献

4. Old English (450-1150) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000)= Anglo-Saxon

（1）Latin-speaking Roman missionaries under came to spread Christianity in Britain at the

end of the 6th century. 在6世纪末期，拉丁语的罗马传教士来传播基督教

（2）users of Old English did not borrow as heavily from Latin or other languages in this

period as they did later古代英语的使用者并不像他们后来做的那样大量从拉丁和其他语言借词（3）The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.handbook通常情况用组合两个本地词的形式来创造新词

（4）many Scandinavian words came into the English language许多斯堪的纳维亚词汇进入学习资料．

学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考了英语它是高度转折的语言正象现代的）it was a high inflected language with complex endings（5 德语5.Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections 诺曼征服开）The Norman conquest started a continual flow of French words into English（1 始了法国词汇不断进入英语的洪流The situation of three languages(Latin,French,English)existing simultaneously continued 2）（for over a century三种语言并存的情况存在了一百多年英国和低等国家especially Holland，（3）Britain had trade relations with the low countries 有贸易关系，特别是荷兰中世纪英语保留更少的转折（4）Middle English retained much fewer inflectionsMiddle English was one of leveled ，If we say that Old English was a language of full endings 中世纪英语是一个水平结尾。endings.如果我们说老英语是一种拥有完整结尾的语言,

（2）late 1700-up to the present）6.Modern English (1500-up to now): （1）Early（1500-1700）（many new words taken ）In the early period of Modern English，known as the Renaissance，（1 by scholars from Latin and Greek entered into English许多是学者从拉丁文和希腊文中提取（2）Latinate flavour of Modern English现代英语的拉丁风格。English absorbed words from all major languages of the 3）In the mid-seventeenth century，（world在十七世纪中期，英语从所有世界的主要语言中吸收词汇。th more words are created by means of word-formation，century）（4Since the beginning of 20 从本世纪初开始，更多的词通过构词法被创造出来English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.

英语已经由合成语言（古代英语）进化为现代分析语言有三条新词的主要总体来说，ocabulary three main sources：7.Growth of Present-day English V 来源现代科学和技术的迅）（1）the rapid development of modern science and technology （45 ％猛发展）社会，经济和政治的变化）social, economic and political changes（11 ％（2 24 （％）其它文化和语言的影响（3）the influence of other cultures and languages 8.Modes of V ocabulary Development词汇发展的样式Creations: Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, （1）词缀和词根，affixes and other elements. 创造是指新词的构成通过使用现有的材料，也就是说，其他元素。意义改变Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new

need. （2）意味着一个老的形式获取新含义以便去应对新的需要。借词曾, particularly in earlier times. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary（3）经在词汇的发展中扮演了至关重要的角色，特别是在早期。vocabulary of English the also contributes to growth words Reviving （4）archaic or obsolete

though quite insignificant. 恢复的古词或者废弃的词也对英语词汇的成长做出了贡献。尽管收效甚微。

Chapter 3 Word Formation I

概念：词素、语素、语素变体

1.The minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes.

the morpheme is ' the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words'.

最小的意义单位叫做“词素”。词素是“词语组成中最小的功能单位”。

2.Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.

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词素是抽象的单位，在话语中被认知通过分开的单位，这单位叫做“语素”。

'They are actual spoken , minimal carriers of meaning'.

它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体。

The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone.

语素是一个音素发音的词素。

3.Morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a

sentence .they are called monomorphemic words.

语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。这种词叫做单一语素词4.Morphemes which are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word.

Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.

一些词素被按照语素在其中排列而认识，那些替换的语素被称为”语素变体”。

5.the morpheme of plurality |-s复数词素（－s）：tpk后面（-s）、dbgl后面（-z）、iz是在sz J, 3, tj, C13之后

the past tense过去形式simple present 一般现在时possessive 所有格comparative or superlative degrees 比较级和最高级

6.（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free). 不依靠其他语素的语素是自由语素。这些语素自己有完整的意义可以在句子中当作自由的语法单位来使用。（2）Bound Morphemes(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.They

are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived

words. +例子不能作为独立词出现的语素是粘连语素。这样称呼因为它们粘连其他语素去构成单词。粘连语素主要出现在派生词中。

7.-ist-ic与…”,“过程”，，表示使成为；-ize-ation表示：“动作“…的实践者”；的，-al表示“…关于…的”有关的

8. Bound Morpheme includes two types粘连语素包括两种，粘连词根和词缀。: (1) bound

root(粘附词根) +例子(2)Affix(词缀)

(1) a bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.

Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.一个粘连词根是词中承担基础意义的部分，如同自由根词。和自由根词不同的是，他是一个粘连形式不得不与其他词素组合来构成单词。

In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number, their

productive power is amazing. 在英语中，粘连词根或者是拉丁语或者是希腊语。尽管它们数量有限，它们的生产力惊人。它们诞生了成千上万的派生词，在现代英语中。

(2)Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.

词缀是附属在单词上或者单词元素上以修改词语意义和功能的结构。

9. Affixes can be put into two groups: 根据词缀的功能，我们可以把它们分为“曲折词缀”和“派生词缀”。

1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes. 是附加在词尾用来表示屈折关系，因此被称为“屈折词素”。

2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to

create new words. 派生词缀是加在其他语素上建立新词的词缀。派生词缀可以分为前缀和后缀。学习资料．

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Prefixes come before the word and the suffixes after the word前缀出现在词前，后缀出现在词后。

10.A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of

identity. 词根是一个词的基础形式不能在没有丧失定义的前提下继续分解.

In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a ' root is that part of a wordform that

remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed'. 根据派生和屈折语形学，“一个词根是词语中去除所有屈折词缀和派生词缀都去除剩下的部分。

11.A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 词干可以被定义

为任何词缀都能够添加的形式。

Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)

1.The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation现代英语中词

汇的扩张只要依靠构词法

2. 构词法分类：

affixation (30%-40%) 词缀法（30 ％-40 ％）

compounding (28%-30%) 复合法（28 ％-30 ％）

conversion (26%) 转化法（26 ％）

shortening (8%-10%) 缩略法（8 ％-10 ％）

blending and other means (1%-5%) 拼缀法和其他方法（1 ％-5% ）

3. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or

derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in

this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. 词缀法通常被认为是通过添加词形或者派生词缀到词干以构成新词的方法。这个过程也被称作“派生”，因为通过这种方式创造的新词是从旧词派生而来。通过这种方式造出的词叫做“派生词”。

加词缀法可以分成两类：suffixation.4. affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and

前加词缀和后加词缀。

（1）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. 前缀法通过给词干加前缀

来构成新词。前缀通常不改变词干的词类但是只改变它的意思。

The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class-changing nature. Their chief function

前缀的大多数都以不改变词类的特点为特征。is to change meanings of the stems.它们的主要

功能是改变词干的意义。

（2）①Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes

which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. 后缀法是通过添加后缀到

词干来构成新词的方法。不象前缀主要改变词干的意思，后缀只有一个很小的意义作用，它们的主要作用是改变词干的语法功能。

②we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective

suffixes我们可以根据语法基础将后缀分为名词后缀，动词后缀，形容词后缀，等等

③后缀的类别Deverbal动词派生Denominal名词派生需要记

5. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. 复合词也叫组合词，是通过连接两个以学习资料．

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上词干构成新词的方式。通过这样的方式构成的词叫复合词。

三个特征：（1）Phonetic features（exceptions：sociolinguistics，psycho-analysis）读音特点。在复合词中词语中银通常出现在第一个基本音上，然而在名词短语中第二个基本音通常加重，如果只有一个重音的话。如果有两个重音，复合词第一个重音在第一个基本音。第二个重音如果有，在第二个基本音上，自由词组正相反。

（2）Semantic features语意特征：a lot of compounds are transparent许多复合词是意义明确的（3）Grammatical features法特征

一个复合词倾向于在句子中扮演一个独立的语法角色，例如，动词，名词，或者形容词。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0212871794.html,pounding can take place within any of the word classes but the productive ones are nouns ,and adjectives followed by verbs to a much lesser extent复合适用于任何词类，但是最具生产力的是名词和形容词后跟动词，这样程度更小。

7.Formation of compounds复合词组成

（1）Noun compounds（名词）名词性复合词

（2）Adjective compounds（形容词）各11种需了解2.形容词性复合词

（3）Verb compounds（conversion or backformation）动词复合词

动词复合词不如其他两种常见。有限的动词是通过反转或逆序法来造词。

8.conversion（zero-derivation零派生）反转

①Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 转换

法是通过转换词类到另一词类的构成新词方法

②Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift.由于词没有改变形态但是改变了功能，这个过程被称为“功能转换”。

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各章重点内容串讲： Introduction 1.Lexicology（名词解释题） （1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）. 本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。 （2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。 2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题） （1）Two approaches There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. synchronic 共时法 diachronic 历时法 （2）Definition: A, synchronic From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time. However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. 1.word（名词解释） （1）a minimal free form of a language 1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式） 2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。） 2.the relationships between the sound and meaning （1）简答题 1）Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to. 本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。 2）A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the language system. （2）单选题或填空题 arbitrary/conventional 1）there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系） 2）The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds. 3.More and more differences occur between the two.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉

英语词汇学笔记整理

英语词汇学笔记整理 Part 1 前缀(Prefixes) 1.Negative prefixes a-;an-缺少、缺乏 amoral(缺德) asexual(雌雄同体的) asymmetry(不均匀的) anarchy(无政府的) dis-否、不 dishonest non-非、否 non-black(非黑人区的) non-science non-smoker nonresistant(非抵抗) in-；i-；im-；ir- complete——incomplete correct——incorrect 小结：清辅音[k],[f],[t]前的前缀加in-;唇音之前加im-;“l”前加il-;“r”前加ir-。所以加什么样的前缀由单词的首字母决定。 un-不 unhappy unfriendly infamous 2.Pejorative prefixes 表贬义 mal-不好的，坏的 maltreat(虐待) malformed(畸形的) malnutrition(营养不良的) malfunction(功能紊乱) mis-错误的 misdial(拨错号) misleading(误导) misbehaved(行为不规范) misconception(错误的认知) pseudo-错，假的 pseudoscience(伪科学) pseudo teaching(实习) 3.Reversative prefixes 表逆转的前缀 de- defrost(除霜) deplane(下飞机) deindustrialization(非工业化的) decode(解码) dis- 表示动作的逆转 disconnect(切断) dishearten(泄气) disown(抛弃) 4.Prefixes of degree or size arch- means “most”\”supreme”常带有贬义 archenemy archbishop(红衣大主教) arch monetarist(拜金主义者) co- “joint”or “equally” coexistence(共存的) combine colleague correspondence(通信联系) 小结：co-这个前缀根据所跟单词的首字母而发生变化 在元音前加co-；-b\-p之前用com-;-l之前用col-;-f\-c\-g前用con-;-r之前用cor- hyper-means “extreme” hyperactive(过于活跃的) hyper cautious(过分小心的) mini-means “little” minibus miniskirt ministered minimal maxi-means “big” maxi coat maxi skirt out-means “surpassing”,程度多，超过