英国文学史--最全总结中英

盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066

盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350

Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485

莎士比亚时代1564—1636

清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660

古典主义时代 1660—1744

约翰逊时代 1744—1785

浪漫主义时代1786—1832

维多利亚时代 1832—1900

现代

第一章Anglo-Saxon （426—1066）

旧约：上帝创世纪

新约：耶稣

古英语诗歌分为的

世俗的

1.Beowulf 史诗（三千行的长诗，关于英雄战绩的故事）

2.文字来源于日耳曼系

3.基督教的文学：瑞特文的故事Caedmon

第二章Angol-Norman（1066—1350）

中世纪英语：基督教义，自我拯救

1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances

1）容：传奇好像现在的长篇，有诗，有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。

2）产生：传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的，骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系，且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。

3）分类：不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain

法国的事迹

罗马的事迹

第三章：乔叟的时代（1350—1458）

背景：百年战争（The Hundred’s War）

1.Geoffrey Chaucer：文艺复兴以前，英国文学界最伟大的人物。

The Canterbury Tales

1）三个阶段：第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言

第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期

第三时期—在文学上成功的时期，为他自己以国文写作的时期

2）．近代诗人英文作家中，第一个以浪漫作风写男女日常生活的人

3）.特点：

反对迫害，反对禁欲，文艺复兴的报春者

a他在英语上发明音调

b他把英国中部的日常言语加以修改，以告成英文与英国文学。

c完美的音律，倾向于音乐化

d 创设接近社会生活的作品；眼光思想都很广阔；音乐的眼光

第四章：民间文学

1．歌谣的来源：歌德Geothe说：民歌的价值，全在直接从“自然“中得到它的原动力。2．代表作品：《爱德华》Edward

Little Gest of Robin Hood—长篇史诗

3.中世纪的戏剧民众化的戏剧

教会化的戏剧

第五章：文艺复兴

说教的，克制情感，强调人是社会的动物。

人人文主义Humanism 是文艺复兴的实质。强调现世

1.乔叟的时代过后，文坛上来了个大变动，就是文艺复兴。中古时代与近代就在此分界。它有两种意义：

复生Re-birth：就是说死去的希腊思想反着风行一世的希伯来思想而活动，而复活新生New-birth：就是说近代一切文艺上，哲学上，政治上的新思想，乘此而起，诞生新的文化

当中古时代黑暗到了极点，先知先觉的学者们由教会的威权压逼之下，自求解放，以自由研究古代希腊的文艺。这种运动成为人文主义和古典派

2．文艺复兴的原因

a.中世纪黑暗，教教皇是全欧洲精神上的主宰。教皇大权独揽

b. 欧洲人扩大了世界，发现更大更新的世界

c. 人民的政府强固，教权渐行衰落

d. 对教皇不满，势必追溯到前贤的思想与创造，于是诞生了复

兴希腊文化的信念

3.《乌托邦》Utopia by Sir Thomas More 有桃花源记的逃世思

想。读第一卷可知当时英国极点的黑暗腐败，穷苦的人和犯罪的

人极多。第二卷和上卷相反。上卷讲破坏的社会，下卷讲如何建

设新的社会

4.改革 Martin Luther 德国。在教堂的大门上，贴对于当

时教会一切专横腐败痛加攻击的95篇论文，供群众浏览

第六章：莎士比亚的时代（1564—1636）

1.伊丽莎白时代以前，英国的文学几乎全是教会的作品，或是少数贵族阶级专有的，但到那时，平民都有机会学习和创作了。伊丽莎白女王提倡学术，打破阶级观念。

2.莎士比亚：“守家的少年，其智不出户外。”意在鼓励有为的青年向外发展，亦可知当时的时代思想了。

3.斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser（1552—1599）

a既是意国派的人文主义学者，又是英国化的清教徒。他一面

信仰柏拉图的意志哲学，一面又是使英国诗歌倾向意大利的浪

漫主义。

b. 第一时代：家境寒苦

c. 第二时代：恋爱，女郎失踪，他想慕不已，写《牧羊人日历》 Shepherds’Calendar 以

为纪念

牧歌十二首，每首写一年中的某一月的风物。大都是乡村生活，

自然景色，田野恋情和少年牧童及牧羊女的对话

d. 第三时代：驻爱尔兰。在富于天然美的区域中，《仙后》：

他本来的计划是想把这篇诗写成24册，每册代表一个冒险勇敢

的武士所擅长的道德，他们能各自战胜恶魔，克服罪恶。但是这个计划没有如愿，他只写成了六册和七册中的几节，以叙述武士们的神圣，中庸，清廉，友爱，公正等高尚的人格。第七册旨在说明无武士的坚贞但未完稿。其他十八册，未可知。

容：一个英雄到仙国觐见皇后，哪知到了宫里，每天总有几个

愁眉不展的人，不期而遇，谈论些关于龙，女妖和巫女等奇怪的

故事，他们正在策划种种办法，以解除那些困难。有几个武士自

愿为前驱，皇后也允许他们这样做。在路上经过了各种冒险和困

难的事情

e.斯宾塞诗歌风格：

音调完整，稀有的美，想象的奇异，严肃的道德，精密的理想，

用字怪癖。

4.培根（1561—1626）

1）他以才学，地位和名号来自私自利，害人作恶。所以他的一生，在事实上，一方面是个冷酷，吝啬和偏私的政治家，另一方面，却是个富于文学和科学的知识，日求真理的学者。

他的父亲是英国掌玺大臣，伊丽莎白女皇最信任的大政治家。

2）人生阶段：律师退出政坛研究科学重新出山做政治家（詹姆士一世登位后）脱身公共事业，隐居乡间，研究文学和科学终身

3）作风：提倡实验科学，破坏旧式教育

5.莎士比亚（1564—1616）

1）阶段：

第一时期：喜剧，历史剧，悲剧

第二时期：历史剧和浪漫派的喜剧（仲夏夜之梦，威尼斯商人，无事生非）

第三时期：四部喜剧，其他都是悲剧

第四时期：重新写作喜剧和“悲剧派的喜剧”

2）戏剧特点

同情，幽默，通俗，广博（用字），深刻

6.戏剧的衰落

莎士比亚逝世后，英国戏剧渐行衰落

第七章：清教徒时代（1636—1660）

1.请教运动：文艺复兴以后，清教（Puritan）运动是英国第二个大运动。文艺复兴后，

倾向享乐主义而日趋堕落，英国的清教运动为之反动，主道德复兴

2.文学的衰落。文学是政治的产物

3.弥尔顿John Milton（1608—1674）

《失乐园》 Paradise Lost 大意是叙述人们被逐出乐园的事迹

《复乐园》Paradise Regained 共四卷，也是史诗。取材于《马太福音》

4.班扬John Bunyan（1628—1688）

天路历程 The Pilgrim’s Progress 幻想里丰富，生动活泼

描写一个基督教信徒在生命的路上向着天国前进的故事

第八章：古典主义时代（1660—1744）

1.近代文学上的古典主义，发源于十七世纪后半的法国。

2. 路易十四：勤勉，才智秀逸，得中庸之道，而且是极端守规则的人。当时法国的外交家西蒙曾说：只要手里拿着日历和时表，即使在三百里之外，也可以知道他现在做些什么事。

3. 古典主义的特色

a. 理性 reason

b. 特殊的艺术教养

c. 使艺术教养更为容易的种种社会的形式

d. 本性 nature

e. 把英国旧时冗长的句子变为简洁，复杂的句法化作单纯，韵文化成散文，创造了散文上特殊的作风。

4笛福 Daniel Defoe（1660—1731）

笛福以前，英国文学里没有什么小说

The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe：笛福当时心中很厌恶当时的政治，意欲托而逃世，作此自遣。

5乔纳森斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift（1667—1745）

格列佛游记 Gulliver’s Travels：讽刺当时政治上的人物的著作。它风行一时的原因是异想天开，笔法生动

容：关于小人国和大人国的事情，显出他心的困苦和人类的厌恶

6亚历山大蒲柏Alexander Pope( 1688—1744)

蒲柏性情乖怪，大约是身体衰弱，肝病很重所致

第九章：约翰逊时代( 1748—1785)

1. 过渡的时代

当古典主义的势力还未衰歇时，浪漫主义的思想像海潮一般汹涌的流到英国。约翰逊是反抗的和最后的古典主义的文豪。

2.卢梭：浪漫运动的领袖。“回到自然”是他的流传不朽的名句。所谓自然，便是“人间的本性”“任人本性本来都是善的，到了人的手里，便堕落，绝灭”

他认为，人类的罪恶全由文明造成，文明的进步，使个人的地位不平等，损坏人类的自然的性质，使人类堕落了。

3. 约翰逊时代的文学倾向 Samuel Johnson

1）写实派小说的发达

2）约翰逊领导下的文学带着古典主义的色彩

3）浪漫主义渐盛，反对古典文学的人加多

4. 新浪漫主义文学特色

1）回向自然

2）关于人类在宇宙间的地位，引起了清新的趣味

3）唤起了对贫穷阶级及被虐待阶级的同情

4) 反对一切从来文学上的因袭手段

5. 亨利菲尔丁 Henry Fielding( 1707—1754)

出身是新闻记者和戏剧作家

6. 塞缪尔约翰逊 Samuel Johnson( 1709—1784)

在浪漫主义袭击英国的时候，只有他，反抗了这大潮流，只有他，拼命作古文，为古典主义做最后的挣扎。所以他的文章，是古典化，理性化，和道德化，不是浪漫派热情派或革命派的。

7.托马斯格雷 Thomas Gray( 1716—1771)

反抗蒲柏一派雕琢文字的人

墓畔哀吟 The Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard

容充满想象和忧郁，随意我们也称他为忧郁诗人。

第十章：浪漫主义时代( 1786—1832)

1. 法国大革命—自浪漫主义第一人卢梭诞生后，孟德斯鸠等诞生于世，历史上遂起了个伟大的运动。这，在政治上就是主义。当时，自由，博爱，平等，解放的口号震动了法国的皇室，打翻了帝王的船，溺死了专制的舟子。这些事实，历史家唤作法国大革命。

文学是政治的产儿，是社会的产儿，也是历史的产儿。

政治上的大革命形成了革命色调的文学，社会上的平民化促成了平义的文学，历史上的大改造，同时也推动了文学改造。

革命不仅是破坏而已，革命的破坏是革命家不得意的手段，不是革命本身真正的意义。革命的意义在建设，法国的革命至少是要建设一个，自由，平的和解放的社会与国家。

2. 浪漫主义派的作家狂热的抱了不平的感觉向民间去，他们的文学的精神，便是在他们对民间疾苦息息相关这一点上。

3. 湖畔三少年 Lake poets ：William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey

1) 华兹华斯( 1770—1805)：“所有的好诗都是从情感的刹那间泻出来的。他的诗的作风是以平凡朴实取胜的。因为天下一切的万物在他的眼中看来都是平凡朴实，即在此平凡朴实中，一切的美丽和哲理都包括在了。

2）Coleridge(1772—1834)是华兹华斯最亲爱的朋友

与华兹华斯合作《抒情曲》Lyrical Ballads

华兹华斯主不必以音律的正确与否作诗的好坏的标准，Coleridge则与之意见相反，他主散文与诗在本质上有区别，而且韵律是诗的唯一生命。就是诵读，也应该与讲话有区别。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》(重排版)笔记和考研真题详解-盎格鲁-诺曼底时期【圣才出品】

第2章盎格鲁-诺曼底时期 2.1复习笔记 I.Background Knowledge(1066-1350)(背景知识) 1.The Norman Conquest(诺曼征服) A.Brief Introduction(简介) The French-speaking Normans began their conquest of Anglo-Saxon England under William, Duke of Normandy,with the battle of Hastings in1066. 说法语的诺曼底人在威廉公爵的带领下，在1066年的黑斯廷斯战役中打败了英国人，开始了对英国的统治。 B.Chief Influences(主要影响) (1)The bringing of Roman civilization to England; (2)The growth of nationality,i.e.a strong centralized government,instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes; (3)The birth of new English language and literature due to the integration with French vocabulary. （1）将罗曼文化带到英格兰； （2）促进了国家的发展，强大的中央集权政府代替了散乱的撒克逊部落联盟；（3）和法国语言的融合产生了新的英语语言和文学。 II.Features of the New Literature(新文学特征) (1)The new literature is a combination of French and Anglo-Saxon elements. (2)There are three classes of new literature: ①Matter of France(tales about Charlemagne and his peers); ②Matter of Greece and Rome(tales about Alexander and the fall of Troy); ③Matter of Britain(tales about King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table).

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考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

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《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

英国文学史期末复习重点

英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.

最新简明英国文学史-简答题-重点

1. Analyse the themes and artistic features of Beowulf. themes : The main theme of Beowulf is heroism. This involves far more than physical courage. It also means that the warrior must fulfill his obligations to the group of which he is a key member. artistic features : The most noticeable artistic feature is alliteration. Alliteration is the repetition of initial sounds, usually consonants, or consonant clusters. Alliteration is used off and on in modern poetry but it is an important device in Anglo-Saxon poetry. Another peculiar feature characteristic is the frequent use of kennings, to poetically present the meaning of one single word through a compound simile of two elements. Finally, the general mood and spirit of Anglo-Saxon epic poetry is both solemn and animated. 2. Comment on Chaucer’s achievements and contributions with examples from his works. Chaucer learned from both French and Latin poetry and then worked out a unique style for the English poetry. The realism and humanistic concerns demonstrated in his works looked forward to the coming English Renaissance. Because he uses the English of the London dialect to compose poetry, it becomes a literary language, which is a language rich and expressive enough to use for literary purposes. We call the English used and developed by Chaucer and his

飞机专业术语(英汉对照)

1、the airframe 机身,结构 2、The front (fore) part 前部 3、The rear (aft) part 后部 4、port 左旋(舵) 5、starboard 右旋(舵) 6、the inboard engine or inboards 内侧发动机 7、the outboard engine or outboards 外侧发动机 8、the nose 机头 9、the belly 腹部 10、the skin 蒙皮 11、the windscreen or windshield 风挡 12、the wing 机翼 13、the trailing edge 机翼后缘 14、the leading edge 机翼前缘 15、the wing tip 翼尖 16、the control surface 操纵面 17、ailerons 副翼 18、flaps (inboard flap,outboard flap,leading edge flaps) 襟翼（内侧襟翼，外侧襟翼，前缘缝翼） 19、spoilers (inboard\outboard spoiler)(spoiler down\up) 阻力板，扰流板（内、外侧扰流板）（扰流板放下、打开） 20、slats 缝翼 21、elevators (elevator control tab) 升降舵（升降舵操纵片） 22、rudder (rudder control tab) 方向舵（方向舵操纵片）

23、flap angle 襟翼角 24、flap setting 襟翼调整 25、the full flap position 全襟翼位置 26、a flapless landing 无襟翼着陆 27、the landing gear 起落架 28、stabilizer 安定面 29、the nose wheel 前轮 30、gear locked 起落架锁定 31、the wheel well 起落架舱 32、the wheel door 起落架舱门 33、a tyre 轮胎 34、to burst 爆破 35、a deflated tyre 放了气的轮胎 36、a flat tyre 走了气的轮胎 37、a puncture 轮胎被扎破 38、to extend the flaps (to retract the flaps) 放下襟翼（收上襟翼） 39、gear extention (gear retraction) 起落架放下（起落架收上） 40、The gear is jammed. 起落架被卡死。 41、The flaps are jammed. 襟翼被卡死。 42、the emergency extention system 应急放下系统 43、to crank the gear down 摆动放下起落架 44、the brakes 刹车

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

房务部专业术语中英文对照

房务部：Rooms Division 前厅部：Front Office 客房部：Housekeeping 大堂副理：Assistant Manager 宾客关系主任：Guest Relation Officer 前台：Front Desk 接待处：Reception/Check-in 收银处：Cashier/Check-out 领班：Captain 主管：Supervisor 班次负责人：Shift Leader 商务中心：Business Center 客房服务代表：Guest service agent(接待和收银合并之后的前台人员的称呼)简称GSA 电话总机：Switch Board 接线员：Operator 预订处：Room Reservation 礼宾服务处：Concierge 大厅服务处：Bell Service 金钥匙：Golden Key 行政楼层：Executive Floor 行政酒廊：Executive Lounge 行李生：Bellman 迎宾员：Doorman 夜审：End of Day /Night auditor 2．前厅服务项目专业术语介绍 入住：Check-in 退房：Check-out 外币兑换：Foreign Currency Exchange 问询：Information 接送机服务：Pick up service 叫醒服务：Wake up call 请勿打扰服务：DND Do not disturbed 失物招领：Lost and Found 国内直拨和国际直拨电话：DDD and IDD Domestic Direct Dial and International Direct Dial对方付费电话：Collect Call 3．前厅常用物品术语介绍： 住宿登记单：Registration card 欢迎卡：Welcome card 订房凭证：Voucher 交接本：log book 信封：Envelope 房卡钥匙：Room key 安全保管箱：Safe Deposit Box 客房统计和出售率统计的术语 预离房：Expected Departure 预抵房：Expected Arrival

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一．电气名词 Electric items 二．线路（母线、回路）Lines (Bus , circuits) 三．设备 Equipments 四．保护、继电器 Protection , relays 五．电气仪表 Electric instruments 六．防雷 Lightning protection 七．接地 Grounding , earthing 八．室、所 Room , Substation 九．电修车间设备 Equipments of electric repair 十．材料 Material 十一．图名 Drawings , diagrams 十二．表头 Tables 十三．标准图词汇 Terms from standard DWG 一．电气名词 Electric items 交（直）流 Alternating (direct) current 短路电流 Short-circuit current 起始次暂态短路电流 Initial subtransient short-circuit current 冲击电流 Impulse current 稳态短路电流 Steady state short-circuit current 临界电流 Critical current 切断电流 Rupturing current 熔断电流 Blow-out current 故障电流 Fault current 计算电流 Calculating current 极限有限电流 Limit effective current 过电流 Over current 逆电流 Inverse current 整定电流 Setting current 额定电流 Rated current 电流密度 Current density 短路电流最大有效值 Maximum effective value of short-circuit current 高压 High-voltage , High-tension 低压 Low-voltage , Low-tension 计算电压 Calculating voltage 激磁电压 Exciting voltage 冲击电压 Impulse voltage 临界电压 Critical voltage 残留电压 Residual voltage 击穿电压 Puncture voltage 脉动电压 Pulsating voltage 供电电压 Supply voltage 电力电压 Power voltage

电影专业术语 中英对照

电影专业术语中英文对照 A Above-the-line 线上费用 A-B roll A-B卷 AC 交流电 Academy ratio 学院标准画框比 Adaptation 改编 ADR editor ADR 剪辑师 Aligator clamp=gaffer grip 固定灯具的弹簧夹，又称鳄鱼夹 Ambient Sounds 环境音 Amp 安培 Amplification 信号放大 Amplitude 振幅 Analog 模拟 Anamorphic lens 变形镜头 Aperture 光圈 Answer Print 校正拷贝 Arc 摄像机的弧度运动 Art director 艺术指导 Aspect ratio 画框比 Atmosphere sound 气氛音 Attack 起音 Audio board 调音台 Audio mixer 混音器，混音师 Automatic dialogue replacement 自动对白补录 Automatic focus 自动对焦 Automatic gain control 自动增益控制 Automatic iris 自动光圈(少用) Axis of action 表演轴线 B Back light 轮廓光 Background light=Scenery light 场景光 Balance 平衡 Balanced 平衡电缆 Barndoor 遮扉（灯具上的黑色金属活动板，遮光用的） Barney 隔音套 Base 片基（用来附着感光乳剂的胶片基底） Base plate 底座（固定灯的） Baselight level 基本亮度 Batch capturing 批次采集 Below-the-line 线下费用 Bidirectional 双向麦克风 Bit depth 位元深度（在数字声音中每次取样的数目，通常是8，12,16）

吴伟仁的英国文学史及选读

History and Anthology of English Literature Part One The Anglo-Saxon Period Beowulf Questions: 1.The earliest literature falls into two divisions ___________, and_______________. 2.Christianity brings England not only __________ and___________but also the wealth of a new language. 3.Who is Beowulf? And What is Beowulf? 4.How did Beowulf come into being? 5.Who is Grendel? And what is the result of Grendel?s fight with Beowulf? 6.How did the Jutes hold the funeral for him? Key points of this part: The most important work of old English literature is Beowulf------- the national epic of the English people. It is of Germanic heritage, perhaps the greatest Germanic epic and contains evidently pre-Christian elements existing at first in an oral tradition, the poem was passed from mouth to mouth for generations before it was written down. The manuscript preserved today was written in the Wessex tongue about 1000A.D., consisting altogether of 3183 lines. There are three episodes related to the career of Beowulf: 1.the fight with the monster, Grendel. 2.The fight with Grendel?s mother, a still more frightful she-monster. 3.The moral combat with the fire Dragon. The significance lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, who is brave, courageous, selfless, and ever helpful to his people. There are three important features:: 1.Alliteration (words beginning with the same consonant sound). This is characteristic of all old English verse. 2.Metaphors and understatements. There are many compound words used in the poem to serve as indirect metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque. , e.g. “riging-giver”is used for King; “hearth-companions “for his attendant warriors; “Whale?s road” for the sea; “spear-fighter” for soldier etc. And as understatement we can see: “not troublesome”for welcome; “need not praise”for a right to condemn. This quality is often regarded as characteristic of the English people and their language. 3.Mixture of pagan and Christian elements: the observing of omen, cremation, blood-revenge, and the praise of worldly glory.

英国文学史及选读复习9 summary of the Elizabethan age II

Summary of the Age of Elizabeth (II) 1.Shakespeare’s successors. a.Ben Jonson 1573?—1637 His life: son of an educated gentleman who was thrown into prison by Queen Mary, whose property was confiscated. From his mother he received certain strong characteristics. His father died before he was born. His mother married a bricklayer. He may have studied in Cambridge for a short time, but his stepfather soon sent him to learn the bricklayer’s trade. He ran away from this, and went with the English army to fight Spaniards in the Low Countries. There he fought a duel with one of the enemy’s soldiers. He killed the man. Then he became an actor and reviser of old plays. He killed an actor in a duel and only escaped hanging by pleading “benefit of clergy”, but he lost all his poor goods and was branded for life on his left thumb. Jonson’s masques won him royal favor, was made poet laureate. With his great learning, ability and commanding position as poet laureate, he set himself squarely against his contemporaries and the romantic tendency of the age. He fought bravely for two things---- to restore the classic form of the drama and to keep the stage from its downward course. Apparently he failed. Nevertheless his influence lived and grew more powerful till, aided largely by French influence, it resulted in the so-called classicism of the eighteenth century. His work is in strong contrast with that of Shakespeare. Alone he fought against the romantic tendency of the age, and to restore the classic standards. Thus the whole action of his drama usually covers only a few hours, or a single day. He never takes liberties with historical facts, as Shakespeare does, but is accurate to the smallest detail. His dramas abound in classical learning, are carefully and logically constructed, and comedy and tragedy are kept apart, instead of crowding each other as they do in Shakespeare and in life. In one respect his comedies are worthy of careful reading, --- they are intensely realistic, presenting men and women of the time exactly as they were. From a few of Jonson’s scenes we can understand---better than from all the plays of Shakespeare---how men talked and acted during the Age of Elizabeth. His works: His first comedy: Every Man in His Humor is a key to all his dramas. The word “hu mo r” in his age stood for some characteristic whim or quality of society. He gives to his leading character some prominent humor, exaggerates it, as the cartoonist enlarges the most characteristic feature of a face, and so holds it before our attention that all other qualities are lost sight of. It is the first of three satires. Its special aim was to ridicule the humors of the city. The second, Cynthia’s Revels, satirizes the humors of the court; while the third, The Poetaster, the result of a quarrel with his contemporaries, was leveled at the false standards of the poets of the age. Three best known comedies: V olpone= The Fox The Alchemist , The Silent Woman V olpone is a merciless analysis of a man governed by love of money. Alchemist is a study of quackery on one side and of gullibility on the other, founded on the medieval idea of the philosopher’s stone. The Silent Woman is a