外文文献原稿和译文(信工080201071吴文锋)

外文文献原稿和译文

原稿

Abstract

An objective definition of the protective area of laser eye protectors is discussed.First an appropriate test , method is descried,which is based on the current eye protection standard EN 168. For a variety of already CE type approved laser eye protectors,i.c.for different goggle and spectacle types, results of corresponding measurements are shown. From these results the requirements on the vertical and horizontal angle ranges are derived,which have to be covered by laser eye protectors.This proposal will be implemented in the currently processed amendments of the laser safety standards EN 207 and EN 208. 2001 Elscvier Science Ltd . All rights reserved.

Keywords: Protective area; Laser eye protectors ;EN 207; Eye protection standards; CE type approval

Introduction

The European laser eye protection standards EN 207[1] and EN 208[2] require that "The frame shall be designed so that no laser radiation can penetrate from the side unintentionally."This requirement also implies that the frame should resist at last 10 s to the level of irradiance against which it is designed to protect. This specification for the area to be covered is open to different interpreted in a strict way, only goggle type eye protectors could be permitted. On the other hand, goggles have a very limited peripheral field of view and tend to fog. Except for wearers of corrective spectacles type eye protectors,therefore, usually are the better choice. People would more easily be prepared to wear them because they are more comfortable.

In order to ensure uniform judgeement by the different test laboratories whether the standards mentioned are complied with, it is important to have an objective test method

giving reliable results and to specify a minimum requirement for the coverage of the eye region by the lase eye protectors. The purpose of this paper is to describe such a test method and to propose a minimum requirement.

Test method

A test method determining the coverage of eye protectors is described in prEN 168[3]. This method is similar to that described in EN 207 for the determination of the field of vision. The eye protector is mounted on the test head is form specified in EN 168:1995[4]. This artificial head is used for evaluating all eye protectors in the framework of the basic standard. Such an artificial head represent a mean of the population . In practice, the fitting of an eye protector would depend on the form of the individual head.

A narrow pointing laser beam is directed along the optical axis CC to the centre of one eye of the test head. The test head can be rotated about the two axes AA and BB. These two axes of rotation and the optical axis CC intersect in the middle of the front surface of one eye. The three axes are perpendicular to one another.

The point of intersection has a distance 32 mm from the centre of nose which corresponds to half the mean interpupillary distance specified in EN 166[5]. The limits of the protective area are determined by the points at which the laser beam passes by the eye protector. For each angle of rotation about the axis BB, an upper and a lower limiting angle of protection can be found by rotation about the axis AA.

In the following figures, horizontal angles count as positive if the laser beam is directed to the temporal side of the eye protector and they count as negative if the beam is directed to the nasal side of the eye protector. Likewise, vertical angles count as positive if the laser beam is directed to the upper side of the eye protector and negative when it is directed to the lower side of the eye protector.

The limit of the protective area is reached not only when any of the observations of the laser beam make direct contact with the centre of the eye without being intercepted by the eye protector but also when the beam hits a point on the eye protector at which the material is not sufficiently resistant to laser radiation ,i.e. it does protect for at least 10 s as determined in accordance with EN 207 or EN 208.

Results

Twenty-seven different types of laser eye protectors, presently available in the market, were investigated by this method. As expected, goggle type eye protectors and spectacle type eye protectors behave differently when measured according to the method described. Goggles tend to fit the human head and also the head form well. When spectacles are put on such a head form, a free space will usually appear between the spectacles and the head at least close to the cheek and the nose in many cases also to the forehead. In the following, a few examples typical of the area covered by laser eye protectors will be presented. In these figures, the angular range limited by the head form is also shown, i.e. For these angles the laser beam hits the head form and cannot reach the eye any longer. On the one hand, the figures contain the measurement results fort the covered area. On the other hand, they show in the inset, the associated eye protector and how it fits the test head form.

The first example in Fig. 2 shows a laser eye protector with nearly perfect coverage. The curves for the head form and for eye protector are almost identical. Only when rotating the head and eye-protector back wards about the axis AA can a small gap be seen: just between-50 and -60 horizontal angles it is possible for the laser beam to reach the eye. For all other angle combinations, the laser beam hits head form before hitting the eye.

In many cases, fogging of goggle type eye protectors is a major problem due to their close fit to the head. I n order to prevent such fogging, some of the goggles have ventilation holes. Such an example is shown in Fig. 3 . In this case, for horizontal angles between about 90 and 110 ,the area in which the ventilation grid is arranged so that direct penetration of radiation reaching the eye is possible. For all other angle combinations, the fit of the eye protector to the head form is excellent so that there is no slit between the two which might lead to radiation reaching the eye.

This is usually quite different for spectacle type eye protectors. Most of them have rigid frames so that they do not closely fit the head form. The advantage that they are less prone to fogging thus is usually cancelled by a poorer fit to the head of the wearer. An example of such an eye protector is shown in Fig.4.in this case , there is a narrow slit between head form and spectacles at most angles in the central part of the spectacles and the cheek at

angles less than -40.i.e. close to the nose and at angles greater than 70.i.e. on the temporal side.

In this way, all 27 eye protectors were checked. The measurement results are summarised in fig.5. The numbers in this figure refer to the number of eye protectors showing large deviations of the area covered by them that of the head form. This figure clearly shows the ranges at which many eye protectors allow laser radiation to reach the eye: in most cases this is at the lower edge of the eye protector on the nasal side at angles less than -30 and on the temporal side at angles greater than about 70. The upper edge of the eye protector usually shows a much better fit to the forehead. However, on the temporal side, in some cases there also are chinks between head form and protector.

Discussion

All these results were obtained on eye protectors certified in accordance with the EU Directive 89/686/EEC for personal protective equipment[6]. This means that all these eye protectors were considered adequate by a European certification body. This practice of the different European certification bodies is in contradicton to the very strict requirement of EN 207 and EN 208, that "The frame shall be designed so that no laser radiation can penetrate from the side unintentionally." What could be the reasons for that? A tight coverage of the ocular area by the eye protector would lead to a fogging of ocular in a very short time. The consequence would be that such eye protectors would not be worn. Therefore, a compromise must be found between a safe coverage of the eye area and a reasonable ventilation . Two criteria could be used to limit the angle range to be covered by the eye protector.

Conclnsion

The very strict requirements of EN 207 and EN 208 specifying a total coverage of the eye area by the laser eye protectors were laid down at a time when risk analysis was not as popular as it is now. At that time, the tendency was to fix requirements guaranteeing safety under any condition that could be envisaged. This is not a reasonable approach, taking into account the problems of fogging of eye protectors.

Therefore, it was proposed to the European Technical Committee TC 85,dealing with the two European standards, that the angle range shown in Section 4 should be adopted as a

minimum requirement for laser eye protectors . This proposal is at present being voted on.

译文

摘要

一个客观的定义，保护面积激光眼保护进行了讨论。第一一个适当的测试方法，阐述，这是根据目前的保护眼睛的标准168。为各种已行政长官批准激光眼睛保护，i.c.for不同眼镜和眼镜类型，相应的测量结果显示。从这些结果要求的水平和垂直角度范围是，它必须涵盖的激光眼睛保护。这项建议将实施目前处理修改的激光安全标准207和208。2001elscvier科技有限公司。保留所有权利。

关键词：保护区；激光眼睛保护器；207；眼睛的保护标准；行政长官批准类型简介

欧洲激光眼睛保护标准207[ 1]和208[ 2 ]要求”框架的设计应使激光辐射可以穿透从侧面无意。”这一要求，也意味着该框架应抵制在最后10秒的辐射，它的目的是保护。本规范为区域的覆盖是开放给不同的解释很严格，只有护目镜保护眼睛可以允许类型。另一方面，眼镜有一个非常有限的周边领域的观点和倾向于雾。除了配戴矫正眼镜式保护眼睛，因此，通常是更好的选择。人们会更容易准备穿他们，因为他们更舒适。

为确保统一的变化以不同的测试实验室是否标准得到遵守，重要的是有一个客观测试方法给可靠的结果和指定的最低要求覆盖眼睛区域的激光眼保护器。本文的目的是描述等测试方法，并提出最低要求。

测试方法

一个测试方法确定覆盖保护眼睛的描述中用168[ 3]。这种方法类似中所描述的207测定视觉领域。眼睛保护器是安装在测试头的形式规定的168:1995[ 4]。这种人工头是用来评估所有保护眼睛框架中的基本标准。这种人工头代表平均人口。在实践中，拟合保护眼睛会形式取决于个人的头。

窄指向激光束是针对沿光轴消委会的中心，一个眼睛的测试头。测试头可旋转约两轴和宝宝。这两年的旋转轴的轴与消委会相交在中东的前表面的一只眼睛。三轴互相垂直。

交汇点，有一个32毫米的距离从中心，相当于半个平均瞳距指定166[ 5]。保护区的范围是确定的点，激光束的眼睛保护。每个角度的旋转轴旋转，上下极限角的保护可以通过旋转轴旋转机管局。

在下面的数字，水平角度算是积极的激光束是针对颞侧眼睛保护他们算作负面如果光束是针对鼻侧的眼睛保护器。同样，垂直角度算是积极的激光束是针对上游一侧的眼睛保护和消极时，针对较低的一侧的眼睛保护器。

限制的保护面积达到不仅在任何意见的激光束直接联系中心的眼睛没有被截获的眼睛保护器还可当光束击中一个点上眼睛保护的材料是不足够的抗激光辐射，即它保护至少10的确定依照207或208。

结果

二十七种不同类型的激光眼保护器，目前可以在市场上，进行的调查方法。正如预期的那样，护目镜式保护眼睛和眼镜式保护眼睛表现不同，测量时，根据所描述的方法。护目镜往往以适应人体头部也是头部形态。当眼镜放在这样一个形式，一个自由的空间，通常会出现的眼镜和头部至少接近的脸颊和鼻子在许多情况下还额。在下面的几个例子，典型的覆盖面积的激光眼保护将提交。在这些数字中，角范围有限的头部也显示，即这些角度的激光束击中头部和眼睛再也无法达到。一方面，这个数字包含测量结果堡覆盖区。另一方面，他们显示在插入，相关的眼睛保护和它如何适合测试头形式。

第一个例子，图2显示一个激光眼睛保护与近乎完美的覆盖。曲线的头部和眼睛的保护几乎是相同的。只有当旋转头部和eye-protector回病房的轴机管局能小的差距，看到：只是between-50和- 60水平角度可能是激光束到达眼睛。对于所有其他角度组合，激光光束击中头部击球前的眼睛。

在许多情况下，雾眼镜式视力保护器是一个重大的问题，由于其密切配合的头。为了防止这种雾，一些护目镜通风孔。这样的例子是显示在图3。在这种情况下，水平角度之间约90和110，在该地区的通风网格布置，直接穿透辐射到达眼睛是可能的。对于所有其他角度组合，适合眼睛保护器的头部形成良好因此没有狭缝之间的可能导致辐射到达眼睛。

这通常是完全不同的眼镜式视力保护器。他们大多有刚性框架使他们不适合头形式。他们的优势是不容易雾化从而通常是取消了一个穷适合佩戴者头部。这样的一个例子是保护眼睛fig.4.in这种情况表明，有一个狭窄的缝隙之间的头部和眼镜在大多数角度在中部地区的眼镜和脸颊角度小于- 40。即靠近鼻子和角度大于70。即在颞侧。

这样，所有的27个保护眼睛检查。测量结果总结在图5。此图中的数字参考一些保护眼睛显示大偏差的覆盖的区域，他们的头部。此图清楚地表明范围的许多保护眼睛使激光辐射到达眼睛：在大多数情况下，这是在较低的边缘的眼睛保护器在鼻侧角度小于- 30和上颞侧角大于70。眼上缘的保护通常表明一个更适合的额头。然而，在颞侧，在某些情况下也有之间的头和保护。

讨论

所有这些结果获得了保护眼睛认证，符合欧盟指令89/686 /欧共体的个人防护设备[ 6]。这意味着所有这些保护眼睛被认为是足够的通过欧盟认证机构。这种做法的不同的欧洲认证机构是矛盾的要求十分严格的207和208，“框架的设计应使激光辐射可以穿透从侧面无意。”可能是什么原因呢？紧覆盖的眼区的眼睛保护会导致雾眼在很短的时间。结果是，这种保护眼睛不被磨损。因此，妥协之间必须找到一个安全的覆盖面的眼区和一个合理的通风。2标准可以用来限制的角度范围涵盖的眼睛保护。

结论

非常严格的要求在207和208指定一个全覆盖的眼睛的激光眼保护了当时的风险分析是不受欢迎的是现在。当时，趋势是要求保证安全固定在任何情况下，可以设想。这不是一个合理的办法，考虑到问题的雾化眼罩。

因此，提出了欧洲技术委员会85，处理与欧洲标准的角度范围，见第4应采取的最低要求的激光眼睛保护。这项建议目前正在投票。

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智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文

智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文

Introduction Introduction With the continuous development of our economy, rapidly rising living standards, people working and living environment have become increasingly demanding, while the lighting system requirements have become more sophisticated, the traditional lighting technology has been a strong blow. On the one hand because of information technology and computer technology changes in lighting technology, providing technical support; the other hand, due to energy shortage, the state more and more attention on energysaving lighting, new lighting control technology to develop rapidly to meet with By energy conservation, comfort, convenience requirements. Lighting control lighting control from the traditional manual method, automated lighting control to today's intelligent lighting control. Intelligent lighting control system is based on computercontrolled alldigital platform, modular, distributed bus control system, the central processor modules communicate directly through the network bus, the bus makes use of lighting, dimming, blinds, scene control to achieve intelligent, and become a complete bus system. Can be based on changes in the external environment in the device automatically adjust the status of the bus to reach safety, energy conservation, human effects, and can use in the future, in accordance with the requirements of users through the computer Way to increase or modify the system's functionality, without having to relaying of cables, intelligent lighting control system, high reliability, flexible control, lighting control is the traditional way can not be done. The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System components Intelligent lighting control system is usually dimmer module, switch module, input module, the control panel, liquid crystal display touch screen, smart sensors, PC interface, time management module, handheld programmer, monitoring computer (need to bridge a large network connection) and other components composition.

第三方物流外文文献(原文与翻译)

我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入

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网页制作Dreamweaver外文文献及翻译 Dreamweaver 3.0 is the newest version of Dreamweaver-a tool for compiling web pages, introduced by Macromedia Company. Its feature is "what you see is what you get"-this is really a blessing for novice. Also, it has functions for web site management, facilitating design and management of multiple web sites. Fig. 1 is the interface when Dreamweaver 3. 0 is activated. 1. A Brief Introduction of Dream weaver Compared with its predecessor Dreamweaver 2.0, Dreamweaver3.0 is more friendly and practical for use in its operating interface, and its function has been further improved. Readers will see it is so easy to create web pages, without writing any page of code to rapidly create dynamic HTML web pages, for example, cartoon and layers; and by using its object browser, it is also possible to create web pages applicable to various platforms and browsers with very good compatibility; and it is also possible to make use of Roundtrip HTML technology provided by Dreamweaver to control the source code generated by Dreamweaver with high precision. More significantly, Dreamweaver provides you with individualized space. Your can create your own object and command, revise menu and quick keys, or even create you own JavaScript to expand Dreamweaver. It is not exaggerated at all that Dreamweaver brings in unlimited space for you to create your web pages. 2. A General Description of Dreamweaver Functions (1) documents foundation and use The documents operation is the homepage manufacture foundation. Dreamweaver not only may found the blank documents and based on the template documents, but also may edit the HTML document which in other procedures founds, for example FrontPage and so on. Dream weaver has also provided the history (History) the kneading board. The historical kneading board has recorded the reader the history which operates in the documents window, it may help you to abolish or the repetition step, and greatly simplified the homepage manufacture process. Chart 2 has demonstrated one demonstration history kneading board method. * Joins the picture and the super link A homepage only has the text is unable to attract the person, must in the documents China and Canada person other elements. The picture certainly is inevitable, form and ultra link also essential, is abundant can suffice fascinatingly. Dream weaver provided two kinds to insert the person picture the way. The reader may choose the menu to order Insert/Image; Also may select The super link is in the documents the most important part. Had it to be allowed freely to jump from a position to another weaver formidable function has provided the many kinds of links way possibility. The most

建筑外文文献及翻译

外文原文 , , ,610031 ’s . a . a . , a . —, , ’s ’s . 1. , . , , ’s ’ [1] , . [1] a () , [2] . [3,4] [5] () , ’s , [6]. [7] ’s . , ’s ’s a . 2.’S . , . ’s ’s , ’s . , (1). (…) (1) w ’s ; I ; c , ; s , . 3. 3.1 , . , a , ’s . , a , ’s , . , ’s ’s . 3.2 a : (1)N. 1,2, … N.

(2) w 12… . (3) R 1,2, … (4) Δ ? ? ?others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01 (5) . I t I t . (6) △ I ’s a .( ’t .) (7) (5) t I △ ,( △ ). , – a . (8) (6) (7), I ( = △* △ ). (9) =ηi / * , ηi I ; * I , * =∑=R k ki 1 δ . , . , , . 3.3 , , : = ∑∑==N i i N i Ci 11 ω i i N i i N i c t ??∑∑==1 1 ω (2) ∑∑ ==N i i N i 1 1 ω ) E i R i ki i t - ?? ∑=1 δη i c ? 2F Z 2()i t ? ) E i R i ki i t - ??∑=1 δη (3) () ,(N j i K 3,2,1,=?) (4)

JSP外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 JSP JSP (JavaServer Pages) is initiated by Sun Microsystems, Inc., with many companies to participate in the establishment of a dynamic web page technical standards. JSP technology somewhat similar to ASP technology, it is in the traditional HTML web page document (*. htm, *. html) to insert the Java programming paragraph (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), thus JSP documents (*. jsp). Using JSP development of the Web application is cross-platform that can run on Linux, is also available for other operating systems. JSP technology to use the Java programming language prepared by the category of XML tags and scriptlets, to produce dynamic pages package processing logic. Page also visit by tags and scriptlets exist in the services side of the resources of logic. JSP page logic and web page design and display separation, support reusable component-based design, Web-based application development is rapid and easy. Web server in the face of visits JSP page request, the first implementation of the procedures of, and then together with the results of the implementation of JSP documents in HTML code with the return to the customer. Insert the Java programming operation of the database can be re-oriented websites, in order to achieve the establishment of dynamic pages needed to function. JSP and Java Servlet, is in the implementation of the server, usually returned to the client is an HTML text, as long as the client browser will be able to visit. JSP pages from HTML code and Java code embedded in one of the components. The server was in the pages of client requests after the Java code and then will generate the HTML pages to return to the client browser. Java Servlet JSP is the technical foundation and large-scale Web application development needs of Java Servlet and JSP support to

建筑外文文献及翻译

外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposed a mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Based on work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]

信息系统外文文献及译文

南京工程学院 英文文献及译文 作者：邵亚雯学号：209090712 系部：经济管理学院 专业：信息管理与信息系统 题目：社区自助歌曲点播平台的开发与设计 指导者：金卫健讲师 2010 年 4 月

Information Technology Support System of Supply Chain Management HUA JIANG ，JING YANG School of Economy and Management; School of KeXin HeBei university of engeneering Han Dan 056038 CHINA Abstract: - Effective supply chain management is built on the basis of the high quality of information transmission and sharing, This will rely heavily on information technology to provide reliable support. In this paper, against the characteristics of the supply chain information flow, discuss the impact of information technology on supply chain management and support system which information technology form in the supply chain management. Key-Words: - Supply chain management; Information technology; Support System; Information flow; Supply chain; Information 1 Introduction Supply Chain Management (SCM) rise is attributed to enterprises trying to eliminate production and inventory plans misleading as information slow transmission or errors. In 1990s, some of computer manufacturers such as HP, or P & G which product household appliances begin integrate information systems of down-upstream, hope to archieve purposes for rapid responsion to the demand of market and lower inventory by correct and rapid transmission, analysis and integration of information. Therefore, effective supply chain management is built on the basis of the high quality of information transmission and sharing, This will rely heavily on information technology to provide reliable support. In today's age, information has become a key factor in the decision to the survival and development of enterprises, any business must face the issue of how to integrate information. Information is from both the vertical information of the upstream and downstream firms and the horizontal information of the internal enterprise, as well as