GMAT语法笔记

GMAT语法笔记

May 18, 2013

综述

Gmat语法在verbal中是最重要的部分，16/41。是最严格的美式书面英文。做题时间1:10/Q

规律性强

比如：maybe一定错，一般改为probably , perhaps。因为maybe是口语词，但是may be不一定错，may be 不是口语词。

句式复杂，难句多，考法新

是最严格的美式书面英文

Eg.

1）表“建议”suggest that S（subject,主语）should V-原型

这是虚拟语气的句型

表“建议”或“命令”的词（suggest, order, demand, mandate, require, insist, dictate, propose, recommend, stipulate）后，跟的从句should+V-原型，should必须省!

【注】suggest表“暗示”的时候，不是虚拟语气

2）team, family, group, army等这些词全部是单数，用is。

99%的名词只要加了s就是可数名词，少数1%如某种疾病diabetes:糖尿病。

3）定语从句that可以指人，也可以指物，但是Gmat考试中that只可以指物，不能指人，因为人要用who。

五种简单句

1）SV 主语+动词

2）SCP 主系表

3）SVO 主谓宾

4）SVOO 主谓双宾

Eg. Tom gave Jerry a book.

Tom advises Jerry that the movie (should) start early. 错！

没有advice sb that, 只有tell, persuade, convince,这三个词可以+ sb that SVO(SVO表从句)，其他的单词均不能用+sb that的结构，同时这三个单词不能直接+that,且这三个词可以用自己的固定搭配Eg. Persuade sb to do sth或persuade sb into doing.

5）SVOC 主谓宾宾补

Eg.We call him Tom

I think I love you. 错！that宾语从句的that在句中不能省略，但是是相对错，因为一般

say that中的that都省略。

LIKE

Like 是考试中必考的词，在考试中的唯一词性就是”介词”，唯一意思“像”。

介词：介词后面一定有n/动名词, 因为介词不能单独存在担任成分。

Perp. +n 叫做介宾短语，是一个整体；介宾短语相当于形容词或者副词，做定语、

表语和状语。

关于like的推论

1）一定不能做连词+SVO

2）在Gmat考试中不用like举例，一般都用such as…因为like的唯一意思是“像”，但“不是”，而举例子是要“是”

3）Likely 可以做adj和adv

Be likely to do sth

Eg. Tom is likely to kill you

给此句加上比较级Tom is nearly four times as likely as Jerry___

A.in killing

B. who will kill

C. to kill

答案C，去掉比较级as…as、去掉倍数、去掉比较对象即可。

错误类型

1）绝对错误

2）相对错误

错误不见得有多错，正确选项仅限于此题，也许在别的题是错的。

A.不简洁

同根词的比较，则：V 优于adj优于抽象n

Eg.The book is of great importance.

The book is very important. 后者比较好

B.不清楚

More + adj +n

Eg More gasoline efficient cars 更省油的车，但是more 修饰车还是修饰油不清楚

C.不忠实原意

如果后面的原意与A相同，则以A为准。还是有20%的题不忠实原意，因为原意本身是错的，比如逻辑矛盾或者语意重复了

More… than…和as…as

1)倍数后面可以通用，但是非倍数的时候只能用more than

Eg.more concentrated than

2)混乱搭配

More… as…

3)精神错乱搭配

把as 换成as if, as 换成such as, than 换成rather than

4)2)和3）的混合

More …such as

as… rather than…

【注】在长句中，以上错误不易被轻易发现。

解题思路

1.通读全文：掌握原句的大致结构和含义（“；”表示并列主句）

2.直接纵向的对比五个选项，尤其是前后两三个词（指划线地方开始和结尾的地方）从差

异中对比考点

3.先绝对再相对，简洁排在最后

专题讲解

一．平行结构（至少考3-4题）

【注】

1）时态不必平行，该什么时态用什么时态，主要取决于时间的变化

Eg. Tom is a boy, but he was a girl.

2）用be 还是do与平行无关，只和要表达的意思有关系

Eg. Tom is a boy, but he loves Jerry.

3）几个名词的平行，不需要单数或者复数的统一

4）平行分句的主动、被动不必平行, 即：doing 可以和done 平行

Eg.Developing countries and developed countries

1.平行连词

And, or, but, yet

Not…but…

Not only… but also…

Both … and ….

Either … or ….

Neither … nor…

…R ather than…

【注】rather than 和instead of

Rather than 是一体的，不能分开。

这两个词都是表示否定后者，考试中同时出现，instead of 没有对过！

Instead of 是一个介词短语，只能对比两个n 或者动名词doing,但是rather than是并列连词，可以并列句子外的任何内容。

2.And 连接N个并列对象的一般用法（and可以连接任何并列对象）

1）当n=2时，X1 and X2

当X表示主句时：X1，and X2

当连接两个平行对象时，and前面是不加“，”的，连接两个主句是唯一的例外。

2）当n>=3时，X1，X2，X3, and X4

此时一定有逗号，且逗号的个数=n-1

不论n有多大，一组平行有且只有一个and，若有m组平行，则有m个and。

如果两个东西的平行之间还插了另外一组平行，此时and前面可以有“，”，表示与另外一组平行的分隔。

Eg V A, B, and C, and V

前面的ABC是一组平行，后面的V和前面的V又是一组平行。

Eg. Voters want to elect a president who genuinely cares about heath, the environment, and the travails of ordinary men and women, and who has the experience, wisdom, and strength of character required for the job.

3) and 与along with, also, together with 的区别

相似点：意思相似，表示“一起”。

不同点：and 是并列连词，使N个并列对象语法、语义成为一个整体。

Also, 除非构成了介宾短语，其他都可以划掉，不具有任何连接作用。

Along with 与together with优于不是并列连词，在语法上不具有并列作用，语义上可以与前面的中间词并列。

3.平行的省略

1）to do and (to) do

可省可不省

Eg.To do…, to do…, to do…, to do…, and to do.是否省略是看前面第二个是否省略了to,后面与第二个保持一致。

2）肯定省

can do and do, have done and done, is doing and doing

3）一般不省

S believe that SVO and that SVO

4）介词短语的平行，perp. + n, perp.一般都保留

【注】As well as 也是并列连词，但是不能看成and, 与not only… but also…是反相替换Eg. A as well as B = not only B, but also A

As well as 在并列v的时候，用作介词,同时as well as 还有“一样好”的意思。

Eg.She sings as well as _(plays/playing)___ the piano

选playing.

“as…”做“像”讲时，一定是连词，不是介词

Eg.A lower of X and Y; 和a lower of X as well as Y,

前半句表示X、Y都降低了，但是后半句Y没有降低，是一种伴随的状态。

4.平行的本质

平行的本质：平行不是外表的平行，本质是语法功能（主语、宾语、状语的平行）和寓意的呼应。

n, n, +n/doing?

如果此时n和doing的意思一样，用n！即：因为有些n本身就是动作性的名词，如：cultivation, exploitation，change等；

如果n和doing的意思不一样的时候，有意思来决定，该用谁就用谁!

二．逻辑主语

1.逻辑主语：位于句首的doing（主动）或者done（被动），其动作的发出者或者承受者，

既为该分词的逻辑主语，等于后面主句的主语。

Eg.Follow me, you will have meat to eat. 错

有两个动词，应该将follow改成following

判断逻辑主语：

Doing/done… +SVO 可以改成S + do/be done

2.Having done(主动)/ having been done(被动)… + SVO

分词的完成时，非谓语的完成时，表示动作发生的时候在主句之前。

3.Prep. +doing, +SVO

要求S是doing的逻辑主语, 介词包括：in, for, by, after, before, in addition to

4.adj+ prep +n …+SVO

形容词短语的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致

可以看成（being）+ adj+ prep +n …+SVO 改成S+be+adj+prep+n

Being 就是特殊的do

Eg. Once common through the Western plains,…

三．主谓一致

1.总原则：所谓主谓一致，就是主语和谓语的一致

Eg.The students each have/has a computer. 主语是students

Each of the students have/has a computer. 主语是each

1)“谓语和宾语”及“系动词和表语”不必一致

Eg. They are a group.

2)同位语和谓语不必一致；

3)主语和同位语不必一致

2.同位语

同位语：位于n之后（除了一种例外），对n 进行解释说明的n

1)形式(同位语用n表示)：

A, n,…两个“，”一个“n”

SVA, n.由于n与A同位，则n后面的“，”变成“.”

SV A of B, n. n修饰B或者A of B, 如果想修饰A,则SV A, n, of B

A, n, VO 可以写成n, A VO这是同位语唯一一种情况可以放在前面，也只有前面没有任何东

西的时候才可以将同位语提前

Eg.找主语：A, B, V C 主语是A

A, B V C 主语是B

推论：主语和谓语之间，不可能有一个“,”，可以没有，也可以有两个及以上！

2)考法

a)通过判断同位语来判断主谓一致；

b)通过判断同位语来判断主语；eg. A student, ___B__, 如果B是一个句子，则A是同位语

c)通过判断同位语来简化句子；

Eg. A, B V C: BVC; A, B, VC: AVC; AVB, C: AVB

d)通过判断同位语来判断逗号的存在

【注】doing 位于句末的两种用法SVO + doing…

1）做结果状语

Doing 的逻辑主语是前面的这句话，前面做原因，后面doing是结果。这种的出现是为了替代用代词的表达法：SVO, which VO 或SVO, and it VO ，这两种表达啰嗦而且有歧义。

但是也有可以等同于doing 的句型：

SVO, n + that VO 或者SVO, and n VO

2）做伴随状语

Doing的逻辑主语，等于被他修饰的那个动作的逻辑主语，通常是主句的主语

四．代词

1.It

【注】do it 一定改成do so, 因为it 是代词，只能指n.

考法：

1）用于特指，前面出现过的一个单数或者不可数的中心名词或动名词（中心词：主语or 宾语）

Eg. Owning a sports car is the dream of Tom, as it is of Jerry.

It的主语不仅是dream, 是owning a sports car 的dream

故：特指指向前面提到的同一物，不仅指向名词本身，而且包括所有的前后定。

小心：看到it, its, they, them, their弄清指代，是出题点！

2）行主行宾

It … to do/ that SVO

真主是to do 或者从句

本质：真主可以归位，但是尽量用行主，这样避免头重脚轻

3）强调句

本质：把it is, that/who去掉依然是个句子

It is +被强调的部分+ that/who +其他

强调句和行主都可以长成it is that…的样子，对于强调句来说“其他+被强调部分”可以还原主句。（被强调部分可以使主语、宾语、状语）

2.That(非从句引导词的用法)

That 在考试中不能裸奔，即：既不修饰名词，也不被后定修饰

1)相当于adjEg. That book

2)相当于pronEg. The climate of Alaska is cooler than that of Texas/ it is in Texas .不能用it,因

为it 表示前面的整个climate，即不仅是前面的同一物，还包括它的前后定。

Eg.Like that 错，裸奔。

That is a book. GMAT中错，裸奔。

用法：

1)That和it 都是代词，区别从表面上看，that不能裸奔，it天天裸奔；从内涵上看,it

是特指前面的同一物，that是特指n词一部分（中心部分），非同一物

2)That指前面的复数用those;

3)前单后复错，解决方式是把该单词再写一遍

Eg.The life of A, unlike that of subjects of other biographies of B, C, D, and E.

The life of A, unlike the lives of subjects of other biographies, B, C, D, and E.

第一句是错的。

3.全部代词

当语法形式符合时，（即：人物、性别，单复数等符合）代词优先回指中心词，作主语的代词通常优先回指主语；如果不符合时则指宾语。

Eg.Although it is just inside the orbit of Jupiter, amateur astronomers with goodtelecopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks.

【注】although, when, if这三个词经常发生省略，省略的条件是：当although, when, if 接S + be SVO（主句），的时候，如果S和主句的S一致是，则可以把S+ be 省略。

五．补语

1.宾补定义：

We call him Tom.

He is called Tom.

Tom made his wife a scarf.

宾补：在宾语后面，对宾语进行解释说明的n/adj。由于具有解释说明的特性，（表语也具有解释说明的特性），所以判断一个名词或者形容词是宾补还是双宾语结构的方法就是：在宾语与后面的词之间加一个be,如果成立就是宾补，如果不成立就不是。故：上面三句话分别是：宾补；主补；双宾语。

2.经常接宾补结构的vt有：

Make, consider, call, elect, appoint, find, pronounce, declare

结构为：vt+ n+ n/adj(宾补)

【注】consider+ as/ to be 肯定错！

3.宾补形式的变体

以make举例：make+ n + n/adj变为make + it + to do/ that SVO

Eg. Make it likely to do sth.

六．定语从句

定语从句系名词性从句。

1.关于which

1)n, which VO

n who/that VO

没有逗号不能用which

2)n, prep which SVO 其中prep which整体是介宾，不能做后面成分，整体介宾做状语。

3)n, A of which VO of which是介宾短语，修饰A

Eg. Tom has 10 playboys, five of which are borrowed from Jerry.

由于five 是n, 可以替换成each, half, most, some

Eg. I have a house, the windows of which face south. = I have a house, whose windows face south.

Adj和介宾本来就相似

2.定语从句的修饰

AVB that SVO 修饰A

A prep

B that VO 修饰？

1）如果prep B是状语的话，eg. During the first war, 此时定从修饰A一定错，因为违反了就近原则，可以吧状语移开。

Eg. A in 1979 that___ 肯定错

2）Prep B是后定，eg. A of B that____此时定语从句修饰A,B都有可能，要由意思来决定，因为of B不能移。

综上，A prep B that VO可以改写成A prep B, A that VO

【注】n+doing和n + that do

n + doing中的doing智能还原为一个与主句同时间的定语从句，并且不能还原为复杂时态（主要指完成时）

n+ having done/ having been done 错！因为分词的完成时不能做后定，只能做状语。

Eg.Having finished his homework, Tom went to bed.

七．形容词短语做后置定语

1.n + adj +prep +n

eg. Food high in fats

2.n (more)adjer than n

eg. A boy older than M

3.n+ so adj that SVO

+ soadj as to do

+too adj to do

Eg.A bank too big to fail.

复杂句子的七种武器

1.比较结构复杂化结构

2.平行结构

3.同位语

4.后置定语，包括：介词短语；doing(主动)/done（被动）；定语从句；形容词短语做后置

定语

5.从句

1）名词性从句，整个从句等于一个n, 包括：主、宾、表、同位语从句等，都是陈述语序，不能倒装；

2）修饰性从句

形容词性修饰性从句是定语从句；副词性修饰性从句是状语从句

6(1/2) 倒装

总原则：要具备发现倒桩的能力，即：在谓语动词前找不到主语，在谓语动词前是“adj, adv, 介宾短语”这三部分则很有可能是倒装句。

倒装只能出现在主句和修饰性从句里面！

6(2/2) 补语

7(1/2) 宾语后置

发生在固定搭配或者宾补结构中，宾语一般比较长。

Withhold A from B 改成withhold from B A

By A to B 改成by to B A

Cite A as B 改成cite as B A

Include A in B 改成include in B A

Make A possible 改成make possible A

7(2/2) 独立主格

Doing 和done 出现在句中，一般都是往前找，如果前面没有，就是省略了逻辑主语；如果两个主语不同，则在前面不另一个主语，即n+doing（可以看成do）, 或者n done(可以看成be done)。

独立主格：自带逻辑主语的分词结构，在句中作状语，在句首、句中、句末都可以。

形式：

（with）n+ doing/done

+ prep n 介词短语

+adj prep n 形容词短语

+n

后面三种相当于有being的省略

特殊情况：

Each + doing/done

+ prep n 介词短语

+adj prep n 形容词短语

+n

放在句末，指前面宾语中的每一个，前面的SVO或SV。

【注】如果n后面有个v-ed那么怎么确定v-ed是谓语，还是非谓语done？

答案：如果要是非谓语，都可以看成n+( that be)+done

Eg. A dog called WC.

= a dog that is called WC.

【注】being 在考试中95%都是错的！

一定错：n+ being+done; there being

正确的being 的用法：

1）被动的动名词

主动用doing, 被动用being done

2）进行时的被动语态be being done

Eg. Tom is kicking Jerry. = Jerry is being kicking by Tom.

考试中动名词一共有两种：

1）“动名词+宾语”

2）“冠词（a/the）+动名词+ of”只有这种表达可以和一般n平行

但是1）和2）本身不能平行！

Be to do

在be to do中，to do做表语。

1）To do is to do

Eg. To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。

2）在以下这些表“方法”或者表“目标”的词作主语时：way，method, aim, goal, intention, object, 可以用be to do

Eg.The purpose of the plan is to save his life.

经常和as搭配的单词或词组

V A as…

View, regard, cite, use, think of, conceive of…

【注】

Much/ little + of +不可数名词

One/many/ each/ few + of + 可数名词

其中few是否定意思但是也是跟可数名词，each后面直接跟n时，表示单数。

【注】

can = be able to, ability 很少对，ability的用法: eg. I have the ability to speak ENG. 不用of，for.

Capable, capability 基本不对。

Manhattan总结(中文)——GMAT语法

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tags: the list of 3 or more items, the COMMAS and the “AND” are tags!! Focus on the sentence ” ITS ”

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GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)

GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)

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GMAT语法知识点总结：

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请找出以下题目中的语法错误 1. Poor management, outdated technology, competition from overseas, and steel's replacement to materials like aluminum and fiber-reinforced plastics has all been cited as causes for the declining of the United States steel industry. 2. One noted economist has made a comparison of the Federal Reserve with an automobile as racing through a tunnel, bounce first off one wall, then the other. 3. In the late seventh century, in a dispute about if the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, should carry on to be the fourth caliph, Muhammad's successor, Islam split in two branches, the Sunnis and the Shiites. 4. Because of natural gas are composed most in methane, a simply hydrocarbon, vehicles powered by natural gas emits fewer of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel. 5. The brochure notes in the seminar the importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized. 6. A grow number of farm families while the first decades of the nineteenth century begin to specialize in the production of grain or cotton and using the cash proceeds from selling its crops for buying necessities. 7. Prompt by new evidences that the health risk posed by radon gas is far serious than was previously thought, property owners are advised by authorities to test all dwellings below the third floor for radon gas and making repairs as need. 8. In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is the car's potential energy, gained through their being lifted by a chain drive through the Earth's gravity to the top of the first drop, have been converted to kinetic energy by the time the ride ends. 请找出以下题目中的语法错误 1. In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is the car's potential energy, gained through their being lifted by a chain drive through the Earth's gravity to the top of the first drop, have been converted to kinetic energy by the time the ride ends.

manhattan语法中文语法笔记

二、意思和简洁度 GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为： 1、首先看有无语法错误 2、看意思表达是否准确 3、是否简洁 （一）意思 情态动词 （1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。（2）当原句意思上有问题的，要替换为相对好点的那个。EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思、 2、位置 （1）要关注一些重点词，all, only； （2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义； （3）在英语中，主语一般会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。 （二）简洁 §简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。 §GMA T语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语 切忌冗余： EG: OG12 unacompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什 么的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth 三、主语与谓语 每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。 （一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。 Eg: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句 （二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致 Eg: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. （三）容易引起主语不明显的两个情况 1. 插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分 2．前置短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分 Eg: (when the auditors left), the executive( who had been interviewed )was glad. 说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词 （四）and 和表示连接的词 1. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数 2. 其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）连接不同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词 （五）either or, neither nor 1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数 Eg: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach. 2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数 （六）集合性名词：一般被认为是单数名词，通过跟单数谓语