2020年整理国际经济学作业答案第九章.doc
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs are dismantled and
removed,
(a) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decrease.
(b) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will increase.
(c) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasing national
economic welfare.
(d) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing national
economic welfare.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
2. The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be made from removing tariffs
and other trade distortions. These gains will be found by a decrease in
(a) world prices of imports.
(b) the consumption distortion loss triangle.
(c) the production distortion loss triangle.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
3. It is argued that special interest groups are likely to take over and promote protectionist policies,
which may lead to an increase in national economic welfare. This argument leads to
(a) a presumption that in practice a free trade policy is likely to be better than alternatives.
(b) a presumption that trade policy should be shifted to Non-Governmental Organizations, so as to
limit taxpayer burden.
(c) a presumption that free trade is generally a second-best policy, to be avoided if feasible
alternatives are available.
(d) a presumption that free trade is the likely equilibrium solution if the government allows special
interest groups to dictate its trade policy.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
4. The optimum tariff is
(a) the best tariff a country can obtain via a WTO negotiated round of compromises.
(b) the tariff, which maximizes the terms of trade gains.
(c) the tariff, which maximizes the difference between terms of trade gains and terms of trade loses.
(d) not practical for a small country due to the likelihood of retaliation.
(e) not practical for a large country due to the likelihood of retaliation.
Answer: E
5. The optimum tariff is most likely to apply to
(a) a small tariff imposed by a small country.
(b) a small tariff imposed by a large country.
(c) a large tariff imposed by a small country.
(d) a large tariff imposed by a large country.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
6. The prohibitive tariff is a tariff that
(a) is so high that it eliminates imports.
(b) is so high that it causes undue harm to trade-partner economies.
(c) is so high that it causes undue harm to import competing sectors.
(d) is so low that the government prohibits its use since it would lose an important revenue source.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
7. The existence of marginal social benefits which are not marginal benefits for the industry producing
the import substitutes
(a) is an argument supporting free trade and non-governmental involvement.
(b) is an argument supporting the use of an optimum tariff.
(c) is an argument supporting the use of market failures as a trade-policy strategy.
(d) is an argument rejecting free trade and supporting governmental involvement.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
8. The domestic market failure argument is a particular case of the theory of
(a) the optimum, or first-best.
(b) the second best.
(c) the third best.
(d) the sufficing principle.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
9. The difficulty of ascertaining the right second-best trade policy to follow
(a) reinforces support for the third-best policy approach.
(b) reinforces support for increasing research capabilities of government agencies.
(c) reinforces support for abandoning trade policy as an option.
(d) reinforces support for free-trade options.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
10. The authors of the text believe that
(a) second-best policy is worse than optimal policy.
(b) special interest groups generally enhance national welfare.
(c) national welfare is likely to be enhanced by the imposition of an optimal tariff.
(d) market Failure arguments tend to support free-trade policy.
(e) there is no such thing as national welfare.
Answer: E
11. The simple model of competition among political parties long used by political scientists tends to
lead to the practical solution of selecting the
(a) optimal tariff.
(b) prohibitive tariff.
(c) zero (free-trade) tariff.
(d) the tariff rate favored by the median voter.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
12. The median voter model
(a) works well in the area of trade policy.
(b) is not intuitively reasonable.
(c) tends to result in biased tariff rates.
(d) does not work well in the area of trade policy.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
13. The fact that trade policy often imposes harm on large numbers of people, and benefits only a few
may be explained by
(a) the lack of political involvement of the public.
(b) the power of advertisement.
(c) the problem of collective action.
(d) the basic impossibility of the democratic system to reach a fair solution.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
14. Protectionism tends to be concentrated in two sectors:
(a) agriculture and clothing.
(b) high tech and national security sensitive industries.
(c) capital and skill intensive industries.
(d) industries concentrated in the South and in the Midwest of the country.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
15. Judging by the changes in the height of tariff rates in major trading countries, the world has been
experiencing a great
(a) trade liberalization.
(b) surge of protectionism.
(c) lack of progress in the trade-policy area.
(d) move towards regional integration.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
16. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was organized as a successor to the
(a) IMF.
(b) UN.
(c) UNCTAD.
(d) GATT.
(e) The World Bank.
Answer: D
17. The WTO was established by the ____________of multilateral trade negotiations.
(a) Kennedy Round
(b) Tokyo Round
(c) Uruguay Round
(d) Dillon Round
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
18. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 has generally been associated with
(a) falling tariffs.
(b) free trade.
(c) intensifying the worldwide depression.
(d) recovery from the worldwide depression.
(e) Non-tariff barriers.
Answer: C
19. A trade policy designed to alleviate some domestic economic problem by exporting it to foreign
countries is know as a(n)
(a) international dumping policy.
(b) countervailing tariff policy.
(c) beggar thy neighbor policy.
(d) trade adjustment assistance policy.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
20. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization have resulted in
(a) termination of export subsidies applied to manufactured goods.
(b) termination of import tariffs applied to manufactures.
(c) termination of import tariffs applied to agricultural commodities.
(d) termination of international theft of copyrights.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
21. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization have resulted in
(a) the establishment of universal trade adjustment assistance policies.
(b) the establishment of the European Union.
(c) the reciprocal trade clause.
(d) reductions in trade barriers via multilateral negotiations.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
22. Trade theory suggests that Japan would gain from a subsidy the United States provides its grain
farmers if the gains to Japanese consumers of wheat products more than offsets the losses to Japanese wheat farmers. This would occur as long as Japan
(a) is a net importer in bilateral trade flows with the United States.
(b) is a net importer of wheat.
(c) has a comparative advantage in wheat.
(d) has an absolute advantage in producing wheat.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
23. Countervailing duties are intended to neutralize any unfair advantage that foreign exporters might
gain because of foreign
(a) tariffs.
(b) subsidies.
(c) quotas.
(d) Local-Content legislation.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
24. Throughout the post-World War II era, the importance of tariffs as a trade barrier has
(a) increased.
(b) decreased.
(c) remained the same.
(d) fluctuated wildly.
(e) demonstrated a classic random walk with a mean-reversion tendency.
Answer: B
25. In 1980 the United States announced an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union in response to
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This embargo was mainly resisted by
(a) U.S. grain consumers of bread.
(b) U.S. grain producers.
(c) foreign grain producers.
(d) U.S. communists.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
26. Export embargoes cause greater losses to consumer surplus in the target country
(a) the lesser its initial dependence on foreign produced goods.
(b) the more elastic is the target country’s demand schedule.
(c) the more elastic is the target country’s domestic supply.
(d) the more inelastic the target country’s supply.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
27. The strongest political pressure for a trade policy that results in higher protectionism comes from
(a) domestic workers lobbying for import restrictions.
(b) domestic workers lobbying for export restrictions.
(c) domestic workers lobbying for free trade.
(d) domestic consumers lobbying for export restrictions.
(e) domestic consumers lobbying for import restrictions.
Answer: A
28. The average tariff rate to data on dutiable imports in the United States is approximately
(a) 5 % of the value of imports.
(b) 15% of the value of imports.
(c) 20 % of the value of imports.
(d) 25% of the value of imports.
(e) more than 25% of the value of imports.
Answer: A
29. In 1990 the United States imposed trade embargoes on Iraq’s international trade. This would induce
smaller losses in Iraq’s consumer surplus the
(a) less elastic Iraq’s demand schedule.
(b) more elastic Iraq’s demand schedule.
(c) greater is Iraq’s dependence on foreign products.
(d) more inelastic is Iraq’s supply schedule.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
30. The World Trade Organization provides for all of the following except
(a) the usage of the most favored nation clause.
(b) assistance in the settlement of trade disagreements.
(c) bilateral tariff reductions.
(d) multilateral tariff reductions.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
31. Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade disputes?
(a) World Bank
(b) World Trade Organization
(c) International Monetary Organization
(d) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(e) The League of Nations
Answer: B
32. The WTO’s int ervention against clean air standards
(a) has earned it universal approval.
(b) was done in order to limit national sovereignty.
(c) has resulted in much criticism.
(d) has resulted in much criticism among professional economists.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
33. Under U.S. commercial policy, the escape clause results in
(a) temporary quotas granted to firms injured by import competition.
(b) tariffs that offset export subsidies granted to foreign producers.
(c) a refusal of the U.S. to extradite anyone who escaped political oppression.
(d) tax advantages extended to minority-owned exporting firms.
(e) tariff advantages extended to certain Caribbean countries in the U.S. market.
Answer: A
34. Under U.S. commercial policy, which clause permits the modification of a trade liberalization
agreement on a temporary basis if serious injury occurs to domestic producers as a result of the agreement?
(a) Adjustment assistance clause
(b) Escape clause
(c) Most favored nation clause
(d) Prohibitive tariff clause
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
35. Today U.S. protectionism is concentrated in
(a) high tech industries.
(b) labor-intensive industries.
(c) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.
(d) computer intensive industries.
(e) capital-intensive industries.
Answer: B
36. The reason protectionism remains strong in the United States is that
(a) economists can produce any result they are hired to produce.
(b) economists cannot persuade the general public that free trade is beneficial.
(c) economists do not really understand how the real world works.
(d) the losses associated with protectionism are diffuse, making lobbying by the public impractical.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
37. An issue never confronted effectively by GATT, but considered an important issue for WTO
is that of
(a) the promotion of freer World trade
(b) the promotion of freer World commodity trade
(c) the promotion of freer World services trade
(d) the lowering of tariff rates
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
38. The political wisdom of choosing a tariff acceptable to the median U.S. voter is
(a) a good example of the principle of the second best.
(b) a good example of the way in which actual tariff policies are determined.
(c) a good example of the principle of political negotiation.
(d) is not evident in actual tariff determination.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
39. A game-theory explanation of the paradox that even though all countries would benefit if each chose
free trade, in fact each tends to follow protectionist policies is
(a) Trade war
(b) Collective action
(c) Prisoner’s dilemma
(d) Benefit—Cost analysis
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
40. When the U.S. placed tariffs on French wine, France placed high tariffs on U.S. chickens. This is an
example of:
(a) deadweight losses
(b) multilateral negotiations
(c) bilateral trade negotiations
(d) international market failures
(e) none of the above
Answer: E
41. The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the domestic clothing industry is best explained
by the fact that
(a) this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor
(b) this industry is an important employer of low skilled labor
(c) most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poor countries.
(d) a politically well organized sector in the U.S.
(e) None of the above
Answer: D
Essay Questions
1. Developing countries have often attempted to establish cartels so as to counter the actual or
perceived inexorable downward push on the prices of their exported commodities. OPEC is the best well known of these. How are such cartels expected to help the developing countries? At times importing countries profess support for such schemes. Can you think of any logical basis for such support? How are cartels like monopolies, and how are they different from monopolies. Why is there
a presupposition among economists that such schemes are not likely to succeed in the long run?
Answer: Such cartels are expected to shift the exporters’ terms of trade in their favor. Also they are expected to produce the maximum profit, which the market will bear. Importing countries
may benefit from the price stability generated by the cartel. Cartels are like monopolies in
that their total output is the same as that which would be generated by a single monopoly.
They differ from monopolies in that the monopoly profits need to be divided among the
producing countries, which have different cost structures.
2. The United States appears at times to have a totally schizophrenic attitude toward protectionism. The
United States was the country that proposed the establishment of the World Trade Organization as early as the late 1940s, and was also the only industrialized country that refused to ratify this at that time. The United States has consistently argued on the side of multinational free trade in GA TT Rounds, and yet maintains many protectionist laws such as those which reserve oil shipments from Alaska to U.S. flag carriers. How can you explain this apparent lack of national consistency on this issue?
Answer: This reflects the fact that international trade typically has many winners and relatively fewer, but politically powerful losers. Short of guaranteed (constitutional?) non-
conditional compensatory mechanisms, the basic conflict between these two groups will
always be there.
3. Presumably, since the United States is a large country in many of its international markets, a positive
optimum tariff exists for this country. It follows therefore that when any legislator or government official who promotes zero-tariff free trade policies, is by definition not acting in t he public’s best interest. Discuss.
Answer: Technically this is true. However, this is true only within the context of a generally myopic view of international relations. If the tariff imposing country is large enough to
make a substantial difference in its welfare by seeking an optimum tariff, then it cannot
hope to remain invisible, as its policies are substantially harming its trade partners.
Foreign repercussions are almost a certainty. In such a “game” it is not at all certain that
seeking the optimum tariff dominates alternative strategies.
4. It may be demonstrated that any protectionist policy, which effectively shifts real resources to import
competing industries or sectors will harm export industries or sectors. This may, for example, happen by the strengthening U.S. dollar in the foreign exchange market. Would you propose therefore that export industries lobby against protectionism in International Trade Commission proceedings? What of consumer advocates? Discuss the pros and the problems of such a suggestion.
Answer: Actually this is an interesting idea. It is well known that the public interest is put on hold as the ITC considers only the squeaky wheels of those allegedly hurt by trade. While
“consumers” may be too amorphous a group to successfull y organize and pursue a
political agenda, the exporters and consumer advocates may be able to form a counter
weight to the import competing industries.
5. It is argued that the United States would be foolish to maintain a free-trade stance in a world in
which all other countries exploit child or prisoner labor, or are protectionist. On the other hand, Ricardo’s classic demonstration of the sources and effects of comparative advantage cogently demonstrates that regardless of other country policy, free trade remains the first best policy for a country to follow, since it will maximize its consumption possibilities (conditional upon other country policies). Explain. Discuss the contradiction with the argument in the preceding paragraph.
Answer: In the context of the Ricardian model, it is true that gains from trade are strictly a result of world terms of trade, which differ from domestic marginal rates of substitution. In such a
world, the reason why foreign goods are cheap is of no concern to domestic consumers.
However, in a world which allows for large-scale labor migration, ignoring labor
conditions abroad may ultimately result in living standards for domestic workers to be
dragged down.
6. It has been claimed that foreign governments have attempted to influence votes in the U.S. that
would promote policies of protectionism within the U.S. On the surface this appears to be totally illogical and counter intuitive, as this would presumably lessen the possibilities of foreigners’ exports to the U.S.
Answer: This would make sense only if the form of protectionism is a tariff. However, if it is a quota, then the scarcity rents may be captured by established foreign producers. Hence,
the reaction of the Japanese to automobile quotas was to dramatically increase the high-
end, highly profitable automobiles. This would be even more self-evident if the
protectionism took the form of a V oluntary Export Restraint (VER), or a detailed
formalized bilateral cartel, such as the old Multi-Fibre Agreement.
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
Assume that Boeing (U.S.) and Airbus (European Union) both wish to enter the Hungarian market with the next new generation airliner. They both have identical cost and demand conditions (as indicated in the graph above).
1. Assume that Boeing is the first to enter the Hungarian market. Without a government subsidy what
price would they demand, and what would be their total profits?
Answer: $12 Million, $16
2. What is the consumer surplus enjoyed by Hungarian consumers of Boeing aircraft in the above
situation?
Answer: $8 Million
3. Suppose the European government provides Airbus with a subsidy of $4 for each airplane sold, and
that the subsidy convinces Boeing to exit the Hungarian market. Now Airbus would be the monopolist in this market. What price would they charge, and what would be their total profits?
Answer: $10 Million, and $36 Million
4. What would be the cost of the subsidy to European taxpayers?
Answer: $24 Million
5. What happens to the Consumer Surplus of Hungarian customers as a result of this subsidy?
Answer: An increase of $10 Million.
6. What is the revenue gain or loss for Europe as a whole (including taxpayers)?
Answer:A gain of $12 Million.
7. The U.S. producer Boeing, and the European Airbus are contemplating the next generation mid-
sized fuel efficient generation of air carrier. If both produce their respective models, then each would lose $50 million (because the world market is just not large enough to enable either to capture potential scale economies if they had to share the world market). If neither produce, then each one’s net gain would of course be zero. If either one produces while the other does not, then the producer will gain $500 million.
(a) What is the correct strategy for either company?
Answer: enter the market first. Then the other company knows that if it also enters, it will not be able to cover costs.
(b) What is the correct strategy for a government seeking to maximize national economic welfare?
Answer: Subsidize its producer. If this allows it to enter first, then we get the same solution as answer (a) above.
(c) If a national government decides to subsidize its aircraft producer, how high should be the
subsidy?
Answer: Any figure above $50 million (e.g. $55 million). This would promise positive profits regardless of the decision of the competitor. The “winner” then may turn out to be that
country whose voters are least sensitive to on-the-books, transparent subsidies given to
rich corporations (these subsidies will have to continue year after year until the other
country stops its subsidies).
国际经济学作业答案第一章
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
国际经济学在线作业
国际经济学在线作业 1．第1题 比较优势理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是 （）。 A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 您的答案： A 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 2．第2题 如果一个大国对进口商品征收关税（）。 A.对贸易条件不产生影响 B.提高所有国家的贸易条件 C.提高本国的贸易条件 D.导致本国贸易条件恶化 您的答案： C 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 3．第3题 通常所说的“纸黄金”是（）。 A.黄金 B.外汇 C.普通提款权 D.特别提款权 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 4．第4题 甲乙两国货币的实际汇率由名义汇率以及
（）共同决定。 A.甲国货币购买力 B.乙国货币购买力 C.两国利率水平 D.两国相对物价水平 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 5．第5题 根据蒙代尔的“政策配合说”，用来实现外部均衡的 政策手段是（）。 A.财政政策 B.货币政策 C.汇率政策 D.直接管制 您的答案： B 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 6．第6题 不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有( )。 A.重叠需求理论 B.要素比例理论 C.规模经济理论 D.垄断竞争理论 您的答案： B 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 7．第7题 属于非关税壁垒的措施是( )。 A.反倾销税 B.反补贴税 C.进口附加税
D.国内最低限价 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 8．第8题 下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易( )。 A.双边套汇 B.多边套汇 C.套利 D.套期保值 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 9．第17题 IS-LM模型是宏观经济分析的一个重要工具，是描述____市场和____市场之间相互联系的理论结构。（） A.货币资本 B.资本劳动力 C.资本商品 D.货币产品 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 10．第18题 国际经济一体化的形式不包括（）。 A.关税同盟 B.自由贸易区 C.共同市场 D.自由市场 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案 第7单元
CHAPTER 7 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE OUTLINE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Growth of Factors of Production 7.2a Labor Growth and Capital Accumulation Over Time 7.2b The Rybczynski Theorem 7.3 Technical Progress 7.3a Neutral, Labor-Saving, and Capital-Saving Technical Progress 7.3b Technical Progress and the Nation's Production Frontier Case Study 7-1: Changes in Relative Resource Endowments of Various Countries and Regions Case Study 7-2: Change in Capital-Labor Rations in Selected Countries 7.4 Growth and Trade: The Small Country Case 7.4a The Effects of Growth on Trade 7.4b Illustration of Factor Growth, Trade, and Welfare 7.4c Technical Progress, Trade, and Welfare Case Study 7-3: Growth of Output per Worker from Capital Deepening, Technological Change, and Improvements in Efficiency 7.5 Growth and Trade: The Large-Country Case 7.5a Growth and the Nation's Terms of Trade and Welfare 7.5b Immiserizing Growth 7.5c Illustration of Beneficial Growth and Trade Case Study 7-4: Growth, Trade, and the Giants of the Future 7.6 Growth, Change in Tastes, and Trade in Both Nations 7.6a Growth and Trade in Both Nations 7.6b Change in Tastes and Trade in Both Nations Case Study 7-5: Change in the Revealed Comparative Advantage of Various Countries or Regions Case Study 7-6: Growth, Trade, and Welfare in the Leading Industrial Nations Appendix: A7.1 Formal Proof of Rybczynski Theorem A7.2 Growth with Factor Immobility A7.3 Graphical Analysis of Hicksian Technical Progress Key Terms Comparative statics Antitrade production and consumption Dynamic analysis Neutral production and consumption Balanced growth Normal goods Rybczynski theorem Inferior goods
2020年整理国际经济学作业答案第九章.doc
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory Multiple Choice Questions 1. The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs are dismantled and removed, (a) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decrease. (b) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will increase. (c) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasing national economic welfare. (d) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing national economic welfare. (e) None of the above. Answer: C 2. The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be made from removing tariffs and other trade distortions. These gains will be found by a decrease in (a) world prices of imports. (b) the consumption distortion loss triangle. (c) the production distortion loss triangle. (d) Both (b) and (c). (e) None of the above. Answer: E 3. It is argued that special interest groups are likely to take over and promote protectionist policies, which may lead to an increase in national economic welfare. This argument leads to (a) a presumption that in practice a free trade policy is likely to be better than alternatives. (b) a presumption that trade policy should be shifted to Non-Governmental Organizations, so as to limit taxpayer burden. (c) a presumption that free trade is generally a second-best policy, to be avoided if feasible alternatives are available. (d) a presumption that free trade is the likely equilibrium solution if the government allows special interest groups to dictate its trade policy. (e) None of the above. Answer: A
国际经济学作业答案第七章.docx
Ch a p t e r 7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r Mo v e me n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1.Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework? (a)International trade in goods (b)International conflict resolution (c)International trade in services (d)International trade in factors of production (e)International borrowing and lending Answer: B 2.The slope of the production function measures (a)the physical increase in output as country grows. (b)the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c)the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d)the marginal product of labor. (e)the marginal product of capital. Answer: D 3.International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a)increase total world output. (b)improve the economic welfare of everyone. (c)improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d)improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e)None of the above. Answer: E 4.If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a)workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b)workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c)workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. (d)workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country. (e)workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第9章 贸易政策中的政治经济学)【圣才出品】
第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学 一、概念题 1．约束（binding） 答：在国际贸易中，约束一般是指税率的约束，即“约束”关税的税率。约束税率是指经过谈判达成协议而固定下来的关税税率。按关贸总协定规定，缔约各国应该在互惠互利的基础上通过有选择的产品对产品的方式，或者为有关缔约国所接受的多边的程序进行谈判，谈判结果固定下来的各国税则商品的税率为约束税率，汇总起来形成减让表，作为总协定的一个附属部分付诸实施。按关贸总协定规定，关税减让谈判有四种减让形式来约束关税的税率：①降低关税并约束在降低了的关税水平；②约束现行关税税率；③约束在现行关税水平以上的某个关税水平；④约束免税待遇。 2．支持自由贸易的政治依据（political argument for free trade） 答：支持自由贸易的政治依据是指，尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策，但从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则更重要。现实中的贸易政策经常会由具有特殊利益关系的集团所左右，而不考虑国家的成本与收益。虽然从理论上可以证明某些选择性的关税和出口补贴政策能够增进整体社会福利，但现实中，任何一个政府机构在制定一套干预贸易的详细计划时都有可能被利益集团所控制，从而成为在有政治影响的部门中进行收入再分配的工具。如果上述观点正确的话，那么倡导自由贸易无疑是最好的选择。 3．集体行动（collective action） 答：集体行动是指关于经济活动中个人理性并不必然导致集体理性。如果某项活动或者
福利的获得需要两个或者两个以上的人的共同努力才能完成，集体行动问题就出现了，即决策集体的每个成员必须单方面决定是否参与提供某种集体产品。因为集体产品具有非排他性和非竞争性的特征，所以使得不为集体产品的提供付出成本的集团成员也可以获得集体产品。集团越大，分享收益的人越多，个人的行动对集团利益的影响越小，集团内的成员“搭便车”的动机就越强烈。这就意味着仅仅依靠个人的自愿，集体产品的供给将是不足的，集体产品不可能依靠个人的自愿提供来解决。因此，个人理性并不必然导致集体理性，个人理性不是实现集体理性的充分条件。 4．特惠贸易协定（preferential trading agreement） 答：特惠贸易协定是指各签约方之间相互减让关税或实行其他贸易优惠措施，但不将其给予非签约方的贸易优惠协定。由于这种协定违反了最惠国待遇原则，因而一般被世界贸易组织所禁止。但是，如果它能够促进签约方之间的自由贸易，那么世界贸易组织就允许其存在。如下两种方式的特惠贸易协定是世界贸易组织允许的： （1）自由贸易区，各签约方设立对外关税率，但相互之间免除关税和取消非关税壁垒； （2）关税同盟，各成员国制定统一的对外关税率，而成员国之间则是“特惠”的。 5．关税同盟（customs union） 答：关税同盟是指两个或两个以上参加同盟的国家划为一个关税区域，在区域内取消关税和非关税壁垒，实行自由贸易，同时对区域外采取统一的关税及其他贸易限制等措施。关税同盟是跨国区域经济一体化的一种基本形式。关税同盟可以分为完全关税同盟和不完全关税同盟。完全关税同盟是指将各加盟国的关税完全废除，这种关税同盟按惯例不受最惠国待遇原则的约束。但事实上，当关税同盟成立时，各国原有的关税并不能立即完全废除，为避
国际经济学复习课后答案
第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 答：经济主体的经济行为考虑的是所有商品的价格，而不是单一价格因素。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案：是 4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：不一定一致，x商品的价格是Px/Py，而y商品的价格是Py/Px. 7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8.根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入
A B X Y 6 2 15 12 表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 10 4 5 5 答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。（表2-2（a）和表2-2（b）部分的内容） 2．假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。 表3 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 4 2 8 4 答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。 3．如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势吗？ 答案提示：不一定，比较优势的确定原则是两优取最优，两劣取最劣。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版 课后习题答案
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案 第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？ 试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
国际经济学答案答案中文版
Home's PPF 200400600800200400600800 Q apple Q banana Foreign's PPF 200400600800100080160240320400 Q*apple Q*banana Chapter 2 1a.画出本国的生产可能性边界： b. 用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是， 5.1=Lb La a a c ．劳动力的自由流动使两部门的工资率相等，自由竞争使得他们生产两种产品的机会成本相同。相对价格等于相对成本，后者可以表示为(*)/(*)a a b b w a w a ，由于两部门间的工资率相等，a b w w ∴=，只有在Lb La b a /a a /P P =，两种商品才都会被生产。所以 1.5 /P P b a = 2a. b. 3 a. a b b a /P P /D D =∵当市场达到均衡时, 1b a ) (D D -**=++=b a b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD 是一条双曲线 x y 1 =
b.苹果的均衡相对价格由RD 和RS 的交点决定: RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0) 5.0,0[=∈=??? ??+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴x=0.5, y=2 ∴2/=b P a P e e c. ∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴只有两个国家的时候，本国专门生产苹果，出口苹果并进口香蕉：外国则正好相反。 d ． 国际贸易允许本国和外国在阴影区内任何一点消费，专门生产某种产品然后和另一个国家进行贸易的间接方式，要比直接生产该商品的方式更有效率。在没有贸易时，本国要生产3单位的香蕉必须放弃2单位的苹果，外国要生产1单位的苹果要放弃5单位的香蕉。贸易允许两国以两单位香蕉交换一单位苹果。通过出让2单位苹果，本国可以获得四单位的香蕉；而外国可以用2单位向交换得1单位苹果。所以两个国家都从贸易中获利。 4. RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5 .1] ,1(1)1,0[=∈=?? ???+∞∈=∈y y y x x x →5.13 2==y x →5.1/=b P a P e e 在这种情况下，外国将专门生产并出口香蕉，进口苹果。但本国将同时生产香蕉和苹果，并且香蕉相对于苹果的机会成本在本国是相同的。所以本国既没有得益也没有受损，但外国从贸易中获益了。 5.在这种情况下，劳动力总量加倍了而劳动生产率减半，所以有效劳动力总量仍是相同的。答案类似于第三小题，两国都从贸易中获益了。但是，相对于第四小题，外国的获益减少了。 6.实际上，相对工资率由相应的劳动生产率和对产品的相对需求决定。韩国的低工资率反映了韩国大部分行业的劳动生产率比美国低。和低劳动生产率，低工资率的国家进行贸易可以提高像美国那样高劳动生产率国家的福利和生活水平。所以这种贫民劳动论是错误的。
克鲁格曼 国际经济学第9版教材答案
Chapter 1 Introduction ?Chapter Organization What Is International Economics About? The Gains from Trade The Pattern of Trade How Much Trade? Balance of Payments Exchange Rate Determination International Policy Coordination The International Capital Market International Economics: Trade and Money ?Chapter Overview The intent of this chapter is to provide both an overview of the subject matter of international economics and to provide a guide to the organization of the text. It is relatively easy for an instructor to motivate the study of international trade and finance. The front pages of newspapers, the covers of magazines, and the lead reports on television news broadcasts herald the interdependence of the U.S. economy with the rest of the world. This interdependence may also be recognized by students through their purchases of imports of all sorts of goods, their personal observations of the effects of dislocations due to international competition, and their experience through travel abroad. The study of the theory of international economics generates an understanding of many key events that shape our domestic and international environment. In recent history, these events include the causes and consequences of the large current account deficits of the United States; the dramatic appreciation of the dollar during the first half of the 1980s followed by its rapid depreciation in the second half of the 1980s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and the Mexican crisis in late 1994; and the increased pressures for industry protection against foreign competition broadly voiced in the late 1980s and more vocally espoused in the first half of the 1990s. The financial crisis that began in East Asia in 1997 and spread to many countries around the globe and the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe highlighted the way in which various national economies are linked and how important it is for us to understand these connections. These global linkages have been highlighted yet again with the rapid spread of the financial crisis in the United States to the rest of the world. At the same time, protests at global economic meetings and a rising wave of protectionist rhetoric have highlighted opposition to globalization. The text material will enable students to understand the economic context in which such events occur. ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley
国际经济学习题及参考答案
国际经济学作业 一、名词解释 幼稚产业：所谓幼稚产业是指某一产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的新兴产业。 倾销：是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。 提供曲线：也称相互需求曲线，是由马歇尔和艾奇沃斯提出的，它表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某一进口量愿意提供的出口量的轨迹。两个国家的提供曲线的交汇点所决定的价格，就是国际商品交换价格（交换比率）。 国际收支：国际收支分为狭义的国际收支和广义的国际收支。狭义的国际收支指一个国家或地区与世界其他国家或地区之间由于贸易、非贸易和资本往来而引起的国际间资金收支流动的行为。包括两种具体形式:直接的货币收支和以货币表示的资产的转移。反映了以货币为媒介的国际间的债权、债务关系。广义的国际收支为系统记载的、在特定时期内(通常为一年)一个国家或经济体的居民与世界其他地方居民的全部各项经济交易，不仅包括外汇收支的国际借贷关系，还包括一定时期全部经济交易与往来。 二、简答题 试画出出口贫困化增长的图形并作出分析 答：出口贫困化增长，是指某国的传统出口产品的出口规模极大地增长，但结果不仅使该国的贸易条件严重恶化，而且该国的国民福利水平也出现下降，这种现象一般出现在发展中国家。
贸易条件变化前，该国生产均衡点为A，消费点为C；由于该国传统出口产品X 的出口规模极大增长，使得该国贸易条件恶化，此时，生产点变为A’，消费点变为C’。由图中的无差异曲线可以看出，该国贸易条件的变化使得它的福利水平低于增长前。这种情形就成为“出口贫困化增长”。 产生出口贫困化增长的原因主要有：（1）该国在该种出口产品的出口量中占到相当大的比重，这样，当其出口大幅度增加时，会导致世界市场上出现供大于求的情况，导致价格大幅下跌。（2）该种产品的需求国的需求弹性很低，当产品价格降低时，需求是并不会相应大幅增长。（3）该国经济结构十分单一，依赖该种产品的出口来促进经济的发展，因此在贸易条件恶化的时候也不能压缩出口，而是进一步扩大出口量从而保持一定的出口收入。 试说明国际贸易中要素密集度逆转的情况 答：这是解释列昂惕夫反论的观点之一，它认为，某种商品在资本丰富的国家属于资本密集型产品，而在劳动力相对丰富的国家则属于劳动密集型产品，如小麦在非洲是劳动密集生产过程的产品，而在美国则是资本密集型的产品，也就是大机器和高效化肥生产的产品。所以，同一种产品是劳动密集型产品还是资本密集型产品并没有绝对的界限。在国外属于劳动密集型的产品，也有可能在国内属于资本密集型的产品。 即如果两种要素在行业间的替代弹性差异很大，以至于两种等产量曲线相交两次，那么，可能产生生产要素密集度逆转的现象。即一种产品在A国是劳动密集型产品在B国是资本密集型产品。可能就无法根据H-O的模式预测贸易模式了。
国际经济学作业答案-第七章
Chapter 7 International Factor Movements Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework? (a) International trade in goods (b) International conflict resolution (c) International trade in services (d) International trade in factors of production (e) International borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) the physical increase in output as country grows. (b) the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) the marginal product of labor. (e) the marginal product of capital. Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) increase total world output. (b) improve the economic welfare of everyone. (c) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) None of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. (d) workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country. (e) workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C