2015年北京大学翻译硕士翻译技巧,英语翻译基础考研真题,考研参考书

2015年北京大学翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题

一．词语翻译

《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》

发票单

penalty kick

方便面

《读者文摘》

新闻摘要

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二.段落翻译

英译汉：

讲的是loyalty可能会演化为狂热崇拜和俯首听命两种极端结果，在政客的鼓吹下loyalty被蒙上了更深的道德意义，结尾警醒世人要使自己免受所谓“忠诚”的摆布。

汉译英：

文言文翻译，原文为：治生之道，莫尚乎勤。故邵子云：“一日之计在于晨，一岁之计在于春，一生之计在于勤。”言虽近而旨则远。无如人之常情，恶劳而好逸，甘食愉衣，玩日愒岁。以之为农，则不能深耕而易耨；以之为工，则不能计日而见功；以之为商，则不能乘时而趋利；以之为士，则不能笃志力行。徒然食息于天地之间，是一蠹耳！夫天地之化，日新则不敝，故户枢不蠹，流水不腐，诚不欲其常安也。人之心与力，何独不然？劳则思，逸则忘，物情也。大禹之圣，且惜寸阴，陶侃之贤，且惜分阴，又况圣贤不若彼者乎？

资料来源：育明考研考博官网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4512597591.html,

增词法与减词法

翻译时无法一个萝卜一个坑，将原文中每一个词转换成译文中的另一个词，而应该有

所增减，即有时需在译文中增加一些原文字面上没有的词语，有时则要将原文需要而译文显得多余的词省去不译，前者称为增词法，后者称为减词法。不管增词还是减词，目的都是为了使译文变得更加通顺流畅，符合译入语的行文习惯。

采用增词法应特别注意：增词不增意，所增之词，其意义虽然在原文字面上没有清楚

地表现出来，但却隐藏在原文中，因此，增词法并未违背忠实原则。同样，减词也不能减掉原文的内容，所减之词，其内涵虽然在译文字面上没有体现出来，却隐藏在译文中，因此，减词也没有违背忠实原则。

增词法与减词法在英汉互译中运用相当广泛，一般而言，增词和减词具有互逆性，即

英译汉时需增词的场合汉译英往往需要减词；反之，英译汉时需减词的场合汉译英时则需增词。翻译中之所以要采用增减法，是因为英汉两种语言在语法、词义、修辞、逻辑和文化等方面存在着某些差异。具体而言，采用增词法与减词法主要为了达到如下目的：

4.2.1弥合语法差异的需要

英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异，如英语有冠词，汉语则没有；英语多用代词，汉

语虽然也用，但远不如英语那样频繁；英语介词丰富，被称为“介词的语言”，汉语则介词少，英语中很多需用介词的地方汉语要么用动词替代，要么不用；英语多用关联词语，汉语则少用关联词语，主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子，强调意念的连贯性；汉语多用助词表示各种语气，英语则没有语气助词。

因此，英译汉时，可根据具体语境省略原文的冠词和某些代词、介词、关联词等，有

时则可适当增加一些语气助词；汉译英则相反，多要省略原文的语气助词，而根据英语的行文需要适当增加一些冠词、代词、介词和关联词。

一、冠词的增减：英译汉时，有些不定冠词可以译成“一个”，定冠词可以译成“这”或“那”，但也有很多时候冠词可以省略不译；反之，汉译英时则常常要根据行文需要增加适当的冠词。例如：

1）When the visitors left,Einstein made no reference to the meeting.

客人离开后，爱因斯坦对这次会议只字未提。

资料来源：育明考研考博官网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4512597591.html,

资料来源：育明考研考博官网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4512597591.html,

2）The train moved away so slowly that butterflies blew in and out the windows.火车开得非常缓慢，蝴蝶从窗口飞进又飞出。

3）Can wisdom be taught?And,if it can,should the teaching of it be one of the aims of education?I should answer both these questions in the affirmative.(B.Russell,On Wisdom)

智慧能够传授吗？若能，那么传授智慧应该成为教育的一个目的吗？对这两个问题，我都要给予肯定的回答。

4）We got up at four in the morning,that first day in the East.On the evening before,we had climbed off a freight train at the edge of town and with the true instinct of Kentucky boys had found our way across town and to the race track and the stables at once.

（Sherwood Anderson,I Want to Know Why ）

到东部的第一天，我们凌晨四点就起床了。头天晚上，我们在镇郊爬下货运列车，凭着肯塔基少年特有的直觉，从镇头径直摸到赛马场和马厩。

5）现在一定是天亮了，因为鸟儿在歌唱。

It must be morning now,because the birds are singing.

6）他是黎明时候从医院里逃出来的，因为他又碰上那个逼他下车的人了。（沙汀《老烟的故事》）

He had escaped from the hospital at dawn,because the man who'd frightened him into getting off the bus had shown up again.

二、代词的增减：英译汉时很多代词都可以省略，汉译英时则需根据具体语境增加一些代词。例如：

7）Calmly Mother looked around before she turned back fearlessly,closing the door behind her and dashed to the window.

母亲镇定地环顾四周，然后毫不畏惧地转身回到屋里，顺手关上门，一个箭步奔到窗口。（《中国翻译》1999年第1期，第27页）

8）I shall take it as axiomatic that mankind has,by that time,chosen the latter alternative.

(M.W.Thring)

译文一：我认为人类到那时将会选择后者，这一点是不言而喻的。

译文二：不消说，那时人类将会选择后者。（《中国翻译》1990年，第2期，第8页）

9）In order to get a great amount of water power,we need large pressure and current.要得到巨大的水力，就需要高水压和大水量。（《中国翻译》1990年，第2期，第21页）

10）In the giraffe's neck,there are lots of muscles that flex and relax repeatedly as the animal moves its head and sucks up drinking water.

长颈鹿移动头部喝水时，脖子里有很多肌肉会反复地收紧和放松。

11）她懒洋洋地站起来，估量丈夫不会再回来了。

Lazily she rose.Her husband probably would not come home,she supposed.

12）梅春姐用手护着头，紧紧地缩着她的身子。（叶紫《星》）

Meichun,protecting her head with her arms,contracted her body.

三、介词的增减：英译汉时很多介词可以省略，汉译英时则需根据英语的行文需要增加适当的介词。例如：

13）She was one of my colleagues at the university at which I taught.

她是我任教的那所大学的同事。

14）At about this time,movies actors began running for President,astronauts began flying

around the planet to get from one desert to another,and people began renting one-bedroom apartments for$2,000a month.

如今，电影演员开始竞选总统；宇航员在地球周围飞来飞去，从一个沙漠飞到另资料来源：育明考研考博官网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4512597591.html,

资料来源：育明考研考博官网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4512597591.html,

一个沙漠；人们开始租用两千美元一月的单卧室公寓。

15）I get positively angry with the impertinence of it and the everlastingness.这么卤莽无礼，没完没了，真让我生气。

16）It turns out that the skin and other tissues in their legs and feet are much stiffer and tougher than those of other animals.As a result,the scientists found,the blood vessels in the leg cannot swell.Therefore,the blood has nowhere to go but back up to the heart.

原来，它们腿部和脚部的皮肤及其它组织比其它动物要紧密、坚韧得多。结果，科学家们发现，它们腿部的血管无法膨胀，因此，血液只能流回心脏，别无他处可去。

17）他已经把这事忘得一干二净了。

He has forgotten all about it.

18）接到信时我高兴得跳了起来。

I jumped with joy when I received the letter.

四、关联词的增减：英译汉时有些关联词可以省略不译，汉译英时则需根据具体语境增加适当的关联词语。例如：

19）Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers …(C.E.M.Joad)

译文一：在历史书中最常出现和最为显赫的人大多是那些伟大的征服者和将军及军人。

译文二：历史上书最常出现、最为显赫者，大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军人。（《中国翻译》1990年，第2期，第8页）

20)Even if you go there,there won ’t be any result.

原译：即使你去了也不会有什么结果。（《英汉语比较研究》1994：172）改译一：去也不会有什么结果。

改译二：（你）去也白去。

21)The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet.

原译：风如此之大，以致他发现站住脚很困难。（《英汉语比较研究》1994：

172）

改译：风太大了，他感到很难站稳。

22)If once virtue is lost,all is lost.

原译：如果一旦失去了道德，便丧失了一切。（《中国翻译》1990年，第2期，第

21页）

改译：丧失了道德，便丧失了一切。

23)小孩子受了惊吓就会哭。

Little children will cry when they are frightened.

24)他不愿意，我们干吗强迫他干？

If he is unwilling,why should we force him to do it?

或：Why should we force him to do it since he is unwilling?

五、语气助词的增减：汉译英时语气助词多半要省略，英译汉时则可根据具体语境适当增加一些语气助词。例如：

25)我想到李白杜甫在那遥远的年代，以一叶扁舟搏浪急进，该是多么雄伟的搏斗，

会激发诗人多少瑰丽的诗思啊！（刘白羽，《长江三日》）

This makes me think of the poets Li Bai and Du Fu in those ancient days when they sailed upstream against the current and how such a magnificent struggle would stir the poets’great imagination.

26)真的呢，再没有比这种童子面更好看的茶花了。（杨朔，《茶花赋》）

It’s true.No flowers are lovelier than children’s faces.

27)不过你打算去请多少人来呢？

资料来源：育明考研考博官网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4512597591.html,

Now how many men do you figure to have sent here?

28)What did being a woman in such an environment mean?

在这种环境中做一个女人意味着什么呢？

29)Can an ape master anything like human language?

类人猿能掌握类似于人类的语言吗？

30)After all,what is more enviable than happiness?

毕竟，还有什么能比快乐更令人羡慕呢？

资料来源：育明考研考博官网https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4512597591.html,

2015考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

2015 Text 1 Paragraph 1 1、King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ?kings don`t abdicate, they die in their sleep.? But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 西班牙国王胡安?卡洛斯曾说?国王不会退位，他们逝世于睡眠中?。但是最近几次欧洲大选中，丑闻盛行、共和党人大受欢迎迫使胡安?卡洛斯收回之前的言论，并被迫退位。 1.1 abdicate英/'?bd?ke?t/ 美/'?bd?ket/vt. 退位；放弃vi. 退位；放弃 1.2 scandal英/'sk?nd(?)l/ 美/'sk?ndl/n. 丑闻；流言蜚语；诽谤；公愤 2、So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle? 如此说来，西班牙的危机是否表明君主制已到穷途末路？是否意味着欧洲皇室以及他们锦衣玉食的生活走向末路已无可更改？ 2.1 monarchy英 /'m?n?k?/ 美/'mɑn?ki/n. 君主政体；君主国；君主政治 2.2 the writing is on the wall某事将失败的不祥预兆 2.3 royal英/'r???l/ 美/'r???l/n. 王室；王室成员adj. 皇家的；盛大的；女王的；高贵的；第一流的 2.4 magnificent英/m?g'n?f?s(?)nt/ 美/m?g'n?f?snt/adj. 高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的 2.5 majestic英 /m?'d?est?k/ 美/m?'d??st?k/adj. 庄严的；宏伟的 Paragraph 2 1、The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. 西班牙的事例既提供了支持君主制的论据，也提供了反对君主制的论据。 2、When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above ?mere? politics and ?embody? a spirit of national unity.这时公众意见呈现出两极分化，弗 2.1 particularly英/p?'t?kj?l?l?/ 美/p?'t?kj?l?l?/adv. 特别地，独特地；详细地，具体地；明确地，细致地 2.2 polarise 英/’p??l?ra?z/ 美/’p?ul?raiz/vt. 极化（等于polarize）polarize英/'p?ul?raiz/ 美/'pol?'ra?z/vt. （使）极化；（使）偏振；（使）两极分化vi. 极化；偏振；两极分化 2.3 regime英 /re?'?i?m/ 美/re'?im/n. 政权，政体；社会制度；管理体制 2.4 monarch英 /'m?n?k/ 美/'mɑn?k/n. 君主，帝王；最高统治者 Paragraph 3 1、It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs` continuing popularity polarized. 正是这次明显的超越对君主作为国家元首继续流行做出了解释。 1.1 transcendence英/tr?n'send?ns/ 美/tr?n'send?ns/n. 超越；卓越；超然存在 2、And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). 正因如此，除中东外，欧洲是世界上君主制最盛行的地区，有10位国王（梵蒂冈和安道尔不算在内）。 2.1 infested adj. 为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v. 害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词)；遍布于 3、But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. 但是，与海湾地区和亚洲的专制国家不同，欧洲皇室能够留存下来，是因为他们让选民免于苦心孤诣地寻找一个没有争议且受尊崇的公众人物。 3.1 absolutist英/'?bs?lu:tist/ 美/'?bs?lu:tist/n. 绝对论者；专制主义者 Paragraph 4 1、Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. 即使如此，毋庸臵疑君主还是在衰落。 1.1 ownside英 /'da?nsa?d/ 美/'da?nsa?d/n. 负面，缺点；下降趋势；底侧adj. 底侧的 2、Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. 即使他们声称自己是国家统一的象征，但他们的历史和今日的行为方式都代表着他们享有的特权和他们身上体现出的不公平已经过时，且站不住脚。

考研英语一翻译真题汇总

1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population

2015考研英语翻译真题解析

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