托福综合写作总结词汇总结

托福综合写作总结词汇

总结

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综合写作题型分类：单话题类/双话题类

话题分类：生物生态类/商业经济/文学艺术/化石考古/燃料能源

多样化表达：

阅读：

The reading, the passage, the author, the article

听力：

The listening, the lecture, the lecturer, the professor, the speaker

认为：

believe, hold, suggest, support, point out, advocate(提倡，主张，通常不用于反对意见), claim

反驳：

Criticize vt. 批评 criticism n. （crisis n. 危机）

Argue, challenge, doubt, disagree, refute,

…. Is questionable.

但是：

However, although, on the other hand, in contrast, while,

增加：

Increase(n&vt), boost ( boost the economy )(n&vt使增长；推动；改进；使兴旺), maximize/maximization, add to sth (global warming)

Improve/improvement, enhance/enhancement, heighten

fortify/fortification(vt使强化，使振作), advance(vi&vt&n) expansion(used in size, number, amount), amplify(扩大声音、增强，加剧), enlarge（及物&不及物，扩大；～on sth 进一步说明，详述）

thrive

降低：

Decline(vi&n), decrease, minimize/minimization,

reduce/reduction, cut down, shrink(vi&vt)/shrinkage

Damage, impair(vt, 损害，削弱), cause damage to, harm, hurt Destroy, destruction, do great damage to, do harm to, ruin, catastrophic damage，the disastrous consequence，endanger（vt危及，危害）

影响：

aftermath 后果，余波 the ~ of (an important event)

affect

副词：definitely ，totally（disagree with），strongly （influenced by）

其他：

Utility 用途

Alternative/ substitute：

an alternative to sth 某事物的替代品； alternative sth 备用，可

替代sth

sb substitute one thing for another/ one thing substitute for another 取代，替换

a substitute for sth 替代品

生物生态类：

物种数量骤降/骤增

分析原因：假说分析

Hypothesis, explanation, cause, theory

Predator, predation, pollution, climate change, habitat, insect, human action

at long-term environmental expense（It exposes the fallacy of short-term industrial gain at long-term environmental expense这

暴露了以长久的环境破坏为代价换取短期工业利益的错误。）

分析影响：生态问题

Ecosystem, local species, food chain, the number of A = A population

native：意含对当地生态系统重要的、必不可少的

inevitable / unavoidable/ inescapable

indispensable

endangered/ scarce species

genetically diverse(多样化的)/ genetic diversity

解决方案：生态保护

Pesticide, assisted migration, genetic modification

措施：ways to address the decline of

three solutions mentioned in the reading passage

in an attempt to do sth, sb do sth

present three solutions/measures

模板

开头段

The reading and the listening present opposite views on the hypothesis of sea otter decline（主题）. The reading advocates the pollution theory （观点A）while the listening stresses on the predation hypothesis（观点B）.

*观点将原文的内容写全

The passage and the listening material hold contrary

opinions on salvage logging. The passage holds that it

benefits both a damaged forest and the economy while the

listening argues it can cause long-term environmental damage and its economic benefits are also questionable.

The speaker and the author hold divergent attitudes toward

the future of charitable giving. Through relevant reasons and examples, the lecturer refutes the pessimistic viewpoints stated in the reading material.

主体段

First, the passage supports the pollution theory because (理由

A1), which might lead to （进一步原因A1）。However，the speaker challenges that (理由B1)，so (进一步原因A1) seem implausible. On the other hand, this strengthens the (观点B) because if (观

点下的事实、推论，即对观点的另一种表述)，（观点下的进一步原因

B1）

Second, the lecture disagrees with the claim in the reading passage that (理由A2) and (进一步原因A2-反面*). She argues

that (用观点B解释理由A2**). （进一步原因B2），therefore（理由B2）.

*当阅读中出现反面的进一步原因/表达反驳的细节时，应该写入而非省略，否则直接写听力的对应细节显得唐突。

**观点重申，使逻辑更完整。主体段落应该包括各自的观点和听力的反

驳理由。

Finally, although the author believes (理由A3) could be caused by (进一步原因A3),the professor challenges that (理由A3) can

be better explained by (观点B) because (理由B3)+（进一步原因

B3）.

First, the professor points out that urban growth, while harmful to some types of birds, could provide habitats for many other types. As a matter of fact, …… This, however, contradicts the statement in the reading that ……

*带有让步的反驳

Second, the professor explains that…won’t… as the reading illustrates. ……contribute to …., making it unnecessary

to ……

*陈述两者关系

Third, while convinced of the harmfulness of ….used to birds concluded in the passage, the professor doesn’t think it will be a problem in the future, in that …….., and are

therefore ….

*带有让步的反驳

First, although the writer points out that …….. , the lecture challenges that …….

The second reason the author gives is that …… (by ….. , because ……). However, the professor argues that ……

Finally, the speaker refuses the viewpoint in the passage

that ……; She believes that …..;

According to the writer, …….. is associated with…….. because of ……….To rebut this idea, the professor claims that……. T his tendency, contrary to the view in the passage, will …….

Second, the passage says that……, while the lecturer

argues that this may give rise to(引起，导致，发生)……..,

which contradicts the point made in the passage.

Finally, opposing the author's belief that …….incur

greater declines, the professor contends that even though p……, they will ……. Thus, …...

Mine:

The speaker and the author hold divergent attitudes toward (Topic). The author holds that …… while the speaker argues……

主体段阅读详写时，首句单独写阅读观点而不写成从句。

According to the writer, …….. is associated with……..

because of ………. To rebut this idea, the professor claims that ……. This tendency, contrary to the view in the passage, will …….

The second reason the author gives is that …… (by ….. , because ……). However, the professor argues that ……

First, the passage supports the pollution theory because (理由A1), which might lead to （进一步原因A1）。However，the speaker challenges that (理由B1)，so (进一步原因A1) seem implausible. On the other hand, this strengthens the (观点B) because if (观点下的事实、推论，即对观点的另一种表述)，（观点下的进一步原因B1）

主体段阅读不详写时，首句可将阅读的观点写成从句阐述听力观点的从句。

Second, the lecture disagrees with the claim in the reading passage that. She argues that

Finally, the speaker refuses the viewpoint in the passage

that ……; She believes that …..;

Finally, although the author believes (理由A3) could be

caused by (进一步原因A3),the professor challenges that (理由A3) can be better explained by (观点B) because (理由B3)+

（进一步原因B3）.

First, although the writer points out that …….. , the

lecture challenges that …….

Second, the passage says that ……, while the lecturer

argues that this may give rise to(引起，导致，发生) ……, which contradicts the point made in the passage.

Finally, opposing the author's belief that ……. incur greater declines, the professor contends that even

though ……, they will ……. Thus, …...

Second, the professor explains that…won’t… as the reading illustrates. ……contribute to …., making it unnecessary to ……

针对某问题的措施类的讨论（提出——反驳其无效）：

The number of Totteya in Florida is now decreasing and the passage presents three solutions/measures/options to save them from extinction. However, the lecturer argues that these solutions won’t lead to satisfactory consequences at all.

Firstly/secondly/ Last but not least , the professor argues/claims that 措施1 as the reading mentions is unlikely to success/unrealistic /won’t be a good method （either）. She takes Black Locus as an example.

The first option the author comes up with is to reestablish Totteya in its originated place, where the wet and cool microclimate is suitable for Totteya to grow. However, the professor challenges that Totteya will unlikely to survive

because。。。。。。Considering the global warming and the drought of Florida, it is impossible for。。。to。。。/ However, the professor challenges that Totteya will unlikely to survive. She claims that ……,thus it is impossible for。。。to。。。

Second, the lecture questions the option to move Totteya to north cool place as the reading presents.She points out that this action may cause unpredictable outcome to the local ecosystems where the Totteya is planted. As a matter of fact, people once tried this for the protection of another endangered trees. However, the tree expanded so quickly and kill many native plants that are also scarce. Finally, to refute the idea of preserving Totteya in research centers, the lecturer argues that Totteya in research centers will not survive diseases. She says that Totteya in nature condition can survive a disease because their population is large so that they can keep genetically diverse(多样化的)/ genetic diversity. However, Totteya can't be preserved with large amount in research centers, which means they will lack the capability to resist desease in the long term.

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Grumbled 抱怨，牢骚complained Serve服务，适合 function Sole 的only Detecting 发现finding Sedentary久坐的，不活动的 inactive Subjected 受影响的exposed Essence 本质，精华basic nature Diverse 不同的different Noted 注意到 observed Emphasize 强调stress Accessible易接近的，可靠近的available Account for 解释，说明explain Smooth operation 顺利进行 effective functioning Cluster 成群 group Alert 警惕 ware Scurrying 急跑，匆忙走rushing Formidable 艰难地，令人敬畏的difficult Intent 目的，意向 purpose Regardless of 不管，不顾no matter what Marked 显著地noticeable Confine 限制 restrict

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托福写作词汇

写作关键用词及短语汇总

数量词 一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of 无数innumerable ; countless 许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample 非常多（大）的tremendous 依序列举list in sequence 时间词 过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic 短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived 不合时宜的anachronism 可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time 一再time after time ; again and again 初始的preliminary 前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former 自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages 年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult 老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated 偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times 时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly 永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life 重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 目前so far ; by far 一次就可完成的事one-time event 正/反意见（opinion） 骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove 支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of 错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect 错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior 做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite 归咎blam e…on ; put the blam e on … ;…is to blame 瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts 支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of 不会犯错的infallible 意见不和clashes of opinion 一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement 不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate 批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of…我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. 我愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to 有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive 有意义的meaningful; fulfilling 他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit thi s… 在大家同意下by common consent of… 否定deny; withhold; negate 承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede 于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use 使…受益benefit…; do good t o…; is good for…; is of great benefit t o… 成语及俗语及搭配方式 想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking 想出come up with 找出come up with; find out 利用use; take advantage of

托福独立写作主体段写法技巧――双观点篇(精)

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The positive influence outweighs their negative effects. Large quantities of motion pictures (movies about encouragement strengthen young generation’ s willpower to chase dreams with determination. Influenced by a number of interesting TV programs, young people begin to learn things that they used to feel boring. Admittedly , we should not ignore that there are some violent plots which tend to result in teenage crimes.However, this kind of movie makes up only a small section of products in film industry and is under the strict control of government. Therefore, its influence is quite limited. 我们可以看到, 在这种写法中, 我们所支持的观点为电影电视是利大于弊的。 前两个理由我们先正向抛出两个论点说明为什么它们对青年人的影响利大于弊, 最后一个分论点我们写让步段, 先承认它们的确有可能对青年人行为产生错误的引导, 但是其后又对这些错误影响做一些弥补, 因为有负面影响的节目只是整个电影市场的一小部分,不能够以偏概全,断章取义。 2.A+A-B 我们介绍的第二种写法是, 先用两个正向的论点支持 A , 再用一个论点去反对B ,最终得出 A 更适合的结果。 Topic :Some people argue that the government should not spend money on public services and facilities, but on arts. 有一部分人认为政府应该花更多的钱在公共服务和基础设施上,而非艺术上。 Public facilities, widely accepted as the main foundation to a city’ s development, should be one of the highest priorities. In addition to social benefits, ther e are a great number of economic merits that …

托福阅读高频词汇

A break with 分开a departure from Abundant 丰富的,充裕的plentiful Accelerated 加速increased Accessible易接近的,可靠近的available Accordingly 因此,从而consequently Accordingly 因此for that reason Account for 解释,说明explain Accumulated 积聚,积累built up Acute 敏锐的,剧烈的intense Adequate 充分的,足够的sufficient Adhere 坚持stick Administered 管理managed Adorned 装修decorated Advent 出现,到来arrival Adversely 逆向/反的negatively Aesthetically 美学的,艺术的artistically Affront 侮辱,冒犯insult Agents 动因,代理人causes Aided 帮助的helped Alert 警惕ware Allay 减轻,减少reduce Altered 改变changed Alternative 选择：option Altogether 完全的completely Annihilate 消灭,征服conquer Antecedent 先行的的,先辈predecessor Apace with 快速的,急速的as fast as Appeal 吸引attraction Appealing吸引人的attractive Apply to 应用于used for Appreciated赏识,意识到recognized Aptly 恰当的appropriately Article 物品object Ascribed to 归功于,认为assumed to be true of Assembling 聚集gathering Assortment 种类variety Astounding 惊讶的surprising At any rate 无论如何regardless 不管Attachment to 倾向于preference for Attained 达到,获得achieved Attained 达到,获得achieved Attained 获得reached Attendant 伴随的accompanying Attests to 证明give evidence of Attire 服装clothing Avail themselves 利用make use Barren 贫瘠的：infertile Besides 除此之外in addition to Bias 偏见prejudice Biting 尖锐的sharp Boosted 鼓舞raised Boosted推进raised Bound 系,绑tied Bounds 限制：limits Bring about 引起cause Brittle易碎的,脆弱的easily broken By virtue of 由于because of Calculated 计算,决定determined Came of age 出现了,成名了established itself Came to the forefront 来到最前线/变得很重要became important Carried on 继续continued Carry 承担：support Ceased 停止stop Celestial 天文学的：astronomical Chance 偶然的：unplanned Chronicle 记载,记录,编年史describe Circumscribed 限制restricted Classified 分类categorized Cluster 成群group Coarse 粗糙的crude Coarser 粗糙的rougher Cohesion 凝聚力unity Coincided with 一致,符合happened at the same time Coined 组成,创造：created Comparably 相似地：similarly Compelling 强迫地,又说服力的forceful Components 组成部分parts Concealed 隐藏covered Concentrated 集中：clustered Conclusive 总结性的definitive Concomitant with 同时发生的,与之伴随的in conjunction with Confine 限制restrict Confined 局限：limited Conflicting 对立的：apposing Conjectural 猜测的based on guessing Consciously 有意识地,故意地purposely Consequence 结果result Conserve 维持,保留retain Consist 一致的,协调的constant Consorted 交往associated Conspicuous 明显的noticeable Constant 持续的,一致的consistent Constituents 组成部分components Constituting 组成making up Consumed消耗,吃eaten Consumption 消费,吃eating

托福独立写作的审题原则和布局(上)

托福独立写作的审题原则和布局（上） 新托福写作考试的第2部分为独立写作，要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇字数在300字左右的议论文。而朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们根据对ETS最新的评分标准的解读，发现阅卷者评判考生的文章遵循的原则是：“Readers should focus on what the examinee does well”。这就意味着整个评分过程是考察考生表现出优点的过程，而并非对考生的文章吹毛求疵的过程。因此，即使是一篇满分的文章，也是允许考生有少量错误的。在本文中，笔者将就独立写作部分的审题原则以及如何进行观点筛选作一简单说明。 一、字数 对于独立写作的字数要求，官方的说法是：“An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5.”。可见，若想得到高分，考生最好能将文章写到300字以上，虽然有些文章字数不足但仍可得到满分，但是毕竟这种情况比较罕见，要充分对于考题展开论述，从而有利地支持文章观点，充足的字数是必须的。 二、题目的解读 独立写作最近几年在中国大陆地区的考题基本上是以支持/反对型为主的，理论上来说考生同意或者反对题目的表述，然后展开进一步论证都是可以的，但是朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们发现有些考题并非考生可以“随心所欲”的“自由发挥”，比如当题目中包括了一些“绝对”含义的词，如only, must, fully以及形容词或者副词最高级的时候，考生在答卷时就不能采用“完全同意”的立场。比如2008年9月28日考题： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The only effective way for government to encourage energy conservation is increasing the price of gasoline and electricity. 考生可以部分同意，即提高能源价格是一种有效措施之一，但同时还有其他办法；也可以完全反对，即不能光靠提高能源使用价格来节能，还要靠别的方法措施等。所以在审题时，我们还是建议考生要多花点时间把题目的意思读透，最好在心里把题目的中文含义反复地翻译给自己听几遍，从意思出发，再决定自己的立场，这样就可以避免由于审题的不全面而导致很大的失分。

历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案)

TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) typical (B) satisfied (C) supportive (D) distinctive 002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety today. The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) valued (B) universal (C) uncommon (D) preserved 003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) surpassed (B) inclined (C) expressed (D) applied 004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The word "intervals" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) records (B) speeds (C) distances (D) periods 005. The increasing water pressure under the glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. The word "freeing" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) pushing (B) releasing (C) strengthening (D) draining 006. A flood of ice would then surge into the turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) drop (B) extend (C) melt (D) drift 007. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) necessary (B) typical (C) group (D) particular 008. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious

托福写作词汇分类

二. 知识与教育 (一)知识与智能 knowledge，n．知识，学问；认识；知道 knowledge acquisition 知识获取 knowledge hierarchy 知识体系 structure of knowledge 知识结构 comprehensive knowledge 全面的知识 scope of knowledge 知识面 value of knowledge 知识价值 knowledge industry 知识产业 knowledge management 知识管理 the aging of knowledge 知识老化 spread scientific knowledge 传播科学知识 thirst for knowledge 求知欲 Knowledge is infinite．／There is no limit to knowledge．学无止境(学海无涯)。 knowledgeable n．知识渊博的；有见识的 become knowledgable and professional 知识化、专业化 erudition n．博学，博识；学问；知识 erudite a．博学的，有学问的；n．博学之上，有学问的人 learned a．有学问的，博学的；精通某门学科的 a learned man 学者 learning n．知识；学问 book learning 书本知识 a man of great learning 博学之上，学问高深的人 have little learning 学识浅薄 an emergent branch of learning 一门新兴的学问 episteme n．(哲)知识 epistemic n．(哲)(关于)认识的；(关于)知识的 letters n．[用作单或复]文学；学问；文化修养 a man of letters文人 lore n．学问，知识；(有关某一学科的)全部知识 scholarship n．学术成就；学问，学识；奖学金 scholarly a．学者气质的；学者风度的

托福写作技巧(总结)

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