英语国家概况-谢福之-课后答案-简答题(美国部分)

英语国家概况-谢福之-课后答案-简答题(美国部分)

第三大题

Chapter 8

1.H ow is the American population dis tributed?

The distribution of the American

population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is

the northeastern part of the cou ntry. The great plains have a com paratively small population .the so uth also has a population of almo st 57.5million. the west is not d ensely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angel es and san Francisco . it has ab out 20% of the nation’s populatio n.

2.W hy was the immigration act of 19 42 instituted ?

The new immigrants in the unite

d states , being poor and accust

omed to poverty , were willing t

o work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opp osition led to the immigration ac t of 1942.

Chapter 9

1.W hy did American change its policy

and enter world war II?

Because of the formation of the

axis , the American government feared that the axis countries we re wining the war and it might threaten Ameri ca’s security and interests . it began to provide

war equipment to the foreign na tions resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s e ntrance into the war.

2.W hat were Nixon’s well-known contr

ibutions during his presidency?

a) brought the Vietnam war to a

close

b)reestablishing U.S. relations wit

h china

c) negotiating the firststrategic

arms limitation treaty with the f ormer soviet union .

3.W hat were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?

Reagan’s economic program calle

d for reductions in incom

e taxes

and business taxes in order to

encourage investment , and it also requested that many governme nt regulations be eliminated so

as to reduce the federal governm ent’s role in the day-to-day op eration of business.

Chapter 10

1.W hat are the two characteristics o

f the U.S. constitution?

One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powe rs of state governments are specifie

d.

2.W hat are the qualifications for a

senator and a representative resp ectively?

A senator must be over 30 yea

rs old , a U.S. citizen for a t least nine years, and a reside nt in the state which they repre sent . a representative should be at least 25 years old and a U .S. citizen for no less than sev en years.

3.W hat are the major powers of the

supreme court?

a)t o interpret laws

b)to hear appeals from any feder

al court cases;

c)t o hear appeals from state court

cases that involve the constitu tion or national laws

d)m ay declare a law unconstitutiona

l

e)may declare a presidential act

unconstitutional.

4.W hat is the difference between the

democrats and the republicans in

terms of political opinions?

The democrats want the governmen

t to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full

employment as a matter of nati onal concern they favor civil

rights laws , a strong social s

ecurity system which gives ente

rprises a greater freedom and de

mand that the government control inflation. They stress the need

for law and order, and oppose

complete government social progr ams and free choice of abortion

they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.

Chapter 11

1.W hat industry developments took pla ce during the colonial period of America?

During the colonial period ,the

secondary industries developed a s the colonies grew . a variety of specialized sawmills and gri stmills appeared. Colonists establ ished shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . t hey also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regio nal patterns of development in A merica had become clear.

2.H ow did the civil war affect the

American economy?

After the civil war , the larg

e southern cotton plantations beca

me much less profitable . norther n industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.

3.W hy does America try to reduce tr ade barriers?

Because the united states has in creasingly realized that open bilat eral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but al so enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with othe r nations.

Chapter 12

1.H ow does an American university ch oose its applicants?

a)their high school records;

b) recommendations from their hi gh school teachers;

c) the impression they make dur

ing interviews at the university;

d) their scores on the SAT.

2.W hat functions do American higher education institutions perform?

Higher education institutions in

the united states have three fu nctions: teaching , research and public service , and each has it s own emphasis with regard to it s function .

3.W hat similarities do four famous u niversity share?

They all have a long history ,

they all have an excellent facu lty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic

achievements. Some of their grad uates are very successful or infl uential in some areas such as po litics, arts and business.

4.W hat are the origins of thanksgivi

ng day?

Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first cam e to the new world , in 1620,th e mayflower arrived and brought a bout 150 pilgrims. Life at the b eginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many

of them died. During the follow ing summer the native America hel ped them and then they had a bo untiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.

第四大题

Chapter 8

1．Why is the United States regarde d as a”melting pot”and a ”sal ad bowl”?

The United States is not merely

a nation,but a nation of nation

s.The immigrants came in waves,inc luding the Europeans,the Africans and the Asians.Therefore,America is described as a"melting pot"wher

e various racial and ethnic group

s are assimilate into American cu lture.Recently,America has been cal led a"salad bowl"in that people o

f difference races and ethnic gro

ups mix harmoniously,but at the s ame time keep their distinct cult ure and customs.

2．What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a mul ticultural society?

The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural so ciety is to be open and tolerant toward different cultures.People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each ot her.Society should create opportuni ties to help immigrants become as similated.At the same time the im migrants should keep their own la nguage,customs and religion,contribu ting to the diversity of a multi cultural society.

Chapter 9

1.W hat was the cause of the America n Civil War?

The Southern planters of America

needed a large number of black

African slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property.In the

North,with the development of in

dustry,there was a growing demand for free labor.What’s more,the Northerners demanded a law to pro tect tariffs and asked the govern ment to finance the building of railways and roads.But the Souther ners were against it and advocate

d fre

e trade so as to purchase

cheaper goods from foreign countri es.The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the Ameri can Civil War.

2.W hat made the United States a pow erful country by the end of World War II?

During the two World Wars,Americ

a remained neutral in the early

stage.However, Americans continued their profitable trade with the w arring countries.Therefore,they not only retained their military for

ces,but also accumulated great wea lth.When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars.By sharing the fruit of vi ctory with other allies, America greatly strengthened its power a nd became a powerful country by the end of World War II.

Chapter 10

1.H ow is the American President vote

d into office? What ar

e your idea s about the American election?

Each party holds its national c onvention every four years to cho ose a candidate for presidency.To win a presidential election,a ca ndidate has to spend millions of dollars,travel all over the coun try to make speeches and debate on television with the rival.The general election is technically di vided into two stages.During the

first stage,presidential electors f or each state will be chosen.In the second stage the electors mee t and vote a President.Since the second stage is only a kind of

formality,everyone knows who will

be the next President an soon as the first stage is over.

I think the candidates spend to

o much money on the electoral cam paigns.And, the election cannot sol ve the social and economic problem s of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after th ey become President.

2.W hat was President Eisenhowers fore ign policy and what were the cons equences ?

President Eisenhower made vigorou s efforts to wage the Cold War.H

e placed new emphasis on developi

ng nuclear strength to prevent th

e outbreak o

f war.He also frequen

tly authorized the CIA to underta ke secret interventions to overthr ow unfriendly governments or prote ct reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened.The C IA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala,but it suff ered an embarrassing failure in I ndonesia.In addition,Eisenhower used U.S.power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam,which brought dis astrous long-term consequences to the United States.

Chapter 11

1.H ow did the U.S constitution lay the groundwork for American’s econ omic development ?

The U.S.Constitution,as an econom ic charter,established that the en

tire nation was a unified or "co mmon"market.There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce.It provided that the federal govern ment could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the s tates,establish uniform bankruptcy laws,create money and regulate its value,fix standards of weights a nd measures,establish post office and roads,and fix rules governing patents and copyrights.The last-m entioned clause was an early reco gnition of the importance of "int ellectual property",a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the lat

e 20thcentury.

2.C ite examples to illustrate the ro le of government intervention in A merica's economic development.

The government has always played

an active and important role in America’s economic development.In the early 1930s,thr United State s suffered the worst economic dep ression in American history.Preside nt Roosevelt introduced the New D eal to tackle the financial crisi s.Besides,he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the seriou s problems of the jobless.At the end of 1970s, the American econ omy again suffered a recession.The Reagan administration combated in flation by controlling government spending deficit,cutting taxes and raising interest rates.Both polic ies mentioned above helped to set the country’s economic developme nt on its right course,In all,the intervention of the government h

as ensured that economic opportuni ties are fair and accessible to the people.It has prevented flagra nt abuses of the system,dampened the effects of inflation and stim ulated economic growth.

Chapter 12

1.W hat are the ideals that guide th

e American educational system?

The first ideal is that as man y people as possible should recei ve as much education as possible .The second ideal is that of p toducing a society that is totall y literate and of local control . The third ideal is that schola rs and students should work to d iscover new information or conceiv

e new ways to understand what is

already known .

2.H ow does America carry out multicu

ltural education?

American schools routinely teach

the experiences and values of m any ethnic cultures.Current textboo ks incorporate a variety of ethni c individuals who have achieved s uccess.Struggle for equality are v ividly depicted,and past racism is bluntly acknowledged.Cultural plur alism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels of fer students opportunities to lear n about different cultures.

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