英语文体学1答案

英语文体学1答案

一、单项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D

二、填空题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）

1、knowl edge

2、bilabial

3、morphol ogy

4、sentence

5、compl ete

三、判断改错题（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）

1、F

Actually mod ern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

2、F

Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.

3、F

The meaning of some compound words has nothing to d o with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "red coat".

4、F

Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

5、F

Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dial ects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For exampl e, within British English, "girl" is call ed "lassie" in Scottish dial ect, and "liquor" is call ed "whishey" in Irish dial ect .四、名词解释题（本大题共5小题，每小题6分，共30分）

1、One of the major d efining features of human language. Human language consists of two l evels.

At the l ower l evel, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningl ess whil e at the higher l evel there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as

d oubl

e articulation.

2、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics,

e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

3、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principl e is to use one l etter to indicate one

sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.

4、The rul es that govern which affix can be add ed to what type of stem to form a new word,

e.g.-ly can be ad d ed to a noun to form an adjective.

5、a rewrite rul e that allows for the possibl e combinations of words to form phrases and

sentences

五、论述题（共20分）

1、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes includ e changes in vowel sounds,

sound l oss, sound ad dition, and sound movement.

1) Vowel sound change: English has und ergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel

sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Mid dl e English period and which involved seven l ong, or tense vowels. These changes l ed to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middl e English)→/faiv/(Mod ern English)

2) Sound l oss: Sounds can change by the l oss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar

fricative /x/ was l ost. This sound existed in Ol d English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Mod ern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.

3) Sound addition: Sound addition includ es the gain or insertion of a sound. For exampl e, the

word l eisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was add ed to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the mid dl e of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinl e--spindl e.

4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis

involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is l ess common, but it d oes exist. In some dial ects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, brid d ("bird") is an Ol d English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Mod ern English counterpart "bird".

英语文体学教程

Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series

英语文体学

Unit 5 Formal vs Informal Language 英教0901班董宜之程雅洁田冬雪

Contents 5.1 The interpersonal function of language 5.2 Degrees of formality 5.3 Functional tenor and degrees of formality 5.4 Martin Joo’s Classification 5.5 Speech situation and formality 5.6 Formality and linguistic features 5.7 Sets of co-occurring features 5.8 Involved vs informational texts 5.9 Tenors, field, and mode

5.1 The interpersonal function of language 1.Functions of language: ●the ideational / referential function ●the interpersonal / social / expressive function ●the textual function 2. Tenors of discourse: the relationship between participants in the situation, their roles and status. The participant relations that determine the tenor of discourse range through varying degrees of permanence.

英语文体学 1

English Stylistics 英语文体学 Course Introduction Course title: English Stylistics Course hours: 2 per week, 34 in total Assessment: 1. Attendance 2. After-class preparation for related topics 3. In-class performance and involvement 4. Quiz 5. Final exam Teaching Objectives: Have a systematic knowledge of the features of different varieties of language Make appropriate use of language in our communication Familiarize ourselves with the stylistic features of the different genres of literature Deepen our understanding and appreciation of literary works Offer useful ideas on translation and language teaching Textbook: English Stylistics(英语文体学) Other reference books: Introduction to English Stylistics《英语文体学引论》（丁往道王佐良）

英语文体学1答案

英语文体学1答案 一、单项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D 二、填空题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分） 1、knowl edge 2、bilabial 3、morphol ogy 4、sentence 5、compl ete 三、判断改错题（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分） 1、F Actually mod ern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons. 2、F Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese. 3、F The meaning of some compound words has nothing to d o with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "red coat". 4、F Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function. 5、F Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dial ects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For exampl e, within British English, "girl" is call ed "lassie" in Scottish dial ect, and "liquor" is call ed "whishey" in Irish dial ect .四、名词解释题（本大题共5小题，每小题6分，共30分） 1、One of the major d efining features of human language. Human language consists of two l evels. At the l ower l evel, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningl ess whil e at the higher l evel there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as d oubl e articulation. 2、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present. 3、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principl e is to use one l etter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks. 4、The rul es that govern which affix can be add ed to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be ad d ed to a noun to form an adjective. 5、a rewrite rul e that allows for the possibl e combinations of words to form phrases and sentences 五、论述题（共20分） 1、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes includ e changes in vowel sounds, sound l oss, sound ad dition, and sound movement. 1) Vowel sound change: English has und ergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Mid dl e English period and which involved seven l ong, or tense vowels. These changes l ed to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middl e English)→/faiv/(Mod ern English) 2) Sound l oss: Sounds can change by the l oss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was l ost. This sound existed in Ol d English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Mod ern English, its pronunciation is /nait/. 3) Sound addition: Sound addition includ es the gain or insertion of a sound. For exampl e, the word l eisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was add ed to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the mid dl e of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinl e--spindl e. 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is l ess common, but it d oes exist. In some dial ects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, brid d ("bird") is an Ol d English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Mod ern English counterpart "bird".

文体学的教案,

■Course: English Stylistics ■Time: Sep.6-30 ■Course material: English Stylistics: A New Course Book《新编英语文体学教程》董启明编著外语教学与研究出版社 ■Teaching procedure: Part One Theoretical Preliminaries(理论预备) and Major Varieties（主要变体）of English Chapter 1 Style and Stylistics 1.1Introduction 1.What is Language? And in which aspects of language does stylistics focus on? A. Language is the primary object of the study of linguistics, and linguists construct theories of language in general or of particular languages from differing points of view. The discussion of the concepts of style should focus on some essential aspects of language on which most linguists agree. B. Language is viewed as a system of different types of linguistic organization such as phonology, syntax and lexicon. The English language consists of its pattern of sounds, sets of grammatical rules and a large body of vocabulary. C. Language is also a social phenomenon, or institution, whereby people communicate and interact with each other. A language of a particular society is part of the society’s culture. Language activities operate within social activities. The language of a participant in a social activity reflects his social characteristics (such as his status, ethnic group, age and sex). It also reflects his awareness of the various factors of a social situation in which he finds himself. He should adjust his language in accordance with the medium of communication (speech or writing), the setting (private or public), the relationship with the addressee (in terms of the degree of intimacy or social distance), and the purpose (to inform, to persuade, etc.). 2. Varieties 变体of Language(variety=style) A. Varieties in relation to regions---- British/American English B. Varieties in relation to media----Spoken English/Written English C. Varieties in relation to attitude----degrees of formality/politeness/ impersonality/accessibility D. Varieties in relation to social factors----Women’s English/Black English/Taboo and Euphemism E. Varieties in relation to social Genre----The English of Conversation / Public speaking / News reporting/Advertising/Literary English (The Novel/Poetry)/ Science and Technology/Legal Documents 3. Varieties analysis theory----Stylistics (文体学) ★Essence of stylistics : Appropriate use of language is considered the key to effective communication. e.g. How to suck an egg? (Example and Analysis: Page 3) ★Analysis : The difference lies in the fact that the young student used some big and formal words, such as perforation(齿孔,hole) ,apex (顶点，最高点top), aperture(小孔，缝隙，opening), inhaling （吸气）discharged（流出）, which made her utterance difficult to understand, especially by an old woman without much education,while the old woman used informal words, such as gal, hole, end and suck. As a result, her utterance is easy to understand.

新编英语文体学教程(董启明)第一章要点

第一章文体和文体学综述 1.1引言 母语使用者知道在什么地方选用什么样的词，而外语使用者就不知道，因为没有在相关的地方长大，因此需要培养一种风格，也就是文体。 文体学可以帮助我们在合适的地方选用合适的词，使我们的语言更加符合当地的语言特色；还可以帮助我们更加理解语言的变体，更好地使用它们；还可以帮助我们更好的翻译文学作品；还可以帮助我们理解和鉴赏文学作品。 1.2风格的定义 把如何来定义风格呢？ 许多人给出的定义都各不相同，有人从修辞学的角度来解读它，强调它的“有效使用”；有人从结构语言学的角度来解读它，强调语言系统内各语言单位之间的关系；还有人从转换成语言学的角度来看待它，强点不同层次语言结构转换所产生的文体效应；韩立的对风格的定义是以他的系统功能语言学为基础的。而本书中使用的风格定义是一个通用的、面向语言的定义：表现出现显著的语言特征、装置或模式的方式，大多数（或至少）经常出现在特定语言的特定文本中。 1.3文体学的定义 说完了文体，我们来说说文体学，有人说文体学就是研究文体的学科，这是不准确的。文体学在本书中所使用的定义是：文体学语言学的一个分支，他研究不同层次的语言的不同变体的礼貌、语言特征的系统的研究方法。 1.4文体学的发展史 下面我们来了解一下文体学的发展史。文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学，来自于亚里斯多德的修辞论。现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利（索绪尔的学生）。 1.4.1西方的文体学发展史 先谈一谈西方的文体学发展。西方文体学的研究可上溯到古希腊、罗马的修辞学研究，早在公元100年就出现了德米特里厄斯的《论文体》这样集中探讨文体问题的论著。但在20世纪之前，对文体地讨论一般不外乎主观印象式的评论，而且通常出现在修辞学研究、文学研究或语法分析之中，文体研究没有自己相对的地位。20世纪初以来，在采用现代语言方法之后，文体分析方法逐渐深入和系统化、科学化。现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家

英语文体学教程

Chapterl 1, what is style in your opi nio n accord ing to what we have studied in this chapter? from the perspective of the content, the events and activities differe nt ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for differe nt purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre exist ing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in Ianguage. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of Ianguage is at the same time a choice of mea ning and a choice of style . 2, what is the sig ni fica nee of study ing the style of Ian guage in lear ning and teach ing En glish? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use Ianguage appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign Ianguage learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of Ianguage in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , la nguage can become in stead a barrier to successful com muni cati on . Therefore its n ecessary to have a clear aware ness of how Ian guage should be used in differe nt types of situati ons especially in un familiar situati ons. 3, what factors can result i n differe nces in style An swer , 1, the differe nt types of vocabulary create differe nt images of the events in the reader ' mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the followi ng terms 1) ,foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregro un ded. 2) ,i neon gruity: the lin guistic features depart from the no rmal use of Ian guage ,break ing the rules grammar ,spell ing ,pronun ciati on. 3) deflection : the linguistic features don ' t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurre nee. 4) ,field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happe nin gs,go ing-ons, the An wser1 described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of Ianguage ,style is different speakers using Ianguage in

《英语文体学》教学大纲

《英语文体学》教学大纲 一、基本信息 二、教学目标及任务 本课程要求学生识记文体、文体学的定义，文体学的流派，文体学在国内外的发展情况，了解并学会使用分析不同文体篇章的方法和步骤，帮助学生学会观察和描述若干主要文体的语言风格，即它们各自的语音、词汇、句法与篇章的特点，以便更好地了解它们所表达的内容和在恰当场合使用它们。 三、学时分配 四、教学内容及教学要求 第一章绪论：文体及文体学定义 习题要点：文体学的定义 本单元重点、难点：文体学的广义及狭义定义 本单元教学要求：使学生了解文体有广狭两义。狭义的文体指文学文体，包括个别作家的风格；广义的文体指一种语言中的各类文体，例如口语体、书面体，而这两者之中，又有若干文体。理解文体学的任务不在于若干文体的名目，而在观察和描述若干主要文体的语言风格，即它们各自的语音、词汇、句法与篇章的特点，其目的在于使学习者更好地了解它们所表达的内容和在恰当场合使用它们。 第二章文体学的历史沿革和流派 习题要点：文体学的分类、文体学的流派、文体学在国内外的发展情况 本单元重点、难点：文体学的沿革 本单元教学要求：使学生了解文体学的沿革，文体学研究的主要流派。理解文体学可分为普通文体学、文学文体学、理论文体学等。 第三章文体分析的方法和步骤 习题要点：文体分析的方法和步骤 本单元重点、难点：对文体进行分析的三个步骤 本单元教学要求：讲授、并使学生了解文体分析的三个步骤：

（1）linguistic description （2）textual analysis （3）contextual factors analysis 第四章英语公共演讲的文体特征 习题要点：英语公共演讲的文体功能分析 本单元重点、难点：词汇的文体功能 本单元教学要求：熟悉与词汇手段相关的文体标志。通过对公共演讲的实例分析，理解文体与选词的关系，各类词语的文体特征，词的意义，词的涵义，建立在词汇层面上的修辞手法等。 第五章英语新闻的文体特征 习题要点：英语新闻报道的文体功能分析 本单元重点、难点：句式的选择与表达效果之间的关系 本单元教学要求：熟悉与句法手段相关的文体标志。通过英语新闻的实例分析，理解句式的选择与表达效果之间的关系。具体分析几个最常见的句子形式（如圆周句、省略句、倒状句、对偶句等）的文体功能。 第六章英语小说的文体特征 习题要点：英语小说的文体功能分析 本单元重点、难点：小说文体分析的元素 本单元教学要求：熟悉与英语小说相关的文体标志。通过小说实例分析，理解小说的视角、情节、人物刻画、背景、主题、象征与隐喻与表达效果之间的关系。具体分析几个视角类型（全知视角、第一人称视角、第三人称视角等）的文体功能。 第七章英语诗歌的文体特征 习题要点：英语诗歌的文体功能分析 本单元重点、难点：诗歌文体分析的元素 本单元教学要求：熟悉与英语诗歌相关的文体标志。通过诗歌实例分析，理解诗歌的音节、韵律、停顿、节奏、选词、意象等与表达效果之间的关系。具体分析韵体诗、无韵体诗、自由诗的文体功能。 五、考核方式及要求 总成绩构成：平时（40%）+期末（60%） 平时成绩：平时作业、考勤和课堂讨论，占40%。 期末考试：课程论文,占60%。 六、推荐教材及教学参考书 教材： 《新编英语文体学教程》，董启明著，外语教学与研究出版社，2009版，2014年印刷。I S B N：9787560072586 其他学习资源： Wright, L．& Jonathan Hope．Stylistics A Practical Coursebook． Beijing Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000． 钱瑗，《实用英语文体学》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 2006。 秦秀白，《英语语体和文体要略》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002。 大纲修订人：顾明生 大纲审定人：张友琴