Unit-8-Time新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译

Unit 8 Time

How to Take Your Time

Dr. Larry Dossey has two antique clocks. "One fast, the other slow," says Dr Dossey. "They remind me that my life is not ruled by clocks, that I can choose the time I live by."

How a person thinks about time can kill him, according to Dossey, a pioneer in the emerging science of chronobiology, the study of how time interacts with life. One of the most common ills in our society, he says, is "time sickness", a sense of time pressure and hurry that causes anxiety and tension. These symptoms can contribute to heart disease and strokes, two of our most frequent causes of death.

Dossey has discovered that these and other stress-induced ills can often be successfully treated by using simple techniques to change how a person thinks about time.

Dr Dossey became interested in time and health when he noticed how many patients insisted on having watches with them in the hospital, even though they had no schedules to keep. They were all time addicts, taught since childhood to schedule their lives by society's clock, and all felt lost without the security of a timepiece. Time seems to rule our lives. Time is money, to be saved and spent wisely, not wasted or lost.

Almost all living things in our world carry their own biological clocks synchronised with the rhythms of nature. A crab can sense when the tide is about to change. A mouse wakes when night nears. A squirrel knows when to prepare for its long winter nap. These living clocks are not accurate in any robot-like mechanical sense. They adjust to changes in the environment.

Light is the most powerful synchroniser in most living things. But in humans there is another powerful synchroniser: other people. Pioneering studies in Germany reported that when people were put together in groups isolated from external time cues of light, temperature and humidity, their own complex internal timekeeping rhythms became desynchronised; then they resynchronised in unison. Even body temperatures started to rise and fall together, a sign that subtle biochemical changes in each body were now happening together. These experiments may have discovered one of the mysterious forces that reshape individuals into members of a team, cult or mob.

The mind can alter rhythms of time in various ways. People brought back from the brink of death often recall their entire lives flashing before them in an instant. Those who have been in a serious accident often report that, as it occurred, everything happened in slow motion; apparently this is a survival tool built into the brain, an ability to accelerate

to several times normal perceptual speed, thereby "slowing down" the world and giving the victim "time" to think how to avoid disaster.

Because the time our society keeps has been taught to us since birth, we think of it as something that everyone everywhere must somehow share. But cultures differ in how they perceive time. In North America and the industrialised countries of northern Europe, life is tightly scheduled. To keep someone waiting is frowned upon. But in southern Europe and in the Hispanic countries of Latin America, people are given priority over schedules and in making appointments the starting time is more flexible.

Each view of time has advantages and disadvantages. But the costs can be great. When our natural inner rhythms are out of synchronisation with clock time, stress results. Under the tyranny of clock time, western industrialised society now finds that heart disease and related ills are leading causes of death. However, such "time illnesses" can be treated and prevented by changing the way we think about time, according to Dr Dossey. He applies simple techniques that you can also use to change and master your own time:

1) Unclock your life. Stop wearing a wristwatch. Time becomes much less a concern when we break the habit of looking at clocks or watches.

2) Set your own inner sense of time. To illustrate that time is relative, Einstein observed that to a person sitting on a hot stove, two minutes could feel like two hours; to the young man with a pretty girl, two hours could seem like two minutes.

3) Tap your body's power to change time. We all possess an inborn ability to relax. Most people can summon it up merely by dismissing disturbing thoughts and by controlling their breathing-for example, by thinking the word "one" with each outgoing breath. Within several minutes this can produce deep calm.

4) Synchronise yourself with nature. Take time to watch a sunset, or a cloud cross the sky. Remember that there is a time far older than what humankind has created with clocks.

The cultural pattern we call time is learnt, and if we wish to live in harmony with nature we must learn to recognize that its time still shapes our world and should not be ignored. We created the mechanical time around which our society operates, and we have the freedom to choose whether we will be its slave or its master.

如何从容使用时间

1 拉里·多希博士有两个古董钟。“一个走得快，一个走得慢,”多希博士说。“它们提醒我，生活不是由时钟控制的，而且我能自己选择按什么样的时间生活。”

2 多希博士研究时间生物学，是这门新兴学科的开拓者。该学科研究的是时间与生活是如何相互影响的。多希博士认为，一个人如何看待时间可能是生死攸关的事。他说，在我们社会中最常见的一种疾病是“时间病”，就是由于时间造成的压力和紧迫性而引起的焦虑和紧张。这些症状会导致心脏病和中风，这是我们最大的两种死因。

3 多希发现,采用一些简单的方法去改变人们对时间的看法，上述疾病和其他一些因紧张而诱发的疾病常常可以得到成功的治疗。

4 多希博士注意到，有相当多的病人虽然在住院期间并没有任何日程安排，但仍坚持要带手表，于是就对时间与健康之间的关系产生了兴趣。这些人都是“时间瘾君子”。他们从孩提时代起就受到这样的教育：要按社会的时钟安排自己的生活。因此一旦没有了计时器所给予的安全感，就会茫然若失。于是乎时间就统治了我们的生活。时间就是金钱，应该动脑筋积攒起来或理智地花，不要浪费或者丢失。

5 几乎所有生活在我们这个世界上的生物，都拥有与大自然节奏同步的生物钟。蟹能感知潮水什么时候要变化。老鼠会在夜幕降临时醒来。松鼠知道什么时候该为漫长的冬眠做准备。这些生物钟并不像自动机械装置那么精确，却能适应环境的变化。

6 对大多数生物来说，光是最强有力的同步指示仪。但人类还另有一个强有力的同步指示仪：周围的人。根据在德国进行的开拓性研究报告，当人们被分成小组，一起置身于与光、温度、湿度等外部时间提示因素相隔绝的环境时，他们自身内部复杂的时间节奏无法（与外部因素）同步了；但他们的生物钟随后又恢复了相互间一致的同步节奏。就连他们的体温也一起上升或下降——这表明，每个人体内的一些微妙的生物化学变化现在也都同步了。这些实验也许揭示了一种神秘力量，一种把个人改变为群体（团队、异教或乌合之众）成员的神秘力量。

7 人的头脑能以各种各样的方式改变时间的节奏。那些从死亡的边缘抢救过来的人常常回忆说, 在那一瞬间他们整个一生的生活经历会在他们面前重新闪现。那些经历过严重事故的人常描述说，在事故发生的过程中，一切都以慢动作的形式进行；这显然是人脑中内置有逃生工具，也就是一种能力，它能把人对外部世界的感知速度提高到正常状态下的数倍，从而“减慢”了世界运行的速度，使当事人有“时间”来思考避免灾难的对策。

8 由于我们一生下来就被灌输了社会所遵循的时间，于是我们就以为这是任何人在任何地方不管怎么样都必须共同遵守的。但不同的文化对时间的认识存在着差异。在北美和欧洲北部的一些工业化国家，生活安排得很紧凑。让别人等候是令人皱眉头的。但在欧洲南部及拉丁美洲说西班牙语和葡萄牙语的国家里，人比时间表更重要，故在约会时会把开始的时间定得比较灵活。

9 每一种时间观都各有优缺点。但其代价可能会很高。当我们体内的自然节奏与时钟时间之间的同步关系被打乱时，紧张感便会随之而生。在时钟时间的严格控制下，现在西方工业化社会发现心脏病和其他一些相关疾病是导致死亡的主要原因。但是，多希博士认为，

这样的“时间病”是可以通过改变我们对时间的看法而得到治疗和预防的。他能采用一些简单的手段来改变和主宰自己的时间，这些手段你我也可以采用。

10 1）摆脱时钟对你生活的控制。

别再戴手表。当我们打破了看钟表的习惯时，时间便不再让你我如此时时关注了。

11 2）确立你自己的内部时间感。

为了说明时间是相对的，爱因斯坦曾经说，对于一个坐在滚烫的火炉上的人来说，两分钟的时间给人的感觉就像两小时；而对一个身边有靓丽女子陪伴的青年男子来说，两小时就像两分钟一样。

12 3）发挥你自身的能力去改变时间。

我们都天生具有使自己放松的能力。大多数人能通过排除杂念和控制呼吸的方法做到这一点。例如，每次呼气时都想数字“1”。几分钟内，就能使自己非常平静。

13 4）使自己与大自然同步。

耐心地看看日落，或者看一朵从头顶的天空慢慢飘过的云。记住，有一种时间比人类用钟表创造出来的时间要古老得多。

14 被我们称作时间的文化模式是后天学来的。如果我们希望与大自然和谐相处，我们必须努力认识到，大自然的时间依然影响着我们的世界，决不应该忽视它。我们创造了机械时间，令我们的社会随着它运转，我们有自由去选择究竟是做它的奴隶还是做它的主人。

Social Time: The Heartbeat of Culture

"If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer." This thought by Thoreau strikes a chord' in so many people that it has become part of our language. We use the phrase "the beat of a different drummer" to explain any pace of life unlike our own. Such colorful vagueness reveals how informal our rules of time really are. The world over, children simply "pick up" their society's time concepts as they mature. No dictionary clearly defines the meaning of "early" or "late" for them or for strangers who stumble over the annoying differences between the time sense they bring with them and the one they face in a new land.

I learned this a few years ago, and the resulting culture shock forced me to search for answers. It seemed clear that time "talks." But what is it telling us?

My journey started shortly after I accepted an appointment as visiting professor of psychology at the federal university in Niteroi, Brazil, a small city across the bay from Rio de Janeiro. As I left home for my first day of class, I asked someone the time. It was 9: 05 a.m., which allowed me time to relax and look around the campus before my 10 o'clock lecture. After what I judged to be half an hour, I glanced at a clock I was passing. It said

10: 20! In panic, I broke for the classroom, followed by gentle calls of "Hola, professor" and "Tudo bem, professor?" from unhurried students, many of whom, I later realized, were my own. I arrived breathless to find an empty room.

Frantically, I asked a passerby the time. "Nine forty-five" was the answer. No, that couldn't be. I asked someone else. "Nine fifty-five." Another said: "Exactly 9: 43." The clock in a nearby office read 3: 15. I had learned my first lesson about Brazilians: Their timepieces are consistently inaccurate. And nobody minds.

My class was scheduled from 10 until noon. Many students came late, some very late. Several arrived after 10: 30. A few showed up closer to 11. Two came after that. All of the latecomers wore the relaxed smiles that I came, later, to enjoy. Each one said hello, and although a few apologized briefly, none seemed terribly concerned about lateness. They assumed that I understood.

The idea of Brazilians arriving late was not a great shock. I had learned about "manha," the Portuguese equivalent of "manana" in Spanish. This term, meaning "tomorrow" or, "the morning, stereotypes the Brazilian who puts off the business of today until tomorrow. The real surprise came at noon that first day, when the end of class arrived.

Back home in California, I never need to look at a clock to know when the class hour is ending. The shuffling of books is accompanied by strained expressions that say, "I'm starving ... I've got to go to the bathroom ... I'm going to suffocate if you keep us one more second." (The pain usually becomes unbearable at two minutes to the hour in undergraduate classes and five minutes before the close of graduate classes.) When noon arrived in my first Brazilian class, only a few students left immediately. Others slowly drifted out during the next 15 minutes, and some continued asking me questions long after that. When several remaining students kicked off their shoes at 12: 30, I went into my own "starving/ bathroom/ suffocating" routine.

I could not, in all honesty, attribute their lingering to my superb teaching style. I had just spent two hours lecturing on statistics in halting Portuguese. Apparently, for many of my students, staying late was simply of no more importance than arriving late in the first place. As I observed this casual approach in infinite variations during the year, I learned that the "manha" stereotype oversimplified the real Anglo/ Brazilian differences in conceptions of time.

社会时间：文化的脉搏

1 “如果一个人跟不上他同伴的步伐，很可能是因为他听从了不同鼓手的节拍。”梭罗的这一

观点引起了那么多人的共鸣，使它变成了我们大家的语言。我们用“不同鼓手的节拍”这个说法来表示任何与自己不同的生活节奏。这种说法非常生动但很含糊，这正说明了我们对时间的定义确实很随意。在世界各地，孩子们在成长的过程中，只是“无意中掌握”了他们所处社会的时间概念。没有一部词典能向孩子们或者初来乍到的人清楚地解释“早”或“晚”的定义，这使初来者不知所措，因为原来的时间观念与所到之地存在着令人恼火的差异。

2几年前我就对此有所领教，而且由此产生的文化冲击迫使我去寻求答案。时间看似会“说话”。但它在对我们说些什么呢?

3我应邀担任巴西尼泰罗伊联邦大学心理学的客座教授，不久便启程前往这座与里约热内卢市仅隔着一个海湾的小城。第一天动身去上课时，我问了一个人当时的时间，是上午9：05，这使我有时间在10点钟上课前轻松一下，在校园里走一走。在估计走了大约半个小时后，我路过一个钟，瞥了一眼，上面显示10：20 1我惊慌地向教室跑去，一路上听到学生们柔和的招呼声——“教授好!”和“您好吗，教授?”。他们不慌不忙。后来我认出他们中的许多人是我自己的学生。当我上气不接下气地来到教室时，却发现里面空无一人。

4我紧张极了，忙向一位过路人问时间，答复是“9：4．5”。不对，那不可能。我又问了其他人。一个说是“9：55'’，另一个说是“正好9：43”。附近一个办公室的钟则显示3：15。我算是领教了巴西人给我的第一个教训：他们的计时器一贯不准，而且谁也不在乎。

5我的课安排在上午10点到中午。许多学生迟到了，有些来得非常晚。有几个10：30以后才到。有几个快到1l点时才来。还有两个人来得更晚。所有迟到者脸上都带着轻松的微笑。我后来倒慢慢喜欢上了这种微笑。每个人来了都打招呼，尽管有些人做了简短的道歉，但似乎没有人很在意迟到这件事。他们想当然地认为我理解这一点。

6巴西人爱迟到这件事还不值得让人震惊。我以前就知道西班牙语中有一个词叫“manana”，在葡萄牙语里，它的对应词是“m萏nha”。这个词的意思是“明天”或“早上”。这个词使巴西人成为把今天的事拖到明天去做的典型。而真正让我吃惊的是第一天中午下课的时候发生的事情。

7在家乡加利福尼亚，我从来无须看表便可以知道什么时候该下课了。翻书声伴随着焦虑不安的表情，好像在说“我饿了……我得去洗手问……如果你再耽搁1秒钟，我就要窒息了。”(在本科班到了下课前的2分钟，在研究生班到了下课前的5分钟，这种痛苦就会显得难以忍受了。)

8我在巴西上课的第一天中午到来时，仅有几个学生很快离开了。其他的人在课后15分钟里慢吞吞地走出教室。还有一些人在那以后过了很长时间还继续向我提问题。还有几个留下来的学生到了12：30才开始真正舒舒服服地在教室里坐下来，我自己却进入了“饥饿／卫生间／窒息”的程序。

9坦诚地说，我不能把他们在教室里的逗留归因于我出色的教学风格。我是用结结巴巴的葡萄牙语进行了两个小时的统计学讲座。显然，对于我的许多学生来说，首先，在教室里逗留到很晚和上课迟到一样无关紧要。在这一年里，我观察到这种对时间的随意态度有千变万化，

于是我懂得了：“m~nha”这个老框框把盎格鲁人与巴西人之间在时间概念上的真正差异过分简单化了。

The Voices of Time

Time talks. It speaks more plainly than words. The message it conveys comes through loud and clear. Because it is manipulated less consciously, it is subject to less distortion than the spoken language. It can shout the truth where words lie.

Different parts of the day, for example, are highly significant in certain contexts. Time may indicate the importance of the occasion as well as on what level an interaction between persons is to take place. In the United States if you telephone someone very early in the morning, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call usually signals a matter of utmost importance or extreme urgency. The same applies for calls after 11: 00 p.m. A call received during sleeping hours is apt to be taken as a matter of life and death, hence the rude joke value of these calls among the young.

How troublesome differing ways of handling time can be is well illustrated by the case of an American agriculturist assigned to duty as an attache of our embassy in a Latin country. After what seemed to him a suitable period he let it be known that he would like to call on the minister who was his counterpart. For various reasons, the suggested time was not suitable—all sorts of cues came back to the effect that the time was not yet ripe to visit the minister. Our friend, however, persisted and forced an appointment which was reluctantly granted. Arriving a little before the hour (the American respect pattern), he waited. The hour came and passed; five minutes—ten minutes—fifteen minutes. At this point he suggested to the secretary that perhaps the minister did not know he was waiting in the outer office. This gave him the feeling he had done something concrete, and also helped to overcome the great anxiety that was stirring inside him. Twenty minutes—twenty-five minutes—thirty minutes—forty-five minutes (the insult period)!

He jumped up and told the secretary that he had been "cooling his heels" in an outer office for forty-five minutes and he was "sick and tired" of this type of treatment. This message was relayed to the minister, who said, in effect, "Let him cool his heels." The attache's stay in the country was not a happy one.

The principal source of misunderstanding lay in the fact that in the country in question the five-minute-delay interval was not significant. Forty-five minutes, on the other hand, instead of being at the tail end of the waiting scale, was just barely at the beginning. To suggest to an American's secretary that perhaps her boss didn't know you were there after waiting sixty seconds would seem absurd, as would raising a storm about

"cooling your heels" for five minutes. Yet this is precisely the way the minister perceived the protests of the American in his outer office! He felt, as usual, that Americans were being totally unreasonable.

Throughout this unfortunate episode the attache was acting according to the way he had been brought up. At home in the United States his responses would have been normal ones and his behavior legitimate. Yet even if he had been told before he left home that this sort of thing would happen, he would have had difficulty not feeling insulted after he had been kept waiting forty-five minutes. If, on the other hand, he had been taught the details of the local time system just as he should have been taught the local spoken language, it would have been possible for him to adjust himself accordingly.

What bothers people in situations of this sort is that they don't realize they are being subjected to another form of communication, one that works part of the time with language and part of the time independently of it. The fact that the message conveyed is not expressed in any formal vocabulary makes things doubly difficult, because neither party can get very explicit about what is actually taking place. Each can only say what he thinks is happening and how he feels about it. The thought of what is being communicated is what hurts.

时间的声音

1 时间会说话。它比语言表达得更直率。它所传递的信息清楚明晰。由于时间不是那么可以任人摆布，因此相对而言，时间就不像话语那么容易被歪曲。时间能响亮地说出真相，而语言会撒谎。

2比如，一天中的不同时间，在某些特定背景下，就会非常重要。时间既可以显示特定场合的重要性，又可以表明人际交往将在何种层次上进行。在美国，如果你一大早给别人打电话，那个人正在刮胡子或吃早餐，这个打电话的时间通常意味着事情极为重要或十分紧急。晚上ll点过后打电话也一样。夜间11~111毛时接到的电话常被认为是关于什么生死攸关的事情，因此年轻人之间才会去打这种电话开粗俗的玩笑。

3处理时间的方式不同会带来很多麻烦，这可以通过一个美国农学家的例子得到很好的说明。该农学家被委派到一个拉丁美洲国家做我们使馆的专员。在经过了一段他自认为合适的时间之后，他告知对方他想拜访该国的农业部长。由于种种原因，他提议的时间不合适——各种暗示反馈给了他，大概意思是拜访部长的时机尚未成熟。可是，我们这位朋友硬是坚持己见，致使对方不太情愿地答应了这次约见。他在比约定时间略早些到达后(以美国人表示尊重的规格)，便开始等待。约定时间到了又过了；5分钟——10分钟——15分钟过去了。这时，他提醒对方的秘书说部长可能还不知道他在其办公室外间等着。这么提醒一下使他觉得自己做了件具体的事情，同时也有助于他克服其内心不断膨胀的焦急情绪。20分钟——25

分钟——30分钟——45分钟又过去了(达到了使他感到屈辱的时间限度)1

4他跳起来告诉秘书他已经在办公室外间“空等”了45分钟，他“受够了”这种对待。这话传到了部长那儿，实际结果是，部长说：“就让他空等吧。”这位专员在这个国家任职期间是不愉快的。

5误解主要在于，在这个国家这5分钟的拖延时间算不了什么。另外，在该国，45分钟不是等待的极限，而是刚刚开始等待。你在等了60秒钟后就提醒一位美国秘书她老板也许不知道你在那儿等待，这种做法显得荒谬，就像你因为“空等”了5分钟就大发雷霆一样荒谬。而这位部长恰恰就是这样看待在他办公室外间等着的美国人的抗议的。他像通常那样觉得美国人完全不讲情理。

6在这不愉快事件的整个过程中，这位美国专员都是按照自己从小到大学会的方式行事的。在他自己的家乡美国，他这种反应是正常的，其行为也是合乎情理的。然而，即便在他出国前就得知可能会发生这类事情，让他等了45分钟之后，还是难免会感到受了冷遇。另一方面，倘若他事先经过培训，了解当地时间观念的细节，正如他应该学会当地的口语一样，他也许会进行适应性调整。

7在这种情形下，给人们带来烦恼的是他们并没意识到自己正在经历另一种类型的沟通，这种沟通有时需要用语言，有时又跟语言毫不相干。所传递的信息不是用正规语汇表达的，这一事实使得事情更难处理，因为任何一方都无法明确地知道实际发生的情况。他们只能说出他认为发生了什么和他个人对此事的感受，而造成伤害的是人们认为对方传递了什么样的信息。

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那晚她独自一人坐在路边橡树下的长凳上，思绪从未这么乱过，就像头顶飞着的蝙蝠一样，忽东忽西。她理不出丝毫头绪，只感到有一点很明确：她必须第二天一早就离开这里。 巴罗达太太听到从谷仓那边传来了脚步声，她知道那是古韦内尔。她不想让他看见自己，但她的白色长袍泄露了踪迹。他在她身旁的长凳上坐下，丝毫不曾想到她可能会反对他坐在那儿。 "您丈夫要我把这个带给您，巴罗达太太，"说着，他递上一块白色纱巾，这是她有时用来做披肩的。她接了过来，放在腿上。 他照例说了些诸如这个季节的夜风对身体不好之类的话。后来，望着茫茫夜色，他开始谈了起来。 古韦内尔可不是个腼腆的人。他的沉默寡言决非天性，而是情绪使然。坐在巴罗达太太身边，他的沉默暂时消失了。 他以低沉迟缓的嗓音亲切而无拘束地娓娓而谈，谈他在大学里与加斯顿是好朋友，谈那时曾雄心勃勃，志向高远。而现在他只求能生存，只是偶尔才体验到一丝真正的生活的气息，就像此刻。 巴罗达太太只是模模糊糊地感到他在说些什么。他的话变成了一串毫无意义的动词、名词、副词和形容词；她陶醉在他的声音里。她想在夜色里伸出手去触摸他--要不是个正派女子，她真会这么做。 她越想靠近他，结果却越往后退。为使自己不显得失礼，她借机假装打了个哈欠，起身离开了他。 那晚，巴罗达太太很想把自己的一时荒唐告诉丈夫--也是她的朋友，但还是忍住了。她是个正派体面的女人，也是个非常明智的女人。

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新概念英语第四册长难句讲解（1） 【句型1】Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.(Lesson 3) 【译文】现代登山运动员力图沿着一条能从中得到锻炼乐趣的路 线登山。他们认为路线愈艰难则愈为人们重视。 【讲解】the more…, the more…这种句型叫比例句。《流利英语》中另有三句可一并学习。 【例1】The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. (Lesson 7) 【译文】离固体障碍物越远，回声返回所用时间就越长。 【讲解】obstruction后省略了is。 【例2】We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. (Lesson 37) 【译文】我们都熟悉这样的事实：人总是要衰老的;人们多年来一 直认为，生命随着时间流逝而衰退或人越老越可能死掉这个过程不言 而喻，恰似一壶热水会冷却、一双鞋会被穿破一样。 【讲解】becoming more likely to die the older we get是变 形的比例句，等于the older we get, the more likely we will die。 【例3】The stronger the will, the more futile the task. (Lesson 46) 【译文】这种意志越强烈，这种尝试越徒劳。