自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理

自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理

English Lexicology(英语词汇学)

1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。

2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics （文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary

1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence

词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。

2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系”

3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。

（2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。

（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。

（5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。

—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语

—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表

4.What is vocabulary？

（1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合

（2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词

（3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标准或者不同的目的进行分类。

By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。

By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词

By origin:native words&borrowed words可以根据来源分为本地词和借词。

6. The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small

percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. 基础词是几世纪积累的词汇的基础，构成语言的核心。尽管基础词占英语词汇比例小，它仍然是最重要的组成部分。

7. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的基本特征):

1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability（相对稳定性relative）3)Productivity（多产性are mostly root words or monosyllabic words）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）

8. nonbasic vocabulary(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot （暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语）(7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) 是新建立的词或者表达，或者已经采用新意的词。

9.—Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine、in mathematics、in music、in education. 包括特定学科的技术术语和学术领域

—Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves用于特定的词汇，通过特定艺术，科学，商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流—Slang belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal

ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot俚语粗话属于低等语言，处在标准通用语言，（包括每人用的非正式词汇）和团体内部语言包括cant(任何下等团体的行话)，jargons,argot

10. slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive俚语生动，直率，印象深刻而且感人11. Certain words are labeled 'slang' not because their appearance or pronunciation but because of their usage特定词被标示为“俚语”不是因为他们的写法和发音，而是因为他们的用法

12. Content words/notional words实词

Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals内容词表示清楚的概念，因为被认为是概念词。他们包括名词，动词。形容词，副词和数词

13. functional words/empty words虚词Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. 功能词没有他们自己的概念。因此，他们也称作“空词”。由于他们的主要功能是去表达概念间的

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