英语专业写作基础教程1-6单元笔记

The place of titles

The title or the topic of the essay should be placed in the middle of the first line.

（标题书写中应该注意的地方

1.Every word of the title should be capitalized except articles,preositions,coordinating,conjunctions and to in infinitives.

2.But if one of these words is the first or last word of the title, it should be capitalized.

3.The title of a book within the topic should be underlined,and the title of an article should be put between quotation marks引号.）

Word division

即单词划分(当一行写到末尾时候，可能出现一个单词写不完的情况，这是需要用到单词划分。)

1．重读闭音节通常在辅音字母后面断开。如，fin ish

2．以辅音字母加le结尾的通常在辅音字母前断开。如，peo ple 3．一个字母不能单独放在行中或行末。

4．以两个字母的后缀结尾的，不能在后缀处划分。如，hand ed，hard en

5．一页的最后一个单词不能被划开，且需写到下一页。

6．合成词应在练此符号出断开。如，broad minded

7．有两个连续相同辅音字母的双音节词，在相同的两个辅音字母中间断开。如，lat ter

8．人名应避免被拆开。如，Dickens

9．容易引起误解的应避免。如，re ally，lay man

10．连续几行的行尾单词划分需要避免。

Capitalization

Capitalized words are used mainly in three places: proper names, key words in titles, and the first words of sentences.

Punctuation(标点符号)及其用途

(一)The Comma （，）逗号

1.A comma is used to join coordinate clauses, it is put before the

conjunction.

2.A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase, including a

prepositional and a participial phrase before the subject, or inserted in the middle of the sentence.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6814852494.html,mas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the

same function in the sentence:

4.Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commas

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6814852494.html,mas set off parenthetical elements

6.In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if the order

is month—day—year; no comma need be used if the order is day—month—year.

7.With numbers of 1 000 or over, commas or little blank spaces may be

used to separate digits by thousands. Form right to left, a commas is placed after every three numerals.

(二)The Period （. ）句号

1.The period is used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildly

imperative sentence, and an indirect question.

2.The period is used with most abbreviations.

3.Three spaced period make the ellipsis mark, which indicates the

omission of one or more words within a quoted passage.

(三)The Semicolon （;）分号

1.The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are not

linked by a conjunction.

2.Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, however, nonetheless, hence,

otherwise, besides, moreover, etc., should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clauses, before them there should be a semicolon, not a comma.

3.The semicolon is used with conjunctions when the clauses contain

internal punctuation.

4.The semicolon is used to separate a series of items with internal

commas.

5.A semicolon may be used to join clauses with words omitted, and the

omission is sometimes indicated by a comma.

(四)The Colon （：）冒号

1.The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement.

2.The colon is used to introduce an examination, a summary, or an

appositive.

3.The colon is used between the hour and the minute to show the time,

to record the scores of games, to end the salutation of a business letter and the introductory remark of a spealer to the chairman and audience.

(五)The Question Mark （？）问号

1.The question mark is used after a direct question.

2.The question mark is used after a statement turned into a question.

3.A question mark put between parentheses indicates the writer’s

uncertainty about the correctness of the preceding word, figure or date.

(六)The Exclamation Mark （！）叹号

1.The exclamation mark is used after an exclamatory sentence, or an

emphatic interjection, or a phrase expressing strong emotion..

2.Sometimes the exclamation mark is used after a slogan.

(七)Quotation Marks（…）引号

1.Double quotation marks are used to enclose direct quotations in

dialogue or from books or articles.

2.Single quotation marks are used to enclose a quotation within a

quotation.

3.Indirect quotations are not enclosed by quotation marks.

4.Quotation marks are used for titles of articles, essays, short stories,

short poems, songs, etc., and for headings of chapters or subdivisions of books. Titles of books, newspapers and magazines are generally underlined or italicized.

5.Words with special meaning are sometimes put between quotation

marks,

(八)Parentheses/Brackets （（））圆括号

1.Parentheses are used to set off parenthetical, supplementary, or

illustrative words.

2.Parentheses enclose figures or letters used for enumeration.

(九)Square Brackets（【】）方括号

1. Square Bracketsare used to indicate corrections or explanations in quoted matter made by the writer who is quoting .

2. Square Brackets are used instead of parentheses within parentheses.

(十)The Dash （—）破折号

1.The dash indicates a break in thought or a change in tone, or a

speaker’s confusion or he sitation.

2.The dash indicates an unfinished or interrupted statement.

3.A pair of dashes set off a parenthetical element.

4.The dash is sometimes used to introduce a summarizing clause after a

series of nouns.

5.The dash is sometimes used just like quotation marks in a dialogue.

6.The dash may be used to introduce subheadings and authors after

quotations.

(十一)The Slash （/ ）间隔号

1.The slash indicates alternatives, representing the word or or and\or

2.The slash is used to separate lines in short quotations of poetry being

quoted in running text.

3.When fractions are written in a sentence, a slash is used to separate the

numerator from the denominator.

4.Sometimes the slash means “per.”

四种句型及其用途

Comma逗号——declarative sentence（陈述句）:makes an assignment or statement

Question mark问号——direction question sentence（疑问句）:ask a question

Exclamation mark叹号——

Imperation sentence（祈使句）:express a command or a request Exclamatory sentence（感叹句）:express a strong feeling or emotion

Underlining and italics

1.Titles of books, periodicals, newspaper, plays, movies, operas, and

long poems are underlined or italicized.

2.Foreign words are often underlined or italicized.

3.Words and letters referred to as such are underlined or italicized.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6814852494.html,s of ships, aircraft and tragic sinking of the titanic.

5.Sometimes underlining or italicizing indicates emphasis.

【Words】

一、Type of words

Common words

Formal and technical words：

（political,legal,scientific,technical,bussiness,literary）Nonstandard words：

（slang,jargon,dialectal and obsolete）

二、Choice of words

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6814852494.html,e common or informal words for general purposes; use formal or

nonstandard when only on special occasions or for special purposes. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6814852494.html,e specific and concrete words when giving details; use general or

abstract words when making summaries.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6814852494.html,e idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; avoid

combinations and that are unidiomatic.

4.When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses the

meaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.

三、Synonyms

The english language is very rich in synonyms. This is partly due to the fact that english has over the centuries borrowed or absorbed tens of thousands of words from other languages, mainly Greek, Latin and French. Word of anglo-saxon origin are generally colloquial or informal, and they form a great part of the vocabulary that people use daily. Many of the words of greek, latin, and french origin are formal, learned or “big”; and are mainly used in formal writing or speech.

四、Some good dictionaries

1.Longman dictionary of contemporary english

2.Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current english.

3.Webster’s new word dictionary.

4.Collins cobuild english language dictionary.

【Sentences】

一、Composed sentences 构建句子:

①complete structure

②begin with a capital letter

③full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark

④a single complete idea

二、Requirement of correct sentences及其对应错误

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6814852494.html,pleteness in structure

—fragment in structure

2.the right subject

—the wrong subject

3.agreement between the subject and the predicate verb

—disagreement between the subject and the predicate verb 4.agreement between pronoun and antecedent

—disagreement between pronoun and antecedent

5.clear pronoun reference

—unclear pronoun reference

6.ending sentences with full stops

—ending sentences with no full stops

7.joining clauses with conjuctions

—joining clauses with no or wrong conjuctions

8.a main claus in a complex sentence

—no main claus in a complex sentence

9.proper use of comparisons

—improper use of comparisons

10. correct use of the tenses

—incorrect use of the tenses

四、Quality of effective sentences

Effective sentences have the following quality:

Unity（完整性）

Coherence（连贯性）

Conciseness（简明扼要性）

Emphasis（强调）

( ways of emphasis:placing, climactic sequence, subordination,the use of verbs in the active voice,balanced sentences平行结构,periodic sentences圆周句,negative/positive sentences,rhetorical question,loose sentences松散句)

Variety（表达多样性）

五、The difference between subordination and coordination

Coordination is tipically realized by coordinators which join units at the same level while subodination is realized by subordinators which distinguish the superodinate claus and the inferior clause.

【Paragraph】

一、Ways of developing a paragraph

There are many possible ways to develop a paragraph.

（1）development by time

（2）development by process

（3）development by space

（4）development by examples or generalization

（5）development by comparison and contrast:

(the difference between comparison and contrast :

When we compare one thing with another, we show the similarities;

when we contrast one thing with another, we show dissimilarities.) （6）development by cause and effect

（7）development by classification

（8）development by definition

（9）development by combination of methods

二、The steps of developing a paragraph

First, think of the topic or theme or main idea,

And express it in a complete sentence（topic sentence）.

Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea.

Work out the outline and arrange them in logical order.

三、Features of a paragraph

A effective paragraph must have a control idea, and this central idea may be expressed either explicitly in a topic sentence.

【Summray】

一、Definition (定义)

A sumary is the gist or main theme of a piece of a piece of writing expressed in as few words as possible .it should be clear ,brief,and complete,with all the essential points included.

二、Uses（用途）

①summary writing enables people to get more out of their reading.

②summary writing is also a very good exercise to teach us to express thoughts clearly,concisely and effectively.

③summary writing has great practical value on grasping quikly and accurately what is read or heard.

三、Procedure（步骤）

⑴ reading

⑵ writing

⑶ revision

四、Requirements(要求)

A.we should be sure of the word limit required .

B.we should use our own words to write a summary.

C.we should convey the message fully and clearly.

D. We should write in the logical order of the original passage.

E. Compression (压缩)

五、Ways（方法）

A. Ommit the details 删除细节

B. Reduce the examples 削减例子

C. Refuse repeatness 避免重复

D. Simplify the decription 简化描述

E. Comprise wordy 全面用词

F. Generable words 多用泛词

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6814852494.html,e the shortest transitions 最简洁的过渡词

H.inderect speech 间接引语

【Composition 】

一、Steps in writing a composition

1.planning a composition

( ① putting down all the relevant facts

② thinking of a proper theme and deciding on our purpose

③ re-examing our list of details and outlining )

2.writing the fist draft

3.revising the first draft

4.making the final copy

二、Parts in composition

1. the beginning ——introduction

(Ways of start a composition :start with …

① relevant background material

② the time and place of the event to be described

③ a quotation

④ a question

⑤ a statement

⑥ a figures or statistics

⑦ a definition )

2. the middle ——body

3.the end ——conclusion

三、Types of writing

1.narration 记叙体

2.exposition 说明文

四、Criteria of a good composition (一篇好文章的标准)

A good composition have something interesting and/or important,

and if possible, something new , to say and that this “something”is expressed clearly, accurately, and appropriately. And we must decide on the purpose and audience of our writing and try to adapt the style and language to suit our purpose and audience.

【Outline】

一、Types of outline

1. sentence outline: made up of sentences

2.topic outline：consists of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents( =gerund phrases or infinitive phrases )

二、Rules for writing outlines

If we examine closely the two outline above, we may see that they follow these rules:

（1）if there is a major point marked “Ⅰ”, there must be at least another marked “Ⅱ”;if there is an “a”, there must be a “b”, and so on.

（2）a topic outline is written in noun phrase, and a sentence outline, in sentences. Sentences and phrase are not used together in the same outline. （3）parallel structure are used for the headings of the same rank. Subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order.

（4）the thesis is a complete declarative sentence, usually in the affirmative. It is not a question, a phrase, or a dependent clause, but one sentence which expresses our controlling idea.

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2.learn to describe the different manners between chinese and western customs. 3.learn the proper way to behave in western society. 本授课单元教学重点(main points of teaching)： 1.instruct students to speak and behave properly in western society concerning some important events. 2.analyze the different manners between chinese and western countries. 本授课单元教学难点(difficult points of teaching)： instruct the students to use cultural-related words to describe and compare the proper manners in chinese and western events.教学手段(teaching aids) multimedia (audios, videos, pictures, texts), blackboard. 本授课单元教学步骤及时间分配 (teaching procedures and time allotment)： 1. warming-up activities (about 15 minutes) 1.1 role play: a typical western wedding (about 10 minutes) student are assigned the task in the previous class. they are asked to perform a typical western wedding. useful materials and information should be collected before the class. (about 10 minutes)

大学英语口语课教案

大学英语口语课教案

大学英语口语课教案 【篇一：大学英语口语课程教案】 大学英语口语课程教案 学院：外国语学院 学期：2008-2009学年第一学期 学时18 教材《大学英语基础口语教程第一册》 （let’s talk book 1） 授课教师大学英语口语精品课程组 授课对象2008级普本 上课地点南、北校区、学院路校区 上课时间周一至周五 授课题目（teaching title）： unit 12 foreign customs 授课类型(class type)： lecturing and practice 授课课时安排（teaching periods）： 2 periods 本授课单元教学目标(teaching objectives)： in this unit students are required to:

1.master the basic vocabulary related to western wedding. 2.learn to describe the different manners between chinese and western customs. 3.learn the proper way to behave in western society. 本授课单元教学重点(main points of teaching)： 1.instruct students to speak and behave properly in western society concerning some important events. 2.analyze the different manners between chinese and western countries. 本授课单元教学难点(difficult points of teaching)： instruct the students to use cultural-related words to describe and compare the proper manners in chinese and western events.教学手段(teaching aids) multimedia (audios, videos, pictures, texts), blackboard. 本授课单元教学步骤及时间分配(teaching procedures and time allotment)： 1. warming-up activities (about 15 minutes) 1.1 role play: a typical western wedding (about 10 minutes) student are assigned the task in the previous class. they are asked to perform a typical western wedding. useful materials and information

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Reference for the Classroom Activities a.(U) This is my favorite beer. Or: The Egyptians started to drink beer almost 5.000 years ago. b.(U) My first English teacher stayed in Britain for five years. Or: my first English teacher is bad cook. c.(P) Taking a walk alone or chatting with a friend over the phone can greatly relax your tension. d.(U) China has a large population. Or: Many people in the States like Chinese food. e.(U, P) Learning to speak English and use computer is important for finding a good job in the future. f.(U) Practice like drawing eggs can lay a solid foundation for an artist.

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大学英语口语教程：编织 When I was a little girl, I used to knit all the time. I used to knit jumpers and hats and scarves. I even used to knit little dolls sometimes： Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs for example. 我还是小女孩的时候，经常会一直织东西。我织过套衫，帽子和围巾。我甚至织过小娃娃，举个例子，我以前织过白雪公主和七个小矮人。 When you knit with two needles you can put the thread or the wool around your needles in different ways, so that you get different patterns in the wool. So in this picture for example, you have two different stitches. The one on the left is called "rib stitch" and the one on the right is called pearl stitch. Yesterday I started to knit a scarf for myself. The wool is dark green and it's in rib stitch. Until today I've knitted four balls of wool, but I think I will need ten all together, because it is going to be a very big scarf to help keep me warm this winter. 你用两根针编织的时候，能够用两种方法把线或者毛线绕过毛衣针，这样你就能够织出不同的图案了。以这幅图为例，这件衣服就使用了不同的针法。左边的针法名为罗纹编织，而右边则是珠式编织。昨天我开始为自己织围巾。我选的毛线颜色是深绿色，而我用的针法是罗纹编织。现在我已经织完四球毛线了，不过我想我可能一共需要十球毛线，因为我要织条大围巾，这样我在冬天的时候就能保暖了。

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The place of titles The title or the topic of the essay should be placed in the middle of the first line. （标题书写中应该注意的地方 1.Every word of the title should be capitalized except articles,preositions,coordinating,conjunctions and to in infinitives. 2.But if one of these words is the first or last word of the title, it should be capitalized. 3.The title of a book within the topic should be underlined,and the title of an article should be put between quotation marks引号.） Word division 即单词划分(当一行写到末尾时候，可能出现一个单词写不完的情况，这是需要用到单词划分。) 1．重读闭音节通常在辅音字母后面断开。如，fin ish 2．以辅音字母加le结尾的通常在辅音字母前断开。如，peo ple 3．一个字母不能单独放在行中或行末。 4．以两个字母的后缀结尾的，不能在后缀处划分。如，hand ed，hard en 5．一页的最后一个单词不能被划开，且需写到下一页。 6．合成词应在练此符号出断开。如，broad minded 7．有两个连续相同辅音字母的双音节词，在相同的两个辅音字母中间断开。如，lat ter 8．人名应避免被拆开。如，Dickens 9．容易引起误解的应避免。如，re ally，lay man 10．连续几行的行尾单词划分需要避免。 Capitalization Capitalized words are used mainly in three places: proper names, key words in titles, and the first words of sentences. Punctuation(标点符号)及其用途 (一)The Comma （，）逗号 1.A comma is used to join coordinate clauses, it is put before the conjunction. 2.A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase, including a

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PART III GRAMMAR -ing and -ed forms of verbs Reference for the Classroom Activities 1）That woman who is laughing is my mother. 2）Finally they found the treasure that had been hidden. 3）This is the place that is most frequently reported in the press. 4）The boy who was enchanted stared at the screen, mouth wide open. Now, ask students to summarize the use of the -ing and -ed forms as modifiers Summary 1.The –ing form of a verb is used when the action described by the verb continues to happen or when the relationship between the modified and the verb is active. 2.The –ed form of a verb is used when the action is completed at the time another action occurs or when the relationship between the modified and the verb is passive. Nouns Reference for the Classroom Activities 1）.development of career educators 2）. readjustment of the flight timetable 3）. money problems of high-school art education 4）. country for family vacation 5）. the study of the growth of childhood personality Now, ask students to summarize the rules of using nouns as modifiers. Summary Nouns can be put ahead of another noun as its modifiers in English; but too many nouns clustered can cause ambiguity and misunderstanding. Very often the maximum of nouns as modifiers is two, though s ometimes this number may be exceeded. So the guiding principle for noun modifiers is that they shouldn’t pose too much difficulty to the reader’s comprehension. Adverbs

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《英语写作基础教程》(A Basic Course in Wring)，主编：丁往道、吴冰等，高等教育出版社1998年版。 Chapter 1 Using Proper Words Exercises 1Read the following passages, pick out from them a few common, formal and non-standard words, and say for what purposes these three types of words are used. ―You‘re th‘ Professor here, ain‘t you?‖ says Pa. ―Yes,‖ says Professor Herbert, ―and you are Dave‘s father.‖ ―Yes, ― says Pa, pulling out his gun and laying it on the seat in Professor Herbert‘s office. Professor Herbert‘s eyes got big behind his black-rimmed glasses when he saw Pa‘s gun. Color came into his pale cheeks. ―Jist a few things about this school I want to know,‖ says Pa. ―I‘m tryin‘ to make a scholar out‘n Dave. He‘s the only one out‘n eleven youngins I‘ve sent to high school. Here he comes in late and leaves me all th‘ work to do! He said you‘s all out bug huntin‘ yesterday and broke a cherry tree down. He had to stay two hours after school yesterday and work out money to pay on that cherry tree! Is that right?‖ Jesse Stuart: Split Cherry Tree A child, in growing up, may meet and learn from three different kinds of discipline. The first and most important is what we might call the Discipline of Nature or Reality. When he is trying to do something real, if he does the wrong thing or doesn‘t do the right one, he doesn‘t get the result he wants. If he doesn‘t pile one block right on top of another, or tries to build on a slanting surface, his tower falls down. If he hits the wrong key, he hears the wrong note. If he doesn‘t hit the nail squarely on the head, it bends, and he has to pull it out and start with another. If he doesn‘t measure properly what he is trying to build, it won‘t open, close, fit, stand up, fly, float, whistle, or do whatever he wants it to do. If he closes his eyes when he sw ings, he doesn‘t hit the ball. A child meets this kind of discipline every time he tries to do something, which is why it is so important in school to give children more chances to do things, instead of just reading or listening to someone talk (or pretending to). This discipline is a great teacher. The learner never has to wait long for his answer; it usually comes quickly, often instantly. Also it is clear, and very often points toward the needed correction; from what happened he can not only see that what he did was wrong, but also why, and what he needs to do instead. Finally, and most important, the giver of the answer, call it Nature, is impersonal, impartial, and indifferent. She does not give opinions, or make judgments; she cannot be wheedled, bullied, or fooled; she does not get angry or disappointed; she does not praise or blame; she does not remember past failures or hold grudges; with her one always gets a fresh start, this time is the one that counts. John Holt: Kinds of Discipline The postwar era witnessed the birth of perhaps the most powerful medium of mass communication in history: television. Experiments in broadcasting pictures (along with sound) over the airwaves had begun as early as the 1920s, but commercial television did not come into existence until shortly after World War II. It experienced a phenomenally rapid growth. In 1946, there were only 17 000 sets in the entire country [the United States]; by 1953, two thirds of all American homes had television sets; and by 1957, there were 40 million television sets in use — almost as many sets as there were families. More people had television sets, according to one report, than had refrigerators.... The impact of television on American life was rapid, pervasive, and profound. Televi-sion news had by the end of the 1 950s replaced newspapers, magazines and radios as the nation‘s most important vehicle