机械工程专业英语 面试翻译复习资料

机械工程专业英语第一课

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

一、专业英语概述

1. 什么是翻译：

翻译就是将一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。

机械工程英语翻译就是将机械工程学科的英语原著由原作语言(source language)用译文语言(target language)忠实、准确、严谨、通顺、完整地再现出来，使人们能够借助汉语译文准确无误地了解英语机械工程著作所阐述的工程技术内容和科学理论。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

2. 翻译例句

例1. Control Center, Smoking Free.

例2. The tolerance should not be so big.

例3. A dog driver stop the rotation of the wheel. 例4. Connect the black pigtail with the

dog-house.

例5. The importance of computer in the use of manufacturing can not be overestimated.

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

例1. Control Center, Smoking Free.

错误译法：控制中心，吸烟自由。

正确译法：控制中心，严禁吸烟。

例2. The tolerance should not be so big.

a. 此公差不应给这么大。（机械学）

b. 忍耐力不会有这么大。(关于人体的耐受性)

c. 抗毒性不会有这么强。（医学）

例3. A dog driver stop the rotation of the wheel. 错误译法：狗驾驶员使轮子停转。

专业译法：止动器使轮子停止旋转。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

例 4. Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house.

错误译法：把黑色的猪尾巴系在狗窝上。

专业译法：将黑色的引出线接在高频高压电源屏罩上。

例5. The importance of computer in the use of manufacturing can not be overestimated.

错误译法：计算机在制造业应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。

正确译法：计算机在制造业应用上的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

3.专业英语与基础英语的不同：

首先，专业英语在词义上具有不同于基础英语的特点和含义。掌握专业词汇是学好专业英语的基础，专业词汇的含义和上下文有关，因此查阅专业书籍的Index并参照课文确定词意是学习和掌握专业词汇的有效方法。

其次，英语科技文章在结构上也具有很多自身的特点，如长句多，被动语态多，大量的名词化结构等，这都给对英文原文的理解和翻译带来了基础英语中很难解决的困难。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

再者，专业英语对听说读写译的侧重点不同，其主要要求在于“读”和“译”，也就是通过大量的阅读对外文资料进行正确的理解和翻译，在读和译的基础上，对听、说、写进行必要的训练。

此外，专业外文资料由于涉及科技内容而往往极为复杂难以理解，加之这类文章的篇幅通常很长，所以只有经过一定的专业外语训练，才能完成从基础英语到专业英语的过渡，达到英语学以致用的最终目的。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

作为工程技术人员，阅读专业英语文献的目的是理解掌握文献所叙述的理论或方法，以便在科研或生产实践中实施这些理论方法，或是进一步发展改进这些理论方法。

为了达到这些目的，首先要准确地理解原文。另一方面科技文献的写作特点是严谨，简洁。在论述理论和方法时一般都只给出重要的步骤。对有关的基础知识一般不详细阐述，也不给出公式的详细推导过程。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

读者往往需要通过认真地思索才能俯所述的关键问题。因此专业英语阅读与普通英语的快速阅读

方法也有所不同，专业英语阅读要把准确理解放在首位，在准确理解的基础上提高阅

读速度。和其他的英语能力一样，专业英语阅读能力，需要通过长期的实践才能获得，不可能一蹴而就，多读多练是提高专业英语阅读能力的最有效的方法。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

4.学习专业英语翻译技巧与方法的主要内容：(1.介绍和掌握单词与词组的?°对应关系?±?The tube is second to none.

这个管子不亚于任何管子。（首屈一指）?Monel metal is resistant to both fresh and salt water corrosion.

莫耐尔合金能耐淡水和盐水的腐蚀。

(2. 学习普通词汇的专业化译法，避免说“外行话”。

?Heat-treatment is used to normalize, to soften or to harden steels.

直译：热处理用来使钢正常化、软化或硬化。

正译：热处理可用来对钢正火、退火或淬火。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

(3.学习改变原文的词类和句子成分的规律，使译文通顺。

?Scientific evidence must be gathered in such a way, that other scientists can be sure of its accuracy.

直译：科学的论证必须以这样一种方法收集，因而别的科学家能确信它的精确性。

正译：在收集科学的论证时，应能使别的科学家确信其精确性。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

(4.学习一些较为特殊的词法和句法，介绍一些值得注意的容易译错甚至完全译反的语法现象，避免一些错译。?Everyone cannot do this test.

错译：每一个人都不能做这个实验。

正译：并非每一个人都会做这一实验。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

5. 翻译的标准

由于机械工程著作所叙述的内容涉及自然规律的技术概念，具有科学性、严密性等特点、因此，对于机械工程英语著作的翻译质量，人们普遍认为应以“准确”、“简练” “通顺”、这三个方面作为衡量标准。也就是所谓：ABC标准。准确－accuracy；简练－brevity；通顺－clarity

准确：译文要忠实于机械工程英语原著，准确、明白表达原著内容。

简练：译文语言必须力求简洁、精练。

通顺：译文必须符合汉语修辞规则和习惯。

机械工程专业英语概述

English in Mechanical Engineering

6.机械工程专业翻译应具备的能力：

作为机械工程专业领域的翻译，必须具备以下能力：

1) 具有较好的英语基础；

2) 较高的汉语修养；

3) 较为丰富的机械工程专业知识；

4) 懂得翻译的理论、技巧和方法。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1

The branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i. e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.

Forces are transmitted into machine members through mating surfaces, e. g., from a gear to a shaft or from one gear through meshing teeth to another gear, from a V belt to a pulley, or from a cam to a follower.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

deal with 涉及，论及，与……打交道

1. The physical and chemical properties of the stainless steel are dealt with in this article.

本文论及了不锈钢材料的物理化学性质。

be made up of 由……组成 / 构成(整体由部分组成)

1. Cast-iron is made up of about six different substances.

铸铁大约由六种不同的物质组成。

be composed of / consist of

1.The machine is composed of several different parts.

这台机器由几种不同的部件组成。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

constitute 构成，组成（部分组成整体）

1. Ferrite and carbon constitute the mild steel.

铁素体和碳组成低碳钢。

be transmitted into / to…through把…通过…传递给…

1. The piston movement is transmitted into / to the wheels through a crankshaft.

活塞的运动通过曲轴传递给轮子。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1

It is necessary to know the magnitudes of these forces for a variety of reasons. The distribution of the forces at the boundaries or mating surfaces must be reasonable, and their intensities must be within the working limits of the materials composing the surfaces.For example, if the force operating on a journal bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating, and rapid failure of the bearing. If the forces between gear teeth are too large, the oil film may be squeezed out from between them. This could result in flaking and spalling of the metal, noise, rough motion, and eventual failure.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

distribute 分布，分配，供给

1. The heat is distributed evenly throughout the material.

热量在整个材料内部均匀分布。

distributed bending moment 分布弯矩distributor 配电器

distributed load 分布载荷 distributed mass 分布质量

be reasonable 合理，合适

1. The distribution of loads over the foundations must be reasonable. 负载在地基上的分布必须合理。

a reasonable moment, 大小合适的力矩

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

operate on 作用在…上 ( work on, place on, act on)

1. The moment operating / working / placing /acting on the rotation axis is 20 N-M.

作用在旋转轴上的力矩为20牛-米

result in 导致,引起,产生 …… (结果)

（lead to, bring on, conduce to,）

1. Standardizing the size of the blades result in / lead to / bring on / conduce to/ production costs being lowered.

叶片尺寸的标准化，能使(导致)生产成本不断降低。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1

In the study of mechanics we are principally interested in determining the magnitude, direction, and location of the forces.

Some of the terms used in this phase of our studies are defined below.

Force Our earliest ideas concerning forces arose because of our desire to push, lift, or pull various objects. So force is the action of one body acting on another. Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

define 给…下定义，规定，界定，解释，

1. The boundary conditions should be defined before the electron optics computation.

在进行电子光学计算之前，必须先界定边界条件。

2. The property of this new material is defined in the description.

说明书中解释了这种新材料的特性。

concern 与…有关系，关心，concerning 关于

1. We are very much concern about the property of this new material. 我们非常关心这种新材料的性能。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

act on 作用于… action 作用，reaction 反作用

1. A force which acts on an object is opposed by an equal and opposite reaction.

作用于物体上的力会受到大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。

Include 包括，把…包括在内；(反意词:exclude )

1.The mild steel includes the constituents of ferrite and carbon.

低碳钢包括了铁素体和碳的成分。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

characteristic 特性,特征;characterize 具有…特性

1. Many motors do have a nearly constant torque-speed characteristic during starting.

许多电动机在启动时的扭矩转速特性几乎不变。

2. Many motors are characterized by its constant torque-speed characteristic during starting.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Basic Concepts in Mechanics 1

Matter is any material or substance; if it is completely enclosed, it is called a body.

Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter that a body or an object contains. The mass of the body is not dependent on gravity and therefore is different from but proportional to its weight. Thus, a moon rock has a certain constant amount of substance, even though its moon weight is different from its earth weight. This constant amount of substance, or quantity of matter, is called the mass of the rock.

Inertia is the property of mass that causes it to resist any effort to change its motion.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

measure 度量，尺寸，措施，测量，量具?All the necessary measures should be taken for the safety in this important experiment.

需采取一切必要的措施保证这次重要实验中的安全。

2. The measures including micrometer, calipers, depth gauge etc.

量具包括千分尺、卡尺、深度尺等。

3. The inch measures length.

英寸是长度的测量单位。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

be dependent on 依靠,依赖，取决于, 与…有关1. The behavior of the entire machine is dependent on the design of the cam motion.

整台机器的特性都取决于凸轮运动的设计。2. The steel will be mild or hard depending on the proportion of carbon it contains.

钢的软硬与它所含碳的比例有关。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之一

Words Learning

property 特性，性质，所有权characteristic / performance / behavior 特性，性质

1. Tolerances cover dimensional variation and surface-roughness range and also the variation in mechanical properties from heat treatment and other processing operations.

公差这个概念既包括尺寸偏差范围和表面粗糙度范围，也包括由热处理和其它处理操作所引起的机械特性的变化。

2. System calculations is often used in designing cam and follower mechanisms and in analyzing their performance.

系统计算法常常用于设计凸轮和从动件机构以及分析其特性。

机械工程专业英语作业一

English in Mechanical Engineering (home work 1)

一、将下列中文翻译为英文：

作为机械工程专业领域的翻译，必须具备以下能力：

1、具有较好的英语基础；

2、较高的汉语修养；

3、较为丰富的机械工程专业知识；

4、懂得翻译的理论、技巧和方法。

二、阅读课文2并翻译第一段

机械工程专业英语第二课

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

要提高译文的质量，使译文达到“准确”、“简练”、“通顺”这三个标准，就必须学习翻译技巧。翻

译的技巧就是在翻译过程中用词造句的处理方法。

如词的选择、词义的引伸、增词、减词、转换词

类、改变句子结构、变更词序和改换译法等。

一、词义的选择

词义的选择实际就是英语词在特定句子中的

词义的判断和确定。词在特定句子中的确切含义，

在很大程度上取决于上下文。也就是说，词的含义

必须根据词在句子中的作用．词的搭配习惯以及词

的应用场合予以判断和确定。一般可从下列几个方

面去判断。

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

1、根据词类判断词义

英语中，有些词用作不同的词类时，其词义有

时是不相同的。因此我们可根据词类来确定词义。

z Every metal part is of great importance to machines.

每一个金属部件对机器都是很重要的。(n)

z Aluminum machines faster than other metals.

铝加工起来比其它金属快。(v)

z icroprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars.

微机检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。(v)

z The patient was connected to a television wave monitor.

病人的情况曾通过波形监视器监视。 (n)

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

2、根据上下文选择词义

严格说来，孤立的一个词很难确定它是什么意思，因为同一个词在不同的场合可能具有不同的意义，因此有些词必须根据上下文来确定其词义。

z The country’s industry has developed quickly in the last decade.

过去十年里，我国工业迅猛发展。

z To develop the instrument, many experts were invited.

在研制这种仪器时请了许多专家。z The function of the engine is to develop the necessary power.

发动机的功用就是产生所需要的动力。

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

z This cooling system failed. 这个冷却系统失效了. z Newton’s laws fail to describe the motion of electrons in atoms.

牛顿的一些定律未能阐述电子在原子里的运动。z If the beam fails, the top layers of the supports will be crushed and the bottom layers torn.

如果桥梁垮断，则支柱的上面几层会压垮，而

下面会破裂。

z Few metals occur free.

金属呈游离状态的很少。

z One of the parts worked free.

有一个部件松了。

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

3、根据专业内容选择词义

英语中，同一个词在不同的专业中往往具有不同的词义。因此，在判断英语词的词义时，必须考虑到英语著作阐述的内容所涉及的概念属于哪个学科、哪个专业的。

例：power

power brake 自动制动器 power stroke 工作行程power shaft 传动轴 rated power 额定功率power source 电源 power fuel 发动机燃料power tool 电动工具 power feed 自动进给power unit 动力头;功率单位 power country 大国

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

z Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

z To drive machines requires power.

开动机器需要动力。

z The power of such a battery is therefore about 30 watts.

因而这种电池的功率约为三十瓦。

z China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers.

尽管中国被看作是核大国之一，但中国决不会

首先使用核武器。

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

z We have finished repairing that pump.

我们已经结束了对水泵的修理。

z These workpieces must be finished on a grinder.

这些工件必须在磨床上精加工。

z These methods convert raw plastic into finished products.

这些方法均可把塑料原料变为成品。

z The stock market crash finished many speculators.

股票市场暴跌使许多投机者破产

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

4、根据搭配选择词义

1)形容词与名词的搭配：一个形容词与不同的名词

搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，可根据与

其搭配的名词来确定形容词的词义。

例：physical: 物质的，物理的，体力的，实际的… physical change ；physical circuit ;physical science

物理变化 实际电路自然科学physical constant; physical contact; physical design

物理常数 直接接触 机械的结构设计physical exercise; physical construction;

体育活动、体操机械结构

physical address

实际地址

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

z Everything in our physical world is continually changing.

我们的物质世界的一切都在不断地变化着。

z A cutaway view showing the physical relationship of these elements is shown in Fig. 2.

表示这些部件的实际关系的剖视图表示于图2

中。

z Relations between physical quantities are usually given in the form of equations.

物理量之间的关系通常用公式表示。

z The job of an engineer is to take knowledge and make physical use of it.

工程师的工作是掌握知识并加以实际的应用。翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

2）动词与名词的搭配：

一个动词与不同的名词搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，要根据名词来确定动词的词义。例：make:做，制造……

make a recording make readings make a circuit 录音 取读数 构成电路,接通电路make a calculation make n turns make a change 进行计算 转ｎ圈 改变

make measurements

进行）测量

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

z This makes a close circuit.

这就构成了一个闭合电路。

z They often make innovations in old machines and equipment.

他们经常对旧机器和旧设备进行革新。

z Scales can also be used to make calculations.

天平也可用来进行计算。

z When your flashlight stops making enough light, what do you do with it?

当你的手电筒不能发出足够亮的光时，你该怎

么办呢？

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

3) 动词与介词（或副词）的搭配：一个动词与不同的介词（或副词）搭配，就具有不同的词义。因此，可根据动词后面的介词（或副词）来确定该动词短语的词义。

例：turn 转动，旋转……

turn on turn off turn up turn over

打开 关闭 举起，占有， 翻转

turn into turn over turn out turn to 把…转化为 接收 生产 变成，转向

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的选择

Skills of Translation –acceptation selection

z Don’t turn off the lamp.

请不要关灯。

z When you turn on the switch, the circuit closes.

当你打开开关时，电路就闭合。

z When heated, water turns into steam.

水受热时变为蒸汽。

z This factory turned out a large horizontal boring mill in 1979.

这家工厂在1979年生产了一种大型卧式镗铣床。

z Please turn to page 5. 请翻到第五页。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2

Weight is the force with which a body is attracted to the earth or another celestial body, equal to the product of the object's mass and the acceleration.

Particle A particle is a body whose dimensions are so small that they may be neglected.

Rigid Body All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by force． When the deformation of such bodies is small，they are frequently assumed to be rigid．i.e., incapable of deformation，in order to simplify the analysis．

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning

be attracted to 吸引，有吸引力，引起注意

z Magnetic poles are attracted to their opposites.

正反磁极互相吸引

product 乘积, 产品，产物

z Most of this kind of industrial products are sold abroad.

这种工业产品大部分销往国外。

finished products 成品，

product accumulator 乘积累加器，

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning

be neglected 忽视，忽略 (ignore , disregard) negligible 微不足道

z The losses due to leakage past the pistons can be neglected ( ignored / disregarded ) since they are

negligible.

由活塞漏气造成的损耗可以忽略不计，因为这

些损耗是微不足道的

deform 变形（deformation）

z There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force.

在力的作用下，没有一种材料不或多或少产生

一定的变形。机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2

assume 假定，假设 , 假如（suppose, if）( assumption)

z It is assumed that the gas temperature in the cylinder is constant.

假定气缸中气体的温度不变。

z Suppose / if that “V” is the velocity of the steam, then R is its relative velocity.

假如“V”是蒸气的速度，则“R”就是它的相对速

度。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2

Deformable Body the rigid-body assumption cannot be used when internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces are to be analyzed． Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming．Such analysis is frequently called elastic-body analysis，using the additional assumption that the body remains elastic within the range of the applied forces．

Newton's Laws Newton's three 1aws are：Law 1 If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced，the particle with either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity．

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning

due to 由于，应归于，因为（作为复合介词用）

z The metal rod is bended due to the force action.

由于力的作用，金属杆弯曲了。

表示原因的的词或词组还有：

Because (语气最强，表示直接的原因)

since (语气稍弱，表示已知的原因)

as (语气更弱，表示明显的原因)

In view of / on account of / owing to / seeing that /表示“由于”

起连词作用。上述词或词组引出原因状语从句。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning

z Since the compensating jet is larger, it can supply more petrol.

由于补偿喷嘴较大，它能供给较多的汽油。

be analyzed 分析，解析

z The main experimental problems are also analyzed with the method of ultra-low-frequency

measurements.

用这种超低频测量方法分析了主要的实验问

题。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning

remain 保持, 保留, 剩余 ( retain , keep)

z Permanent magnets are capable of remaining their magnetism indefinitely.

永久磁铁能够永久保留磁性。

balance 平衡，衡量

z The balance of nature is upsetted through the use of insecticides.

由于杀虫剂的使用破坏了自然界的平衡。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2

Law 2 If the forces acting on a particle are not balanced，the particle will experience an acceleration proportional to the resultant force and in the direction of the resultant force．

Law 3 When two particles react，a pair of interacting forces come into existence；these forces have the same magnitudes and opposite senses，and they act along the straight line common to the two particles．

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning

experience 经历,体验,经验 (n. vt)

experiment 试验 (n. vi)

z Newton carried out several experiences on light and color. (错)

z Newton carried out several experiments on light and color.(对)

牛顿做过一些关于光和颜色的实验。

z Try some of this perfume, as an experiment.

用点这种香水，作为一种试验吧。

z Try some of this perfume, as an experience.

体验一下这种香水吧。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning 几种用法：

experience happiness 体验幸福；

suffer a loss 受到损失；

sustained an injury 遭到伤害；tasted freedom 领略自由；

has undergone a religious conversion 经历一次宗教信仰的转变

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning

be proportional to 成比例

z The linear speed of rotation of a pulley is proportional to its diameter.

皮带轮旋转的线速度和它的直径成正比。

be directly proportional to 成正比

z The power of an engine is directly proportional to the area of cross-section of the cylinder.

发动机的功率和气缸横断面的面积成正比。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning

be inversely proportional to 成反比

z The insulation resistance of a cable is inversely proportional to its length.

电缆的绝缘电阻与它的长度成反比。

common 共同的，公共的，公有的

z Our common problems can be solved by these methods.

用这些方法可以解决我们共同的问题。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2

Mechanics deals with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二

Words Learning

associate 使发生联系，使联合，与…有关 ( 相关词汇deal with, involve )

z Detonation in a cylinder is associated with

accelerated flame speeds.

气缸中的爆燃与火焰速度加快有关。dissociate 使分离，分裂

z Some molecules dissociate into simpler molecules when they are heated.

有些分子受热时便分离为较简单的分子。possess 具有，掌握，支配

z This new material possess the property of super conduction.

这种新材料具有超导性

机械工程专业英语第三课

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

二、词义的引伸

当英语句子中的某个词按词典的释义直接译出不能符合汉语的修辞习惯或语言规范时，则可以在不脱离该英语词本义的前提下灵活选择恰当的汉语词或词组译出。这种翻译处理方法叫做引伸译法。引伸的目的在于避免由于直译而造成的生硬或离意。引伸的词义应该在意义上与原基本词义相关联，避免歪曲原意。

1. 使基本词义专业化：在专业性文章中，某些生活常用基本词汇已含有专业概念，可根据专业而引伸出词义。

- The independent chuck has four jaws, while the universal chuck has only three.

分动卡盘有四个爪，而万能卡盘只有三个。

independent 独立的－引伸为专业词义分动的翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

- The power dissipated by the filament literally boils electrons from the surface of the filament.

灯丝所消耗的功率完全用于从灯丝表面发射电子。

（literally –确实地、简直是，引伸为-完全；boil-沸腾, 引伸为-发射）

- This load is resisted by the tangential stress acting uniformly over the stressed area.

这个载荷由切向应力所平衡，而切向应力则均匀分布在应力作用面积上。

（resist- 抵抗，反抗，阻止，引伸为-平衡）

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

2. 使基本词义明确化：当基本词义在该句中意义含糊或比较费解时，应使其明确化。这时可采用解释性语言。

- Bronze was a better material for many purposes than either of the two metals that composed it.

在许多用途方面，青铜要比构成青铜的锡和铜更好。

（将 “two metals” 明确译为“锡和铜”）

- Note, therefore, that when we calibrate the scale to read in ohms, these calibrations go backward.

因此要注意，当我们把刻度刻成欧姆读数时，这些刻度是从大到小的。

(these calibrations go backward 若译为“这些刻度是向后的”, 就令人费解了。因此backward 在句中应引伸为“从大到小”) 翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

3. 使基本词义具体化：英语中有的词意思很笼统，很概括。例如：“good”表示“好”，用得极其广泛，但具体“好”在哪里呢？我们应根据具体情况翻译，使语意更加清晰。

- A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.

电变为动力的典型例子是电车。

- Rivers provide good sources of hydro-power.

河流提供丰富的水力资源。

- The workers gave the machine a good checking.

工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查。

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

- It has long been thought of making good use of the sun’s energy to serve the human being.

人们早就设想过充分利用太阳能来为人类造福。

- Good switches move quickly.

优质开关通断灵活。

- Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases. 激光有许多显著的特性，这些特性使它在许多情况下成为一种更理想的光源。

- That engine sounds good.

那台发动机听起来很正常。

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

- A good translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.

一个熟练的翻译人员一天也许能译两千到三千个词。- The tungsten shines and gives a good light.

钨丝发亮而发射出耀眼的光芒。

- Engineers try to reduce friction as much as possible by good design.

工程师们试图通过完美的设计来尽可能地减少摩擦。- The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green.

我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

4. 使基本词意抽象化：英语中，有的词意思很具体，但在某些场合，它已经失去原来的具体词义而表示较抽象较笼统的意思，或者被借用来表示另一方面的意思。

- At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.

目前，煤是蒸汽动力厂的最常用的能源。

- An electric power station is a factory in which energy

is converted from one form or another into electrical energy.

电站是把一种能或另一种能转变成电能的地方。

-The character of these people is a mixture of the tiger and ape.

这些人的性格既残暴，又狡猾。

- Everyone has rain and sunshine in their life.

每个人的生活中都有甜有苦。

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

5. 名词的引伸

- Very often a machine is made in different pieces.

一台机器通常由许多不同的零件组成。（块、片、个）

- Obviously there is much room for improvement in the design.

显然，设计还大有改进的余地。（许多地方）

6. 动词的引伸

- From the district substations the cables run under the pavements to each house and shop.

电缆从区域变电站沿人行道下方铺设至每栋房屋和商店。（跑）

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

- The workpiece is chucked quickly, because the three jaws move in together. （向内运动）

工件迅速卡紧，因为三爪同时收拢。

7. 形容词的引伸

- Atoms are much too small to be seen even through the most powerful microscope. （最强的、最大功率的）

甚至通过最高放大倍数的显微镜，原子也小得看不见。

- One of the remarkable things about it is that the electromagnetic waves can move through great distance.

这里，引人注目的一点是，电磁波可以传播到很远的地方去。（卓越的；大的）

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

8. 副词的引伸

- People who work a great deal with electricity are continually dealing with the measurement of electricity in watts.

成天同电打交道的人们经常用瓦特(单位)来测量电。

- The thicker the wire, the more freely it will carry current.

导线越粗，导电就越容易。9. 词组的引伸

- This current which flows first in one direction and then in the other is called an alternating current.

方向交替变化的电流叫做交流电。

翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸

Skills of Translation –acceptation development

-We see that the surface is covered with tiny hills and valleys.

我们看到该表面布满了微小的凸凹不平之处。(丘陵和溪谷)

- The primary and secondary windings are placed one over the other on the center arm of the core.

初级线圈和次级线圈互相重叠地绕在铁芯的中央臂上。（一个在另一个之上）

- Semiconductors are materials that lie midway between insulators and conductors in their ability to pass an electric current.

半导体是一种其通过电流的能力介于绝缘体和导体之间的材料。（lie midway 躺在半路上）

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Fasteners and Springs 1

Fasteners are devices which permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs. The acceptability of any product depends not only on the selected components, but also on the means by which they are fastened together. The principal purposes of fasteners are to provide the following design features:

(1) Disassembly for inspection and repair;

(2) Modular design where a product consists of a number of subassemblies. Modular design aids manufacturing as well as transportation.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Words Learning

Fasten （ Fastener）

1.普通词义：集中，系紧, (扣件,钮扣)

All eyes fastened on the speaker.所有的眼光都集中在演讲者身上

Belt fastener 皮带扣, paper fastener 书钉

2.专业词义：紧固，栓紧（紧固件,）

The bolt, nut, cotter pin and rivet are all common fastener.

螺栓、螺母、开口销及铆钉都是常用紧固件。

spring fastener 弹簧扣, clamp fastener 夹持器acceptability 可接受性, 合格, 满意(度)

The acceptability of a new machine lies on its function and easy operation.

新机器的可接受性取决于它的功能和可操作性。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Words Learning

component

1. 普通词义：成分，要素，组成的

Please analyse the component parts of this sentence.

请分析这个句子的成分。

2. 专业词义：零件，部件，元件

This factory supply components for the car industry.

这个工厂为汽车制造业提供零件。

Faulty of control system caused by the failure of a electronic component.

控制系统故障是由于一个电子元件失效引起。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Words Learning

assembly

1. 普通词义：集会，集合

The national assembly have met to discuss the crisis. 国民大会已对这一危机进行了讨论。

２. 专业词义：装配，安装，装置

Each component is carefully checked before assembly.

每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。disassembly 拆卸，拆除，分解，解体

For repairing the transmission system we have to make disassembly to some parts of the lathe .

要对这台车床传动系统进行维修，必须拆卸某些部件。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Words Learning

modular 组合的，模块化的，组件化的

Modular machine is the modern way of machine design.

标准化组合机床是机床设计的新模式。manufacture 制造，加工，制造业，产品

Most car components are manufactured by standardization manufactory.

大部分汽车零件是由标准化生产厂制造的。

To develop manufactures to the utmost, China must have new markets for her products.

中国若要最大限度地发展制造业就必须拥有销售其产品的新市场。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Fasteners and Springs 1

There are three main classifications of fasteners, which are described as follows:

(1) Removable. This type permits the parts to be readily disconnected without damaging the fastener. An example is the ordinary nut-and-bolt fastener. (2) Semipermanent. For this-type, the parts can be disconnected, but some damage usually occurs to the fastener. One such example is a cotter pin.

(3) Permanent. When this type of fastener is used, it is intended that the parts will never be disassembled. Examples are riveted and welded joints.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Words Learning

classification 分类,分级

The classification of machine tool can be based on its function.

机床可按其功能进行分类。

classification of fits security classification

配合类别安全保密级别，密级

describe 描写，描述，阐述，沿着……画，Performance and measuring method of the material are briefly described in the paper.

本文简述了该材料的性能与测量方法。

He describe a circle with a compass.

他用圆规画一个圆。

removable 1. 普通词义:可移动的,可更换的 2.专业词义:可拆卸的

Taper pin is classified as removable component.

锥销属可拆卸零件类。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Fasteners and Springs 1

The following factors should be taken into account when selecting fasteners for a given application:

(1) Primary function;

(2) Appearance;

(3) A large number of small size fasteners versus a small number of large size fasteners (an example is bolts); (4) Operating conditions such as vibration, loads and temperature;

(5) Frequency of disassembly;

(6) Adjustability in the location of parts;

(7) Types of materials to be joined;

(8) Consequences of failure or loosening of the fastener. 机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Words Learning

take into account 重视, 考虑

Security should be taken into account during experiment.

实验期间必须重视安全问题。

given application 特定的应用，指定的应用

This equation can only be used in a given application.

这个公式只能用于指定的应用情况。

operating condition 工作条件，工件环境

Operating condition should be improved for grinding works.

应为磨削工人们改善工作环境。

consequences 结果，后果，影响

A machine without proper oil will cause failure consequences

operating conditions, consequences, failure 不对机器进行润滑保养会导致各种故障。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Fasteners and Springs 1

The importance of fasteners can be realized when

referring to any complex product. In the case of the

automobile, there are literally thousands of parts

which are fastened together to produce the total

product. The failure or loosening of a single fastener

could result in a

simple nuisance such as a door rattle or in a serious

situation such as a wheel coming off. Such

possibilities must be taken into account in the

selection of the type of fastener for the specific

application.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Words Learning

realize 认识到，了解，实现，达到

The engineers realized that force analysis is very

important before making a mechanical design.

工程师们认识到在进行机构设计前作受力分析是

很重要的。

The plan of machining 200 workpieces a day was

realized.

已经实现了每天加工200个零件的计划。

failure 1.普通词义:失败,不成功 2.专业词义:故障,

失效,失灵,损坏

Failure is the mother of success. （=Failure

teaches success.）

失败是成功之母。

Bearing failure caused by lack of oil.

润滑油不足导致轴承损坏。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三

Words Learning

nuisance 令人讨厌的事（人），麻烦事，障碍，损

害

The loud noise of that failure machine was a

nuisance to the whole workshop.

那台出故障的机器产生那么大的噪声让整个车间

都厌烦。

selection 选择，挑选

Components filter selection is so important that it is

the determinant of whole machine property.

零部件的筛选十分重要，它决定了整台设备性能

的好坏．

机械工程专业英语作业二

English in Mechanical Engineering (home work ２)

1. 英文造句，将下列单词分别用到所造的句子中：

components, assembly, modular, manufacture,

describe, removable, take into account , selection,

4机械工程专业英语第四课

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words

三、增词与减词

（一）增词译法:在对英文进行翻译时，若按字面翻译，句子的结构不完善，或句子的含义不明确，或词汇的概念不清晰时，需要增

加某些词语，以便更完善、清楚地表达英语句子的内容。例：

Efficiency costs money, safety adds complexity, performance

increases weight.

直译：效率花费金钱，安全增加复杂性，性能增加重量。

增词译法：对设备(或器件)来说，要提高效率就要增加成本，要想保证安全势必要增加其复杂程度，而要改善性能就要增加其重量。

1. 增加表示时态的概念的词

英语中表达时态的词往往是没有词义的，翻译时必须用一些中文词将其表达出来：

Balloons were (and are) usually filled with hydrogen.

气球过去（和现在）一般都用氢气来充气。

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words

We can learn what we did not know.

我们能够学会我们原来不懂的东西。（过去时）The generator set will start working tomorrow.

这台发电机组将于明天开始运行。（将来时）

An object is said to possess kinetic energy if it if moving.

如果一个物体在运动，就可以说它有了动能。（进行时）

We have learned how to fit the computer.

我们已经学会了怎样安装电脑。（完成时）Reamers are used to finish drilled holes.

绞刀用来将已经钻好了的孔进行精加工。(过去分词表示“完成”的状态)

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words

2. 补充原文省略的词

英语中常根据语法或语言习惯省略某些词语，如重复出现时，省去形容词修饰的名词，用do代替实义动词，在省略句中，省去连

词、主语、谓语动词或其它成分等：

In figure 5, P is the resistance, S the distance and C the effort.

在图5中，P是阻力，S是距离，C是作用力。

All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms. 所有物体均由分子组成，而分子由原子组成。(补译出 these 后面省略的molecules consist)

The changes in matter around us are of two types, physical andchemical.

我们周围的物质变化有两种，物理变化与化学变化。When pure, water is a colorless liquid.

水纯时,水是无色的液体。

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words

3. 补充表示数的概念的词语

一般来说，表示单数的不定冠词a和名词的复数形式是不必译出的。但在某些情况下，必须补足具体的表示数量的词。

Hydrogen atom consists of an electron and a proton.

氢原子由一个电子和一个质子构成。

(此处的数词a 表示具体的实际数量)

The bottom part of the hanging wire is placed between the poles of a small horseshoe magnet.

悬挂着的导线下端放在一个小型马蹄形磁铁的两个磁极之间。

We can stop this trouble if we use a special rod.

如果我们用某种特制的杆，就能解决这个问题。Some typical fabrication methods are shown in Fig.11-36.

若干种典型的组装方法如图11-36 所示。

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words 在应当表示名词的复数概念时，要根据上下文判断其复数是“二”还是“几个”。要善于选择适当的量词。

Metals can be classified as pure metals and alloys.

金属可分为纯金属与合金两类。

Since its formation the earth has been undergoing changes.

地球自形成以来，一直经历着各种变化。

Chromium improves the properties of steel.

铬可改进钢的各种性能。

The air is made up of mixture of gases.

空气是由多种气体混合而成的气体。

We saw bubbles rising from under the water.

我们看到一个个水泡从水下升起。

The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.

频率、波长与声速三者密切相关。

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words

4. 补充句子成分：英译汉时，有时所有的词汇都相应地译出后，汉语句子的结构显得不完整。这时，应补充缺少的句子成分。

It has long been known that electricity is a form of energy.

我们早就知道电是能的一种形式。（补充主语）

An exact solution demands much calculation.

一个精确的解答要求进行很多次计算。（补充谓语）

When the wire stops moving, the current stops.

当导线停止移动时，则电流就停止流动。（补充宾语）

Fuses are cheap, other equipment is much more expensive.

保险丝很便宜，但其它保险设备却昂贵得多。（补充定语）

Why do satellites stay in orbit? Why don’t they shoot off intoouter space?

为什么卫星会留在轨道上运行？它们为什么不会飞出轨道而进入外层空间呢？（补充状语）

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words

5. 补充解释性词语：

当按照英语句子逐词翻译不能清楚、明确表达原句概念时，可补充解释性词语进行解释说明。The following discussion assumes the teeth to be perfectly formed, perfectly smooth, and absolutely rigid.

下面的讨论中假定轮齿加工没有误差，轮齿表面完全光滑，轮齿为绝对刚体。

You can also purify water by boiling it and condensing the steam which you have collected.

你也可把水煮沸,将收集到的蒸汽凝结,用这样的方法来提取纯水。

The angle β shown in the figure is the angle between plane PQ and a horizontal plane.

图中所示的β角为PQ 平面和水平面之间的夹角

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words

6. 补充语气连贯性词语：

The reliability of semiconductor devices is very important, especially in space applications.

半导体器件的可靠性至关重要, 特别是在空间技术应用中尤其如此。

Take the case of the hydrogen atom. It has only one electron in the shell. How many electrons more are needed to complete this shell? The answer is one.

以氢原子为例，它的壳层中仅有一个电子，还需要加几个电子来补满这个壳层呢？回答是：还需要一个。

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words （二）减词译法

有时在英语句子必不可少的词，在汉语中有时是可有可无，甚至是多余的。这时，汉译时必须省译。英语中的介词、连接词、代词、冠词等在汉译时也常常省译。

Now that we are all here, we begin to make our experiment at once.

直译：既然我们都到齐了，我们立刻开始我们的实验。正译：都到齐了，我们立刻开始做实验吧。

If the wire has small cross section, the electric current which flows through it per second will be small in quantity.

直译：如果导线的截面积小，每秒钟通过导线的电流在数量方面将是小的。

正译：导线的截面积小，每秒钟所流过的电流就小。

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words

1. 省译从修辞角度看不必重复的词

Steel contains a smaller proportion of carbon than cast iron contains.

钢的含碳率比铸铁小。(第二个contains 系重复词) Matter is constantly changing and is constantly moving. 物质在不断地变化和运动着。

2. 省译逻辑上不必要的说明语

The present process of making steel from iron in only about 100 years old.

目前的炼钢法只有约100年的历史。（不必译出“由铁炼钢的方法”）

Domestic lighting circuits should be at least two in number.

家用照明电路至少应该是两条。（不必译出“在数量上是两条”）

翻译的基本方法 – 增词与减词

Skills of Translation –adding and reducing words

3. 省译修辞上所不需要的词

Copper is a material which has the property of elasticity. 铜是一种具有弹性的材料。(省译property因为“弹性”已表明“性质”

To start a car moving, work must be done on it.

要开动汽车，就必须对它做功。(不必译为“开动汽车运动”)

There are two kinds of materials used in engineering.

工程材料有两种。（不必译为“工程中所使用的材料”“工程材料”自

然是“使用在工程中”的。）

A generator can not produce energy, what it does is to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

发电机不能产生能量,它只是把机械能变为电能. (省译“它所做的事”)

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Fasteners and Springs 2

Springs are mechanical members which are designed to give a relatively large amount of elastic deflection under the action of an externally applied load. Hooke's Law, which states that deflection is proportional to load, is the basis of behavior of springs. However, some springs are designed to produce a nonlinear relationship between load and deflection.

The following is a list of the important purposes and applications of springs:

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Words Learning

spring 1. 普通词义:春天, 泉，2. 专业词义：弹簧,弹性,弹力,发条

Spring begins in March. 春天从三月开始。There is a hot spring in the village.

村子里有一口温泉。

Please adjust the spring on the equipment to increase the axial

spring applied on the axle.

请调节一下设备上的弹簧，使作用在轴上的弹力增加。

elastic deflection 弹性变形

When a force is applied on a spring, elastic deflection will appear. 当对弹簧加力时，弹簧就会发生弹性变形。

We can make a light signal deflect to another direction by a Prism. 我们可以用一个棱镜使光信号偏转一个角度。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Words Learning

state 陈述, 说明, 状况，国家

The relationship between mass and energy in nature is stated briefly in this article.

本文简述了自然界中质量与能量的关系。

Every body continues in its state of rest unless it is compelled to change that state by forces applied on it.

每一个物体保持其静止状态,除非有加于其上的力,它才会改变那种状态。

state universities 国立大学；

critical state 临界状态；

existing state 现状； finished state 成品形状；

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Words Learning

nonlinear relationship 非线性的，非直线的

The output voltage and input current in this circuit is a nonlinear relationship. 这个电路的输出电压与输入电流是一种非线性关系。The deformation of a metal bar on a elongation test machine and the force on it is nonlinear relationship after its elastic deformation.

在拉伸试验机上拉伸金属棒,在弹性变形之后其变形量与所加的力成非线性关系。

be linear with 与……成线性关系

Deformation of a spring is linear with the force applied on it.

弹簧的变形量与施加在其上的作用力成线性关系。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Fasteners and Springs 2

(1) Control of motion in machines. This category represents the majority of spring applications such as operating forces in clutches and brakes. Also, springs are used to maintain contact between two members such as a cam and its follower.

(2) Reduction of transmitted forces as a result of impact or shock loading. Applications here include automotive suspension system springs and bumper springs.

(3) Storage of energy. Applications in this category are found in clocks, movie cameras and lawn mowers. Many parking meters use spring mechanisms which perform the timing function.

(4) Measurement of force. Scales used to weigh people is a very common application for this category.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Words Learning

category 种类，类别，范畴

Works place all machined parts in category so that the installation of the production line will be more efficiency.

工人们把加工好的机器零部件分门别类的放好以便提高生产线的安装效率。

represents 表现，表示，描写

The basic concepts of laser technology and data collected are represented in this paper.

本文给出了激光技术的基本概念和收集的数据。maintain 维持，坚持，维修，保养

He bring enough food to maintain life and leave for forest.

他带够了足够维持生命的食物然后向森林出发了。Engineers maintain all machines once a year.

机械师每年将全部设备维修一次。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Words Learning

storage 贮藏，存储器

A storage is such a device that can retain data.

存储器是一种可以保存数据的设备。

Spring is a storage element.

弹簧是一种储能元件。

perform…function 实现…功能, 起…作用

This program performs optic calculating function in the computer.

该程序在计算机上实现光学计算功能。

Bolts and nuts perform fastening function on the machine.

螺栓螺母在设备上起紧固作用。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Fasteners and Springs 2

Most springs are made of steel, although silicon bronze, brass and beryllium copper are also used. Springs are universally made by companies which specialize in the manufacture of springs. The helical coil spring is the most popular type of spring; torsion bars and leaf springs are also widely used. If the wire diameter (assuming a helical coil spring) is less than 8mm, the spring will normally be cold-wound from hard-drawn or oil-tempered wire. For larger diameters, springs are formed using hot-rolled bar.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Words Learning

universal 普遍(的), 通用(的), 世界的, 万向的, 万能(的)

A universal chuck and the universal motor are fitted on the new lathe.

新车床装上了万向卡盘和通用电机。

specialize 专攻, 专门研究

He specializes in physics. 他专攻物理学。

The factory specialized in manufacturing mechanic products in 1990’s but now change to electronic products.

这个厂在90年代专门生产机械产品，但现在转为生产电子产品了。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Words Learning

assuming 假定，设想

Assuming the friction is neglect, does a machine can be made 100% efficiency?

假定不考虑摩擦力，机器的效率可做到100%吗？be cold-wound 冷卷绕(法)

The cylinders can be cold-wound by circle rolling machine as they are big diameter and small thickness.

这些圆柱筒由于直径大厚度小，可以在滚轧机上冷卷出来。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Fasteners and Springs 2

It is good practice to consult with a spring manufacturing company when selecting a spring design, especially if high loads or temperatures are to be encountered, or if stress reversals occur or corrosion resistance is required. To properly select a spring, a complete study of the spring requirements, including space limitations, must be undertaken. Many different types of special springs are available to satisfy unusual requirements or applications.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Words Learning

It is good practice to do sth.

应该做某事，好的习惯做法

It is good practice to be punctual.

应该养成准时的习惯。

It is good practice to make full preparation before doing it.

在做事之前应该做好充分地准备工作。

consult 请教,商量, 商议

You should consult to the specialists for detailed information of this technology.

你应该向专家请教该项技术的详细情况。

You can consult with an experience person for good advice.

你可以和有经验的人商量得到有益的建议。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之四

Words Learning

encounter 遭遇, 遇到, 相遇

He encountered many difficulties when he first started this job.

他开始做这项工作时，遇到许多困难。

The tool of high speed steel should be selected when encounter a harder material.

碰到加工较硬的材料时，要选用高速钢工具。undertake 着手作,从事,承担, 担任

A group of five undertake the experiment and calculations.

5人小组着手进行实验与计算工作。

She undertook the organization of the whole scheme.

她负责整个计划的组织工作。

5机械工程专业英语第五课

翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性

Skills of Translation –transform part of speech

四、转换词性：

转换词性是根据翻译的需要将英语某一词性的词译为汉语另一词性的方法。

例：The workers have succeeded in making high quality semiconductor devices of all types.

工人们成功地制造了各种类型高质量的半导体装置。(汉语不说工人们在…方面成功，而把动词“succeed”译为副词"成功地")

在以下情况下可考虑转换词性：

- 当英语某一词性的词相当于汉语另一词性时；- 当某词按同一词性翻译不能确切表达该词的意义时；

- 当某词按同一词性翻译而使得汉语句子不通顺时。

翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性

Skills of Translation –transform part of speech

1. 转换为汉语的名词

1）动词转换为汉语名词

Has the house been wired for electricity?

这房子的电线装好了吗？（动词wired 译为“装线”“给…装电线”）

Vacuum rectifiers are characterized by the following.

真空管整流器具有如下的特性。

Properties of non-metals vary widely.

非金属材料的各种性能有很大的差异。(不宜译为“…性能变化很大”)

However, we observe that the a.c. ammeter reads about 1A.

然而,我们看到,交流电表的读数为大约1安培。(不译:读为大约1安)

翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性

Skills of Translation –transform part of speech

2）形容词转换为汉语名词

Most materials used in engineering are elastic.

工程中所用的大多数材料都具有弹性。（而不说“是弹性的”）

Computers are more flexible, and can do a greater variety of jobs. (汉语不说“计算机是更灵活的”，把“灵活的”改译成“灵活性”)

计算机的灵活性比较大，因此能做更多种不同的工作。

Jet engines are very powerful.

喷气发动机的功率非常大。(若将“Powerful ”译为强大的，未能表达“功率”这一概念，使词义不明确。) The microscope serves to render the small larger.

显微镜能使小物体变大。(the small 转换成名词“小物体”)

翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性

Skills of Translation –transform part of speech

3) 副词转换为汉语名词

Sodium and copper have one electron in the outer shell and are chemically similar.

钠和铜在外壳上具有一个电子，因而其化学性质相似。（不说“化学地相似”而是将chemically 译为“化学性质”）

This loss may be partially reduced by using cores of silicon steel or of certain other alloys. (汉语不说“部分地减少”)

采用硅钢芯或其它合金做的芯可使这种损耗减少一部分。

4) 代词转换为汉语名词

The properties of semiconductors are different from those of conductors.

半导体的性质与导体的性质大不相同。（将these还原译为“性质”）

翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性

Skills of Translation –transform part of speech

2. 转换为汉语的动词

1) 名词或动名词转换为汉语动词

One of the principal rules of the lathe maintenance is timely lubrication of all friction surfaces.

车床维护的主要规律之一就是及时润滑所有摩擦面。

The voltmeter is an electrical instrument for measurement of voltage.

伏特计是用来测量电压的仪表。

2）形容词或“形容词+介词”转换为汉语动词

We are also familiar with other transformations of energy.

我们还熟悉别的能量转换现象。

The force is perpendicular to the surface.

此力垂直于表面。

翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性

Skills of Translation –transform part of speech

3）副词转换为汉语动词

Engineers took the machine apart yesterday.

工程师昨天把这台机器拆开了。

Now the experiment is over.

现在实验结束。

The reaction force to this action force pushes rocket ship along.

这个作用力所产生的反作用力推动宇宙飞船前进。

4）介词或介词短语转换为汉语动词

The application of plastics is on the increase.

塑料的应用正在增多。

The number of tools stored in the drum is above forty.

刀库中储存的刀具超过四十把。

翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性

Skills of Translation –transform part of speech

3. 转换为汉语的形容词

1）副词转换为汉语形容词

Why is electricity widely used in industry?

为什么电在工业中得到广泛的使用呢？

Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic.

气体与液体都有良好的弹性。

2）名词转换为汉语形容词

When an excess of electrons is present, we may call the material n-type; when a lack of orbital electrons occurs, we call the material p-type.

当呈现多余的电子时，我们称之为n型材料，当缺乏轨道电子时，我们称之为p型材料。（将“电子的过剩”译为“多余的电子”）

翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性

Skills of Translation –transform part of speech

4. 转换为汉语的副词

1) 形容词转换为汉语副词

A graph gives a visual representation of the relationship.

图能直观地表示所要说明的关系。

(形容词visual“视觉的”转换成副词“直观地”)

To the successful research, manufacture and launching of China’s astronautic vehicle, our space industry has already make great contributions.

我国航天工业对成功地研究、生产和发射宇宙飞船做出了巨大的贡献。（形容词successful 转换成副词）

The molecules are still free to move about.

分子仍可自由运动。（形容词free 译成副词，修饰动词“运动”。）

翻译的基本方法 – 转换词性

Skills of Translation –transform part of speech

2）动词转换为汉语副词

In the long and laborious search, Marie Curie succeeded in isolating two new substances.

在长期辛勤的研究中，玛利．居里成功地分解出两种新物质。（动词succeed 转译成副词“成功地”）3）名词转换为汉语副词

Gears may be form cut on a milling machine.

齿轮可以在铣床上成形切削。（form 修饰 cut）Most of machine parts are mass produced.

大多数机器零件是批量生产的。（mass 修饰produced）

Several cutters are arbor mounted on the spindle of a milling machine.

铣床主轴上可借助刀杆装上几把铣刀。（arbor 修饰mounted）

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五

The Strength of Mechanical Elements 1

One of the primary considerations in designing any machine or structure is that the strength must be sufficiently greater than the stress to assure both safety and reliability. To assure that mechanical parts do not fail in service, it is necessary to learn why they sometimes do fail. Then we shall be able to relate the stresses with the strengths to achieve safety.

Ideally, in designing any machine element, the Engineer should have at his disposal the results of a great many strength tests of the particular material chosen.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五

Words Learning

considerations 考虑，意见，需要考虑的事项Safety is the most important consideration in choosing a car.

在选择汽车时安全是最重要的考虑因素。

We will give your proposal consideration.

我们会仔细考虑你的建议

Time is a very important consideration in this case. 在这种情况下时间是极为重要的因素。strength 普通词义：力, 力量, 力气, 实力；专业词义：强度

Earning money to support his mother is the source of his strength. 挣钱赡养母亲是他力量的源泉。The strength of this frame depends on designing structure .

这个钢架的强度大小取决于其设计的结构。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五

Words Learning

reliability 可靠性

All mechanical parts on car should make the reliability trials.

汽车上的所有机械零件必须进行可靠性试验。

in service 使用中，运行中

A good maintenance makes the machine in good service.

良好的设备维护确保设备良好的运行。

This new optical device will put in service next week.

这台新的光学仪器将于下周投入使用。

relate …with 使…联系, 使…与…发生关系，Every one should learn how to relate himself with others.

每个人都应学会怎样与人相处。

achieve 完成，达到，取得成功

He achieved because he was a hard worker.

他之所以取得成功是他努力的结果。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五

The Strength of Mechanical Elements 1

These tests should have been made on specimens having the same heat treatment, surface finish, and size as the element he proposes to design; and the tests should be made under exactly the same loading conditions as the part will experience in service. This means that, if the part is to experience a bending load, it should be tested with a bending load. If it is to be subjected to combined bending and torsion, it should be tested under combined bending and torsion. Such tests will provide very useful and precise information. They tell the engineer what factor of safety to use and what the reliability is for a given service life. Whenever such data are available for design purposes, the engineer can be assured that he is doing the best possible job of engineering.

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五

Words Learning

be subjected to 受支配, 从属于, 可以...的, 经历,

遭受

As a test these specimens were subjected to high temperature heat treatment.

这些样品经过了高温热处理试验。

precise 精确的, 准确的

To get a precise measurement, a precise instrument should be used.

为了得到精确的测量必需采用精密的仪器。

factor 因素, 要素,系数

Safety factor is an main consideration in engineering design.

安全系数是工程设计中主要考虑的因素。

service life 使用寿命

Works often lubricate the machine for longer its service life.

工人们经常给机器加油可延长机器的使用寿命。

机械工程专业英语文献阅读之五

The Strength of Mechanical Elements 1

The cost of gathering such extensive data prior to design is justified if failure of the part may endanger human life, or if the part is manufactured in sufficiently large quantities. Automobiles and refrigerators, for example, have very good reliabilities because the parts are made in such large quantities that they can be thoroughly tested in advance of manufacture. The cost of making these tests is very low when it is divided by the total number of parts manufactured.

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Words Learning

is justified 证明…是正确的 / 合理的 / 值得的Such investment is justified on the result of productivity increasing.

生产力的提高证明了这项投资是值得的。

You can’t justify yourself.

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