英国文学简单整理
Chapter One Old English Literature (5-11th )
literature: Beowulf
Major plot: two major events; Beowulf slays the monster Grendel and its mother, becomes king of the Geat
Feature
National epic alliteration
Theme
a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-saxons from their continental homes.Reflect the feature of tribal society in ancient times.
Chapter Two Medieval English Literature(11-15th )
Works:
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The Romaunt of the rose
“The Canterbury Tales
Writters:
Geoffrey Chaucer
Feature：
innovations in poetic vocabulary
humor
language
vivid and exact
Chapter Three Literature of Renaissance and Reformaiton
Writer and works
1.Edmund Spenser
The Shepherd’s Calendar
The Faerie Queene
Style: allegory written in Spenserian
2. Francis Bacon
Famous for his EssaysOf Studies
Writing Features: His essays which were an introduction to Bacon’s worldly-wise philosophy, have won popularity for their clearness, brevity and force of expression.
3. William Shakespeare
Works:
Romeo and Juliet
The Merchant of Venice
Hamlet
Chapter Four Literature of Revolution and Restoration(17th )
Writters and works
John Milton’s Paradise Lost
John Bunyan Pilgrim’s Progress
Feature:
language is chiefly plain and colloquial and quite modern in comparison with that of the writers of the Renaissance. His language is clear, vivid, natural, homely (朴实的), fluent, musical and powerful.
Chapter Five Literature of Enlightenment(18th ) and classicism
Daniel Defoe’s masterpiece is Adventures of Robinson Crouse
Jonathan Swift’s masterpiece is Gulliver's Travels.
Thomas Gray Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Chapter Six Literature of Romanticism in England (the first half of 19th )
Robert Burns A Red, Red Rose《一红的玫瑰》Auld Lang Syne《友谊地久
William Wordsworth I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子咏
George G. Byron (1788-1824)
Don Juan 唐璜
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》
Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》
John Keats (1795-1821)
“ Ode on a Grecian Urn” 1819 希腊古瓮颂
“To Autumn” 秋颂
“ Ode to a Nightingale” 1819
Chapter Seven Literature of Critical Realism (1837-1901) the Victorian Age
Charles Dickens (1812-70)
David Copperfield 1848 masterpiece
Oliver Twist雾都孤儿1838
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)
Jane Eyre:
Chapter Twentieth Century Literature The Transition from 19th to the 20th Century
in English Literature(1900-1945)
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) Under the Greenwood Tree 《绿荫下》(1872);
Oscar Wilde Wilde(1854 ---1900)The Picture of Dorian Gray 《道林?格雷的画像》
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
作品
一Jonathan Swift’s masterpiece is Gulliver's Travels.
Gulliver shipwrecks in Lilliput where the tallest people were six inches high. In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England.（Jonathan Swift RadicalDemocrats Gulliver's Travels irony exaggeration, contrast, irony）
二Oliver Twist
The standard pattern in his novels is the basic conflict between money on the one hand, and love on the othe
reflect the nature of Victorian urban society with all its conflicts and disharmonies
His novels are multifarious ([m?lti?fe?ri?s]多种的，各式各样的), digressive（枝节的离题的）, humorous and fluid. His novels are urban ficiton of a new era, of which the plots are rarely
tight-knit.
1.Dickens took a popular art form, the comic novel, and gave it a distinctive wit, energy and
variety. Comedy in his novels consists of laughing at characters trapped in difficult situations.
三William Shakespeare Hamlet .
Structure: A. His plays usu. have more than one plot. Through contrast and parallel, the major and minor plots are woven into an organic whole.
B. the device of a play within the play also plays an important part.
4. Language: Shakespeare is a master of the English language, with a large vocabulary of 16000 English words. More important are the figurative speeches such as analogy and metaphor.
5. Style: realistic style. The reader may be impressed by the typical speech modes —the question in Hamlet, the ambiguities in Macbeth, the exclamations and very simple but also very basic questions in King Lear.
6. Theme：Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, he paints
a panorama of the decline of the old feudal nobility and the rise of new bourgeoisie.
四William Wordsworth I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,（ English Romantic poet）
五Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) Ode to the West Wind Theme: Shelly’s faith in the victory of man’s struggle against tyranny and depressionEvery stanza is a sonnet.
Every stanza consists of 3 terzarima（三行诗隔句押韵法）+ couplet.
The rhythmical pattern is aba bcbcdcdedee.
Terzarima is poetry written in three-line stanzas (or “tercets”) linked by end-rhymes patterned aba, bcb, cdc, ded, efe, etc.
Theme Revolutionary spirit. Wish to destroy the old and build up a new
7
地下铁道
2.In a Station of the Metro ???????
The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.Apparition:
This poem by Ezra Pound is perhaps the most famous of the imagist poems. Pound used it as an example of what he meant by imagism in his introduction to the first collection of his friends’ poems. It is a description of people in the Paris subway on a rainy, dark night.Four Great comedies
The Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you Like itTwelfth NightShakespeare’s four great tragediesHamletOthelloKing LearMacbeth
Beowulf
Beowulf: The legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem believed to have been composed in the early eighth century. written down in the tenth century. The first major poem in a European vernacular（本国语，地方语）language;
Major plot: two major events; Beowulf slays the monster Grendel and its mother, becomes king of the Geats（耶阿特人，瑞典南部的斯堪的纳维亚人，6世纪是瑞典人所征服。）and dies fighting a dragon.
Theme: a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-saxons from their continental homes. Its main stories are evidently folk legends of primitive Northern tribes. Such tribes lives along the northwestern coast of Europe. Back of their settlement were impenertrable forests. In front of them was the stormy northern ocean. They had to fight against beasts. They had to struggle against the forces of nature, which remained mysterious and unkown to them. When they returned from their exploits and voyages, the warriors would tell stories of strange monsters that lived beneath the sea, or in the marshes and dark forests inland. They were brave and mysterious. Reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times.
Beowulf is a grand hero. He is so , simply by his deeds. He is faithful to his people. He goes alone,
in a strange land, to rescue his people. He forgets himself in face of death, thinking only that it profits others. The values conveyed by the work: courage, loyalty, love of honor.
Features:
1. National epic, a long narrative poem operating on a grand scale and deals with the dees of warriors and heroes, interlacing the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events.
Alliteration, linking two half of the lines into rich interweaving pattern of vocabulary idea, reinforcing the poem’s theme of the search for oder in a chaotic world
Kenning, ring-giver for king, sea-wood for ship; Understatement, not troublesome for very welcome;need not praise for a right to condemn giving an impression of reserve and at time a tinge of ironical humor.
2. Decrous speech and passage of moral reflection
名词解释：
1Renaissance
Definition: was a historical period from 14th and mid 17th century in which the European humanist thinker and scholars, by reviving people’s interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture, made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.
2 Tragedy: A type of drama in which the characters experience reversals of fortune, usu. for the worse. In tragedy catastrophe and suffering await many of the characters, esp. the hero.
3Comedy: A type of drama in which the characters
experience reversals of fortune, usu. for the better. In comedy things work out happily in the end. Tragicomedy: a type of play that contains elements of both tragedy and comedy.
4Sonnet
Definition: A fixed form of lyric poetry that consist of fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter. There are two basic types of sonnets, the Italian and the English Sonnet. the Italian and the English Sonnet.
Types: The sonnet originated in Italy around the 1530's and endured as one of the only forms of lyric poetry with a definitive set of regulations. There are three types of sonnet:
1)Italian Sonnet2) Spenserian Sonnet3) Shakespearian Sonne
Italian Sonnet: an octave + a sestet
abbaabbacdecde
Spenserian Sonnet:3 quatrains + a couplet
ababbcbccdcdee
Shakespearian Sonnet:3 quatrains + a couplet
ababcdcdefefgg
5 Stream-of-Consciousness Fiction
It is an important device of modernist fiction, a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes--the continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings and memories in the human mind—in fictional characters. It is a special style of interior monologue, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form.
6 Romanticism is a literary movement which came into being in England early in the latter half of the 18th century and prevailed in the first half of the nineteenth century.
It is a reaction against the classicism or Neoclassicism of the 18th century.
Romantic writing emphasizes emotions and feelings instead of reason and logic.
It also focuses on the life of common people and encourages an appreciation of nature i nstead of society.
7. National epic, a long narrative poem operating on a grand scale and deals with the dees of warriors and heroes, interlacing the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events.
英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
《英美文学资料》word版
《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲 第一部分英国文学 一、课程简介 本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。 二、课程重点章节简介： 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学 1. <<贝尔武夫>> 2. 乔叟及其代表作 第二章: 文艺复兴时期 1. 文艺复兴的定义 2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗 3. 培根的代表作 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学 1.弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<
失乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期 1.新古典主义 2.伤感主义 3.笛福及代表作 4.蒲伯及代表作 第五章: 浪漫主义时期 1.浪漫主义时期文学的特点 2.彭斯的创作特点及代表作 3.华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作 4.拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作 第六章: 维多利亚时期 1.维多利亚时期的文学特点 2.布朗蒂姐妹的代表作 第七章: 现代时期 1.现代主义文学 2.汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作 3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作 三、本课程重点和难点内容简介 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学： 1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗” 第二章: 文艺复兴时期： 1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定 2.“文艺复兴”的名词解释 3.“人文主义” 的名词解释 4.莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题 5.哈姆雷特的性格分析 6.英语解释《论学习》中的句子 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学： 1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子 2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析 第四章: 启蒙运动时期： 1.启蒙运动时期的界定 2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色 3.伤感主义的名词解释 4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析 5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题
英国文学 整理
Term Definition： Alliteration（押头韵）: Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Arthurian legend（亚瑟王传奇）: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. Sonnet（十四行诗）: A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: ( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc . (2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. Conceit（夸张）: From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron. Neoclassicism（新古典主义）: A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc. Romance（传奇小说）: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. Renaissance（文艺复兴）: Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in the
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
英国文学概况及你喜爱的英国作家
British Literature （一）Early and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学 1.“Beowulf” 《贝奥武夫》 The national epic of the English people,finished in 8th century.The hero narrative poem around the year 750.Up to 3000 lines.It’s the most ancient work of all the old English record.And it’s the most great work of the existing ancient literature in English.Also the earliest dialect epic in Europe. 它是英国民族史诗，完成于8世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。 2.Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400),the founder of English poetry. . His work The Canterbury Tales telling the clue of the story with a group of pilgrims from various social strata in their way to religious pilgrimage.Showing us clearly the life of people at that time.In all the 23 story, in addition to the two articles, the rest is the work of poetry genre. 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。 （二）The Renaissance文艺复兴时期文学 1. William Shakespeare （1564～1616） The great British Renaissance dramatist and poet.And the master of the European Renaissance humanism literature.Shakespeare left 37 plays including some general plays he co-wrote with others.In addition, he also wrote 154 sonnets and three or four long poem. 英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。此外，他还写有154首十四行诗和三、四首长诗。 His working: The four great comedy：A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It ,Twelfth Night The four great tragedy: Hamlet ,Othello ,King Lear ,Macbeth others：Romeo and Juliet ,etc... 2.Francis Bacon, The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science. 培根（ 1561-1626 ）英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家. Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.His representative work is Of Studies.《论学习》 （三）The period of English Bourgeois Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学 1. John Milton :Paradise Lost 《失乐园》 2.John Bunyan :The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》 （四）Eighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学
英国文学名著整理
☆英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。雪莱（Shelley ，1792一1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗，也写了很多优美的抒情诗，特别是爱情诗，显示了不羁的想象，瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵，这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”（If Winters comes,can spring be far behind）成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯（Wordsworth，1770-1850），18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴，1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福（Daniel Defoe,1661-1731）是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后，他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、（大疫年日记）(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落
英国文学期末考试复习要点
英国文学期末考试复习要点 1.英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts 2.英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征服Norman Conquest之后。 3.古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian）；BEOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗national epic of England），人物角色(Beowulf,Grendel, Grendel's mother, Fire Dragon,Wiglef)，修辞手法（头韵法alliteration，暗喻metaphor，低调陈述understatement） 4.诺曼征服人物William the Conqueror，骑士Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）, 《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事matters of Britain。骑士的优良传统美德（忠诚loyalty） 5.威廉朗莱德William Langland作品《耕者皮尔斯》Piers the Plowman（十四世纪以梦境dream vision呈现的作品）
6.乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Father of English Poetry），主要作品The Canteberry Tales，文学贡献（英雄双行体Heroic Couplet，净化purified LONDON 音dialect），葬于西敏寺大教堂Westminster Abbey，为此建立诗人角Poet's Corner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32 朝圣者pilgrims），选作P45(时间April，地点Tabard Inn，人物，巴斯妇人的故事Wife of Bath)，抑扬五步格iambic pentameter （轻音unstressed syllable+重音stressed syllable） 7.实行政教分离者（亨利八世Henry VIII）Religious Reformation:The King broke off with the Pope. 8.托马斯摩尔Thomas More的《乌托邦》Utopia，宣扬财产property与困境poverty 分离和建立理想国度ideal state。 9.托马斯怀亚特Thomas Wyatt把十四行诗sonnet引入英国，分离为莎士比亚体Shakespearian Sonnet和斯宾塞体Spencerian Sonnet，十四行诗源于意大利
英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are