2015年--河海大学研究生英语一-Unit-16---The-Role-of-Science-Fiction

2015年--河海大学研究生英语一

-Unit-16---The-Role-of-Scie nce-Fiction

Unit 16 The Role of Science Fiction

The year 1972 was marked by this publication of a controversial book. The Limits to Growth. This study of the world’s future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer “models” of the future of our society, forecast a planetwide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources.

1972年为世人所瞩目的一件事就是出版了一本颇有争议的书——《增长的极限》。这一有关世界前景的研究，是由麻省理工学院一组科学家借助模拟未来社会的电脑“模型”进行的，预言了人类若不大幅度限制人口增长和自然资源消耗，就会出现全球性的灾难。

Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable---if we don’t change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They’d been making their own “models” of tomorrow and testing them all their lives.

该书问世时大多数人吃了一惊。许多人拒绝相信存在发生灾难的可能性、盖然性、必然性——倘使我们不改变对“地球飞船”的管理方式的话。但科幻小说家及其读者却既不惊讶，也不愤慨。事实上，这项研究对他们来说已不是什么新鲜事了。他们毕生都在制作自己的未来世界“模型”，并付诸试验。

For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to “model” a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations. This gives the writers some enormous advantages.

因为科学家们试图用电脑模型实现的事与科幻小说作家及其读者数十年来所做的非常相象。科幻小说作家并不依靠电脑来“模拟”一个未来世界，而是凭借人类的想象力。这给了作家某些极为有利的条件。

One of the advantages is flexibility.

有利条件之一就是灵活性。

Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible futures that lie open to us.

科幻小说作家的职责不在预言未来，他们做的比这重要得多。他们试图展现许多可能出现在我们面前的前景。

For there is not simply a future, a time to come that’s inevitable. Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions.

因为并非只有一种前途，一种时代会不可避免地降临人间。我们的未来世界是由人类用自身的行动一点一滴地、一分一秒地创造起来的。科幻小说的一个重要作用，便是揭示人类某几种行为的结果会形成哪几种未来世界。

To communicate the ideas, the fears and feel of all infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of

fiction.

为了展示对可能出现的无穷多的未来世界的种种构想、恐惧和希望、形式和感受，科幻小说作家在很大程度上依赖他们另一个有利条件：虚构艺术。

For while a scientist’s job has largely ended when he’s reduced his date to tabular or graph form, the work of a science fiction writer is just beginning. His task is to convey the human story: the scientific basis for the possible future of his story is merely the background. Perhaps “merely”is too limiting a word. Much of science fiction consists of precious little except the background, the basic idea, the gimmick. But the best of science fiction, the stories that make a lasting impact of generations of readers, are stories about people. The people may be nonhuman. They may be robots or other types of machines. But they will be people, in the sense that human readers can feel for them, share their joys and sorrows, their dangers and their ultimate successes.

科学家把资料用表格或图表形式表现出来时，他的工作几乎算完成了，而对科幻小说作家来说，他的工作则刚刚开了个头。他的任务是要讲述与人有关的故事：充当他故事中可能出现的那个未来的科学依据，仅仅是个背景资料。也许“仅仅”这个词的局限性还太大了。许多科幻小说除了背景情况，主要构想和新奇的玩意儿外几乎空无他物。但科幻小说中的上乘之作，即能对几代读者产生持久影响的作品，都是写人的故事。书中人物也许不是人类，可能是机器人或者其他类型的机械装置。但作为人的读者会同情它们，分享它们的喜怒哀乐，为它们遭遇危险而担忧，为它们终于成功而庆幸。从这个意义上说，它们应该算是人。

The art of fiction has not changed much since prehistoric times. The formula for telling a powerful story has remained the same: create a strong character, a person of great strengths, capable of deep emotions and decisive action. Give him weakness. Set him in conflict with another powerful character —or perhaps with nature. Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of the protagonist’s own interior conflict, the clash of his desires, his own strength against his own weakness. And there you have a story. Whether it’s Abraham offering his only son to God, or Paris bringing ruin to Troy over a women, or Hamlet and Claudius playing their deadly game, Faust seeking the world’s knowledge and power—the stories that stand out in the minds of the readers are those whose characters are unforgettable.

自史前以来，编故事的艺术并无多大变化。讲个引人入胜的故事仍然沿用老一套：塑造一个性格坚强的人物，一个勇猛无比、感情丰富、行为果断的人物。给他配上一个弱点，使他与另一名强者——或与自然——发生冲突。让主人公的外部冲突反映出自己的内心冲突，反映出他的各种欲望之间的冲突，自身优点与弱点之间的冲突。这样你的故事就编好了。不管故事说的是亚伯拉罕把独生子献给上帝，或帕里斯因一女子而使特洛伊遭受灭顶之灾，还是讲哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯图谋置对方于死地，浮士德对人世间的知识和权力的不断追求——凡是深印在读者脑际的故事都塑造了使人难以忘怀的人物。

To show other worlds, to describe possible future societies and the problems lurking ahead, is not enough. The writer of science fiction must show these worlds and these futures affect human beings. And something much more

important: he must show how human beings can and do literally create these future worlds. For our future is largely in our own hands. It doesn’t come blindly rolling out of the heavens; it is the joint product of the actions of billions of human bings. This is a point that’s easily forgotten in the rush of headlines and the hectic badgering of everyday life. But it’s a point that science fiction makes constantly: the future belongs to us—whatever if is . We make it, our actions shape tomorrow. We have the brains and guts to build paradise ( or at least try). Tragedy is when we fail, and the greatest crime of all is when we fail even to try.

只展示别的世界，描述可能形成的未来社会和潜在的问题是不够的。科幻小说作家必须指出这些社会、这些前景如何影响人类。比这项工作还重要得多的是，他必须揭示人类能够而且确实在创造这些未来世界。因为我们的前途主要掌握在我们自己手里。前途不是凭空从天上掉下来的，它是亿万人的行动共同造就的产物。在匆忙浏览报纸大标题时，在忙得焦头烂额的日常生活中，这一点是很容易被遗忘的。但这是科幻小说坚持试图说明的问题：未来属于我们——不管它是什么样子。我们创造未来，我们的行动塑造明天。我们有才智有勇气去建造天堂(至少可以试试)。如果我们失败了，那将是一场悲剧；然而倘若我们连试也不试一下，那就是最大的悲哀了。

Thus science fiction stands as a bridge between science and art, between the engineers of technology and the poets of humanity. Never has such a bridge been more desperately needed.

因此，科幻小说是沟通科学和艺术的桥梁，是连接精通工艺的工程师与深谙人性的诗人的桥梁。过去从未像现在这样迫切地需要这么一座桥梁。

Writing is the British Journal New Scientist, the famed poet and historian Robert Graves said in 1972,”Technology is now warring openly against the crafts, and science covertly against poetry.”

著名诗人与历史学家罗伯特·格雷夫斯于1972年在英国《新科学家》杂志上撰文说：“如今工业技术和手工在明争，科学则与诗歌在暗斗。”

What Graves is expressing is the fear that many people have: technology has already allowed machines to replace human muscle power; now it seems that machines such as electronic computers might replace human brainpower. And he goes even further, criticizing science on the grounds that truly human endeavors such as poetry have a power that scientists can’t recognize.

格雷夫斯的话道出了不少人都怀有的恐惧心理：工业技术已使机器代替了人的体力；现在诸如电子计算机之类的机器似乎可以取代人的智力了。他甚至走得更远，竟批判起科学来，其根据是，真正的人类活动诸如诗歌创作等具有科学家无法认识的威力。

Apparently Graves sees scientists as a sober, plodding phalanx of soulless thinking machines, never making a step that hasn’t been carefully thought out in advance.

显而易见，格雷夫斯把科学家视为外表严肃、动作缓慢、没有灵魂的思维机器，未经事先深思熟虑从不迈出一步。

But as a historian, Graves should be aware that James Clerk Maxwell’s brilliant insight about electromagnetism—the guess that visible light is only one small slice of the spectrum of electromagnetic energy, a guess that forms the

basis for electronics technology—was an intuitive leap into the unknown. Maxwell had precious little evidence to back up his guess. The evidence came later. The list of wild jumps of intuition made by these supposedly stolid, humorless scientists is long indeed.

但作为历史学家，格雷夫斯应该知道，詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦尔关于电磁的独到见解——即可见光仅是电磁能光谱的一小部分这一猜想，该猜想为电子技术打下了基础——是凭直觉深入未知世界的。麦克斯韦尔几乎没有丝毫依据来证实他的猜想。证据是后来找到的。那些被认为感觉迟钝、不苟言笑的科学家凭着直觉闯进了未知世界，这样的例子真可谓不胜枚举。

Scientists are human bings! They are just as human, intuitive, and emotional as anyone else. But most people don’t realize this. They don’t know scientists, any more than they know much about science.

科学家也是人! 他们与别人完全一样，也有人性，也有直觉，也有感情。但大多数人并没有意识到这一点。他们不了解科学家，对科学也知之甚少。

Today most people still tend to hold scientists in awe. After all, scientists have brought us nuclear weapons, modern medicines, space flight, and underarm deodorants. Yet at the same time, we see scientists derided as fuzzy—brained eggheads or as coldly ruthless, emotionless makers of monsters. Scientists are a minority group, and like most minorities they’d largely hidden from the public’s sight, tucked away in ghettos—laboratories, campuses, field sites out in the desert or on pacific atolls.

今天，大多数人对科学家仍然敬而远之。然而，科学家毕竟给我们带来了核武器、现代医学、宇宙航行以及除臭剂。但与此同时，我们看到科学家被讥为头脑混乱的书呆子，或被嘲为冷酷无情的怪物制造家。科学家是一个少数群体，与大多数少数群体一样，他们往往避开公众视线，藏身于他们自己的聚居区内——实验室、校园、沙漠中或太平洋珊瑚岛上的野外工作场地。

Before the public can understand and appreciate what science can and cannot do, the people must get to see and understand the scientists themselves. Get to know their work, their aims, their dreams, and their fears.

人们先得观察、了解科学家本身，然后才会懂得什么是科学能办到的，什么是科学无法办到的。要了解科学家的工作和目的、他们的梦想、他们的忧虑。

Science fiction can help to explain what science and scientists are all about to the non—scientists. It is no accident that several hundred universities and public schools are now offering science fiction courses and discovering that these classes are a meeting ground for the scientist—engineers and the humanists. Science and fiction. Reason and emotion.

科幻小说有助于向不从事科学工作的人解释科学是怎么一回事，科学家是干什么的。几百所大学和公立中学都开设了科幻小说课程。发现这些课是科学家、工程师和人文主义者聚会的场所，出现这种情况决非偶然。科学和小说可以打通，理智和感情能够交融。

The essence of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed in understanding the universe. By taking thought, men can move mountains—and have. In this sense, science is an utterly humanistic pursuit, the glorification of human intellect over the puzzling, chaotic, and often frighting darkness of

ignorance.

科学态度实质上就是认为人脑能够认识宇宙，人动脑筋、想办法便能移山倒海——实际上人类已经这样做了。从这个意义上说，科学是纯粹人文主义的追求，是颂扬人类智力战胜由于愚昧无知而造成的迷惘、混乱和恐惧。

Much of science fiction celebrates this spirit. Very few science fiction stories picture humanity as a passive species, allowing the tidal forces of nature to flow unperturbed. The heroes of science fiction stories—the gods of the new mythology—struggle manfully against the darkness, whether it’s geological doom for the whole planet or the evil of grasping politicians. They may not always win. But they always try.

许多种幻小说歌颂这种精神。很少有科幻小说把人类描绘成消极被动的物种，听任自然力像潮水般肆意流动而不加限制。科幻小说的主人公们——新神话故事中的众神——无论面对全球性山崩地裂的厄运，还是面对贪得无厌的政客的罪恶行径，都挺身而出，勇敢地与黑暗势力作斗争。他们不一定总会成功，但他们总是尽力而为。

Perhaps, however, the most important aspect of science fiction’s role in the modern world is best summed up in a single word: change.

然而，科幻小说在现代社会所起作用最重要的方面，也许可以用一个词来贴切地加以概括：变化。

After all, science fiction is the literature of change. Each and every story preaches from the same gospel: tomorrow will be different from today, violently different perhaps.

说到底，科幻小说是描写变化的文学作品。每篇小说都宣扬同一个信条：明天与今天不一样，也许大不一样。

Science fiction very clearly shows that changes—whether good or bad—are an inherent part of the universe. Resistance to change is an archaic, and nowadays dangerous, habit of thought. The world will change. It is changing constantly. Humanity’s most fruitful course of action is to determine how to shape these changes, how to influence them and produce an environment where the changes that occur are those we want.

科幻小说极其明确地揭示，变化——无论变好还是变糟——是宇宙的一条内在规律。抵制变化是墨守成规，如今则更是危险的了。世界总是要变的。她在不断地变。人类最有成效的行为莫过于确定如何形成这些变化，如何影响这些变化，从而创造一个所发生的变化符合我们需要的自然环境。

Perhaps this is the ultimate role of science fiction: to act as an interpreter of science to humanity. This is a two—edged weapon, of course. It is necessary to warn as well as evangelize. Science can kill as well as create; technology can deaden the human spirit of lift it to the farthermost corners of our imaginations. Only knowledgeable people can wisely decide how to use science and technology for humankind’s benefit. In the end, this is the ultimate role of all art: to show ourselves to ourselves, to help us to understand our own humanity.

也许这就是科幻小说最根本的作用：向人类解释科学。当然，这是一件双刃武器，不仅要宣传讲福音，还要给予警告。科学不仅能够创造，而且能够毁灭；技术能够把人的精神提到想象所及的最高境界，也能够使人麻木不仁。只

有具有真知灼见的人士能明智地决定如何利用科学技术造福人类。归根到底，这是一切艺术作品的最根本的作用：让我们自己看清自己，帮助我们认识自己身上的人性。

河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示)unit8isaraceofrobotspossib

A good many technical people become irate when you call a computer a giant brain.They insist t hat a computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have it do.假如你把计算机称为巨人脑，许多技术人员会感到气愤。他们坚持认为，计算机只不过是做有思维的人类安排它做的事情罢了 Yet one authority states categorically,"A machine can handle information;it can calculate,conclu de,and choose;it can perform reasonable operations with information.A machine,therefore,ca n think.Famed mathematician Norbert Wiener,of MIT,envisions a machine that can learn and wi ll"in no way be obliged to make such decisions as we should have made,or will be acceptable to us."Evidently,he thinks machines can think.不过，一位权威人士明确地说：“机器能处理信息，能进行计算、做出决定和选择，能利用信息从事各种合理的工作，因此，机器能够思维。”麻省理工学院著名的数学家诺伯特·威纳做出展望认为，机器能学习，它“决不会被迫做出我们必须作的决定，或是迎合我们。”显然，他认为机器能够思维 There is a popular anecdote about a computer programmer who,just for a lark,spent days settin g up the machine to destroy itself,then watched delightedly as the computer dutifully proceeded to commit suicide.If that machine could have thought,would it not have circumvented him?一个有关一位计算机程序设计员的轶事广为流传。这位程序设计员只是为了取乐，花了几天的时间，装了一台毁灭机器自身的机器，然后兴高采烈地观看这台计算机忠实地自杀，那台计算机假如能够思维的话，难道不会用谋略去战胜他吗 To me the controversy boils down to a definition of the word think.There is no area in physiology that is less understood than the human brain.Practically all that is known is that the brain contai ns some ten billion tiny cells called neurons.对我来说，这场争论归根结底就是对“思维”一词如何下定义。从生理学的角度看，没有哪个领域比人脑了解得更少的了。实际上我们所知道的只是大脑约含有100亿个称为神经原的微小细胞 Apparently neurons are elementary memory units,capable of storing the same kind of informatio n"bits"that a machine can store.The completely materialistic view is that neurons,along with an extraordinary network of nerve-communication lines,comprise all that is to the brain.But such a n explanation fails to account for how the brain originates thought.很显然，神经原是基本的记忆单位，能储存的信息“块”种类与机器是相等的。彻底唯物的观点是，大脑是由神经原与一个特殊的神经通讯网共同组成的。但这一解释并没有说明大脑是如何产生思维的Probably the clearest differentiation between man and machine is a quantitative one.The brain h as roughly a million times as many components as the best computer.On the other hand,the diff erence may lie in a spiritual factor,embraced by religion.At any rate,a machine cannot exercise f ree will or originate anything-not yet.Whether it ever will is still an open argument.人和机器之间最明显的区别大概是量的不同。人脑的组成元件大约是最好的计算机的100万倍。从另一个方面来说，区别也许在于宗教所能接受的某精神因素。不管怎样，机器不能行使自由意志或创造任何东西——现在还不能。将来是否可以尚存争议 Computers can already do a lot of surprising things,which include predicting the weather.The m achine is able to make forecasts by assimilating vast quantities of data,but this,as well as most of the other tasks now performed by the thinking machines,is routine,requiring thinking of a very l ow order.Let us see what happens when we go beyond this step.计算机已经能做许多令人吃惊的事，其中包括预报天气。它可以接收大量的数据、并以此做出预报，但与思维机器现在所完成的大多数别的工作一样，这只是它的日常工作，只需要低思维层次。我们跨越这一步后，再看看会出现什么情况吧 A great many outstanding men are preoccupied with computers that do nonnumerical work:that

2015年 河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 11 The Iks

Unit 11 The Iks The small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them. 小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。 The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged. 书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。这是对他们分崩离析的传统文化所做出的反应。此外，这也是我们内在本性的模样。当我们的社会结构全部瓦解时，我们都将变成伊克人。 The argument rests, of course, on certain assumptions about the core of human beings, and is necessarily speculative. You have to agree in advance that man is fundamentally a bad lot , out for himself alone , displaying such graces as affection and compassion only as learned habits . If you take this view, the story of the Iks can be used to confirm it. These people seem to be living together, clustered in small, dense villages, but they are really solitary, unrelated individuals with no evident use for each other. They talk, but only to make ill-tempered demands and cold refusals. They share nothing. They never sing. They turn the children out to forage as soon as they can walk, and desert the elders to starve whenever they can, and the foraging children snatch food from the mouths of the helpless elders. It is a mean society. 论点当然是建立在对人性的必要的推测性假设的基础上。首先，你得同意人性本恶，所表现出的喜爱和同情的优雅，仅仅是学到的习性，并非与生俱来。如果你持此观点，伊克人的故事就可以用来佐证。这些人表面上生活在一起，群居在小而密集的村庄，但是他们真的是独立的、没有关联的、对别人毫无明显作用的个人。他们聊天，但仅仅是提出坏脾气的要求，做出冷漠的拒绝。他们毫无分享，从不唱歌。他们将刚会走路的孩子赶出去寻找食物，将老人抛弃任由其饿死。觅食的孩子从无助的老者嘴下抢夺食物。这是个卑鄙自私的社会。 They breed without love or even casual regard. They defecate on each other’s doorsteps. They watch their neighbors for signs of misfortune, and only then do they laugh. In the book they do a lot of laughing, having so much bad luck. Several times they even laughed at the anthropologist, who found this especially repellent (one

2015年河海大学研究生英语一Unit1GhostsforTea(精)

Unit 1 Ghosts for T ea ' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope. 'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.' “十便士看海湾风光。”那个带着望远镜的老头说道。 “多么晴朗美丽的早晨。来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年大海难的遗迹吧!” Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 十便士是纯粹的抢劫,可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unr olling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and do dging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one ano ther as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse sto od on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the light house, the man beside me tapped my wrist. 峭壁伸展向远处,海风激起的波浪闪耀着铺展在沙滩上,海面上几艘游艇伴着乳白色风帆优雅地弯成弧形避开。天空下方,一群海鸥在一只只的叫唤着,侧身滑过水面。离岸一英里处,在海浪贪婪地拍打的岩石上,那座古老的灯塔矗立在一石头平台上。的确我决不会吝惜钱。当我把望远镜对准灯塔时,我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。 ' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse? ' he asked in a hushed whisper.

河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,)Unit 4 Explicit and Implicit Moral Education

Imagine a guardsman, from the moment he falls in on parade in the morning until the moment th e parade is dismissed, every conscious action he makes is predetermined and controlled. If inadv ertently he does something that is not in the schedule, such as drop his rifle, he has to cover up t he accident by pretending to faint. To do anything other than conform might show originality and inventiveness, but from the point of view of military ethos（风气，社会思潮） would be immoral. 想象一下，一个卫士，从他早上在阅兵仪式的那一刻起直到游行解解散的那一刻,他的每一个有意识的动作都是受预定和控制的。如果他无意间做了什么计划外的事情，比如像掉了他的步枪，他不得不假装晕倒来掩盖事故。做除了承认以外的任何事情都可以展示出独创性和创造性，但是从军事风气的角度来看可能是不道德的。 That is an example of a thorough-going explicit moral system. In it actions are rigidly divided into right ones and wrong ones, permitted ones and non-permitted ones, and everyone involved acce pts this without question; and to train a participant in such a system is an explicit matter, and the simplest form of behaviour training, provided the learners acknowledge the teacher as an unques tionable authority who knows exactly what moral behaviour is. 这是一个彻底的显性道德体系的例子。它的行动被严格分为正确的和错误的，允许的和不准许的，并且体系内的人接受这个没有问题，并且培养在这样的系统中的参与者是一个明确的事情，，最简单的行为训练的形式，倘若学习者承认教师作为一个不容置疑的权威，明确分辨道德行为与否。Consider the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl. His behaviour is not so rigor ously controlled, and he has many choices of action, many decisions to make. In that case, all sort s of pressures are influencing his choice of actions. What his peer group does, what is the custom at the moment in that area, what he thinks the girlfriend will accept or expect, maybe the sort of lifestyle he has seen displayed in television plays, the things he has read about in the papers, thes e are all contributing to his decisions. He has not been instructed explicitly, as in the morning, but he has had a much more diffuse implicit training in behaviour, derived from many sources.考虑同样的卫士，在晚上，同一个女孩在一个小酒馆。他的行为是不那么严格的受控制，他的行动有很多选择，很多决定去下。在这种情况下，各种压力都会影响他的行动选择。他的同龄人做的，此刻在此方面的习惯，他认为的这个女性朋友会接受或者拒绝的，或者他在电视上看到的生活方式，书上读到的故事，这些都有助于他的决定。同早上比，他没有被明确指示，但是他有一个更加扩散的隐性训练行为，来自多种来源。 These, then, are the two forms of education available to those who wish to influence others' mor als - the explicit instruction and the implicit influence of surrounding behaviour. Which do we use with school pupils, or do we perhaps need to make use of each at different times? Above, in desc ribing the morning parade morals of the guardsman, it was pointed out that explicit instruction d epended on the learner's acceptance of the authority of the instructor. Without that acceptance t he system breaks down. While to the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl, such explicit moral exhortation would probably have little effect, because the speaker is not regarded as an authority, but rather as a crank. This illustrates the impossibility of having explicit moral edu cation unless all concerned have agreed on the fundamental principles, and on who has the right to expound them and say how they apply in practice. Where you have a society or an organizatio n in which such accord is possible, then behaviour is determined and can be the subject of explici t instruction.那么，明确的指导和周围环境的隐性影响是两种有效的教育模式对那些想要影响他人道德的人来说。我们用哪一种当面对学校学生是，或在不同时刻我们用每一个。上面，在描述上午游行的卫兵的道德时，指出显性指导依赖于学习者对指导者权威的承认。如果不承认系统就崩溃了。而相同的卫兵在晚上,在酒2013年ACCA/CAT考试全攻略每日一练历年

河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,特殊单词有注释)Unit 1 Ghosts for Tea

' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope. 'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck o f 1935.' 十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。” Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the b each, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were b eing greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the teles cope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist. 峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse?' he asked in a hushed whisper. 'I imagine there may be plenty of legends attached to such a dramatic-looking place' , I suggested . “您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。 'It's no legend' , declared the old man.'My father knew the two men involved. It all took place fift y years ago to-day. Let me tell you. His voice seemed to grow deeper and more dramatic. “这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。一切都发生在50年前的今天。让我说给您听听吧。” 他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。 'For a whole week that lighthouse had been isolated by storms' , he began, 'with terrifying seas s urging and crashing over the rocks. People on shore were anxious about the two men working th ere. They'd been on the best of terms until two or three weeks before, when they had quarrelled over cards in the village inn. Martin had accused Blake of cheating. Blake had vowed to avenge th e insult to his honour. But thanks to the wise advice of a man they both respected, they apologise d to each other, and soon seemed to have got over their disagreement. But some slight resentme nt and bitterness remained. and it was feared that the strain of continued isolation and rough we ather might affect their nerves, though, needless to say, their friends had no idea how serious the consequences would be. “整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。 “咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使

2015年--河海大学研究生英语一-Unit-16---The-Role-of-Science-Fiction

2015年--河海大学研究生英语一 -Unit-16---The-Role-of-Scie nce-Fiction

Unit 16 The Role of Science Fiction The year 1972 was marked by this publication of a controversial book. The Limits to Growth. This study of the world’s future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer “models” of the future of our society, forecast a planetwide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources. 1972年为世人所瞩目的一件事就是出版了一本颇有争议的书——《增长的极限》。这一有关世界前景的研究，是由麻省理工学院一组科学家借助模拟未来社会的电脑“模型”进行的，预言了人类若不大幅度限制人口增长和自然资源消耗，就会出现全球性的灾难。 Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable---if we don’t change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They’d been making their own “models” of tomorrow and testing them all their lives. 该书问世时大多数人吃了一惊。许多人拒绝相信存在发生灾难的可能性、盖然性、必然性——倘使我们不改变对“地球飞船”的管理方式的话。但科幻小说家及其读者却既不惊讶，也不愤慨。事实上，这项研究对他们来说已不是什么新鲜事了。他们毕生都在制作自己的未来世界“模型”，并付诸试验。 For what the scientists attempted with their computer model is very much like the thing that science fiction writers and readers have been doing for decades. Instead of using a computer to “model” a future world society, science fiction writers have used their human imaginations. This gives the writers some enormous advantages. 因为科学家们试图用电脑模型实现的事与科幻小说作家及其读者数十年来所做的非常相象。科幻小说作家并不依靠电脑来“模拟”一个未来世界，而是凭借人类的想象力。这给了作家某些极为有利的条件。 One of the advantages is flexibility. 有利条件之一就是灵活性。 Science fiction writers are not in the business of predicting the future. They do something much more important. They try to show the many possible futures that lie open to us. 科幻小说作家的职责不在预言未来，他们做的比这重要得多。他们试图展现许多可能出现在我们面前的前景。 For there is not simply a future, a time to come that’s inevitable. Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings. One vital role of science fiction is to show what kinds of future might result from certain kinds of human actions. 因为并非只有一种前途，一种时代会不可避免地降临人间。我们的未来世界是由人类用自身的行动一点一滴地、一分一秒地创造起来的。科幻小说的一个重要作用，便是揭示人类某几种行为的结果会形成哪几种未来世界。 To communicate the ideas, the fears and feel of all infinite possible futures, science fiction writers lean heavily on another of their advantages: the art of

河海大学研究生英语教程翻译(Unit11-20)

Unit 11 The Iks Iks 小部落从前是游牧的猎人，聚居在乌干达北部的山谷中，现在这个部落变得很有名，整体上是灰心沮丧的，残忍冷酷的人类的终极命运的文学象征。两件确实是灾难的事发生在他们身上：政府决定拥有一个国家公园，所以他们被法律迫使放弃山谷中的打猎生活，在贫瘠的山坡的土壤上变成农民，然后一个讨厌他们，研究他们两年的人类学家写了一本关于他们的书。 这本书的主题是：由于传统文化的废除，IKs变成一群彼此毫无关系，残酷无情，而又绝对令人讨厌的人，他们完全的自私和冷酷。此外，这些特征正像我们内心的自己，当我们的社会结构完全错乱时，我们也将全部变成Iks。 这篇论文依据某种关于人类本质的设想，这种设想必然是推测而来的。你不得不预先同意人类从本质上讲是坏的，完全为了他自己，展现出来的例如爱和同情这样的美德仅仅是后天学到的习惯。如果你采纳这个观点，Iks人的故事便可以证实它。这些人似乎是一直生活在一起，聚居在拥挤的小村庄，但是他们都是一群真正的独居的无关联的个体，彼此间没有明显的好处。他们说话，但是只是做一些坏脾气的要求和冷漠的拒绝。他们不分享。他们从不唱歌。他们的孩子一能走路就被打发出去寻找食物，只要有可能他们便抛弃那些老人，使他们饿死，那些寻找食物的孩子从无助的老人口中抢夺食物。它是一个不友好的社会。 他们养育子女，但是不是出于爱，甚至也不是出于偶尔的关心。他们在彼此的台阶上随地大小便。他们观察他们的邻居，以等待不幸的降临，而且只有那时他们才大笑。在书中，他们经常笑，因为有太多厄运。好几次，他们甚至嘲笑人类学家，使人类学家发现这种嘲笑尤其令人反感（读者在字里行间发现，学者本身不是这世界上最幸运的人）。更糟糕的是，他们把他带到家中，抢夺他的食物，在他的台阶上大小便，并且呵斥人类学家。他们给他糟糕的两年。 它是一本令人沮丧的书。如果，正像他建议的那样，在我们每个人的心中只有IK人的特性，我们唯一的维系人性的希望，将是不断地修补我们社会的结构，然而我们的社会结构变得如此之快，如此之完全，以至于我们不能及时找到修补社会的方法。同时，让我们独自一个人相处，我们也会变得同样没有快乐，没有激情，没有同情心的孤独的动物。 但是这个观点也许太狭隘。首先，IKs人如此的不寻常，事实上，他们绝对令人震惊。人类学家从没有在其他任何地方见过这样的人，我也是。你们也许该想想，如果他们完全能代表人类的共性，那么他们似乎更加容易被辨认出来。然而，他们既稀奇古怪又非同寻常。我也知道一些古怪、执拗、神经质、自私的人，但是在我一生中，我从没有遇到真正的一直令人厌恶的人。Iks人看上去更像是反常的，有病的人。 我不能接受这个观点。我相信Iks人并不能代表孤立的，被揭示本性的人，社会习俗使人类的本质更加清晰分明。我相信他们的行为是额外的，外加给他们的，不是天生的。这种无休止的，强迫性的，令人讨厌的行为是一种复杂的仪式。他们一定通过学习才这样做的，他们通过某种方式模仿学来的。 我有一种理论。Iks人一定是疯了。 一个独处的Ik人，孤立于被土崩瓦解的文化废墟中，已经为自己建立起新的防御工事。如果你居住在一个不用工作的社会，你也可以建立一个属于你自己的防御工事，这就是IKs 人所做的。每一个Ik人变成一个组织，独自一人的部落，一个选举区。 现在所有的事都开始明朗化。对我们所有人来说，这就是为什么Ik人似曾相识的原因。我们以前已经见过他们。这恰恰是小到委员会大到国家的大小不等的组织的行事方式。正是人性的这一方面落后于人类其他的进化，这是为啥Ik看上去原始的原因。当Ik处于绝对的自

研究生英语(第五版)课文翻译.

研究生英语教程（河海大学出版第五版）课文翻译 河海大学研究生英语教程（第五版）课文翻译，仅供参考。祝好运！ Unit 1 Ghosts for Tea “十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。” 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。 峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。 “您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓音对我说。 “我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。 “这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。一切都发生在50年前的今天。让我说给您听听吧。” 他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。 “整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。 他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并似乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。” “离今50年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。 “第二天早上，灯光依然可见。风暴已经平息了，人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象，桌子翻倒在地，一副牌散得到处都是，地板上溅满了血迹。营救人员爬上旋梯来到灯塔间，在那儿发现了马丁的尸体蜷缩在仍然亮着的灯旁。他是被戳死的。两天后，布莱克的尸体被潮水冲了上来，他身上划破多处，浑身青肿，伤得不轻。 “我们只是在那时才猜测到究竟发生了什么事。这场大惨剧只是由于他们俩再次争吵而引起的。他们准是因为与世隔绝而心烦意孔，于是开始玩牌。马丁又怀疑布莱克耍赖，指责这位原先的朋友不老实。接着一场格斗发生了，布莱克一把操起刀子，在一阵狂怒之下向他的伙伴刺去，马丁受了致命伤而倒下。布莱克被自己的行为惊呆了。他受不了这里的孤独寂寞以及风浪的拍击声，于是狂奔到栏杆边纵身投向下面的岩石。接着大海吞噬了他。 “但当时马丁还活着。过了几小时，也就是在天色暗下来以后，他苏醒过来，想起了自己点灯的职责。于是，可怜的马丁忍着剧痛，慢慢地爬上旋梯，一步一步地爬到灯前。用最后剩下的一口气，他点亮了灯塔，然后倒下。 “数年后，据说那座灯塔闹鬼了。就因为这些传说，当地迷信的居民中没有人愿意接替做灯塔管理员。如今人们都说，每年到出事的那一天，尤其是当海上风急浪高的时候，人们

河海大学英语翻译

As pollutants enter air, water, or soil, natural processes such as dilution, biological conversions, and chemical reactions convert waste material to more acceptable forms and disperse them through a larger volume. Yet those natural processes can no longer perform the cleanup alone .The treatment facilities designed by the environmental engineer are based on the principles of self-cleansing observed in nature, but the engineered processes amplify and optimize the operations observed in nature to handle larger volumes of pollutants and to treat them more rapidly. Engineers adapt the principles of natural mechanisms to engineered systems for pollution control when they construct tall stacks to disperse and dilute air pollutants, design biological treatment facilities for the removal of organics from waste water, use chemicals to oxidize and precipitate out the iron and manganese in drinking-water supplies, or bury solid wastes in controlled landfill operations. In all instances, the end products of the treatment of polluted water or air or of the disposal of solid wastes must be compatible with the existing environmental resources and must not overtax the assimilative powers of hydrosphere, atmosphere, or lithosphere. In structural engineering, the engineer can simply specify a larger or stronger base to carry a heavier load. The environmental engineer, on the other hand, must accept the carrying capacity f a stream, an airshed, or a landmass because these can seldom be changed. Sewage is the wastewater released by residences, businesses and industries in a community. It is 99.94 percent water, with only 0.06 percent of the wastewater dissolved and suspended solid material. The cloudiness of sewage is caused by suspended particles which in untreated sewage ranges from 100 to 350 mg/l. A measure of the strength of the wastewater is biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD5. The BOD5 measures the amount of oxygen microorganisms require in five days to break down sewage. Untreated sewage has a BOD5 ranging from 100 mg/l to 300 mg/l. Pathogens or disease-causing organisms are present in sewage. Coliform bacteria are used as an indicator of disease-causing organisms. Sewage also contains nutrients (such as ammonia and phosphorus), minerals, and metals. Ammonia can range from 12 to 50 mg/l and phosphorus can range from 6 to 20 mg/l in untreated sewage. Sewage treatment is a multi-stage process to renovate wastewater before it reenters a body of water, is applied to the land or is reused. The goal is to reduce or remove organic matter, solids, nutrients, disease-causing organisms and other pollutants from wastewater. Each receiving body of water has limits to the amount of pollutants it can receive without degradation. Therefore, each sewage treatment plant must hold a permit listing the allowable levels of BOD5, suspended solids, coliform bacteria and other pollutants. The discharge permits are called NPDES permits which stands for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.