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英语商务翻译论文

英语商务翻译论文

A Study on Linguistic Features and

Translation Strategies of English Business Contracts

Author: Yang tao

Tutor: Gao bei

(Oriental Science & Technology College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128 )

Abstract:The specific way of information transmitting in business activities accounts for the specific features of business English, which transmits the information of business theory and practice. The article analyses the linguistic features of business English through three aspects: words, sentence and text. With examples taken from business English translations, the author interprets that the linguistic features of business English influence a translator’s compr ehension which in the end accounts for a corre ct business English translation. The exploring of principle of business English translation plays an important role in a successful translation. The author upholds the view that business English translators should follow the three principles of “faithfulness, exactness and consistency”. “Faithfulness” is the first principle for business English translators to follow; “exactness” is the key of these three principles; “consistency” guarantees a unified and standard translation.

Key words:business English; linguistic features; translation principle

英语商务合同的语言特征及其翻译策略

作者:杨韬

指导老师:高贝

(湖南农业大学东方科技学院,长沙 410128)

摘要:由于英语商务合同所传达的商务理论和实务等信息的特殊性,英语商务合同的语言有其特殊的特点。本文从英语商务合同的用词、句法、篇章三方面分析商务英语的语言特点。并由此从英语商务合同的用词、句法、篇章三方面分析译者掌握英语商务合同的语言特点的程度对翻译的影响, 通过例证说明译者关于英语商务合同的语言特点的掌握程度将影响其对原文的理解,而译者对原文的理解程度又关系到译文的正确与否。商务英语的原则与运用则是英语商务合同翻译的核心问题。笔者认为英语商务合同翻译应遵循“忠实,准确,统一”的原则。“忠实”原则是英语商务合同翻译人员必须遵循的首要原则;“准确”原则是英语商务合同翻译原则的核心;“统一”原则有利于英语商务合同译文的统一和规范。

关键词:商务英语;语言特点;翻译原则

Introduction

Business English is a branch of English language system. It refers to the special English that serves for international business routines. The specific way of information transmitting in business activities accounts for the specific features of business English.

Along with the rapid development of global economy integration, international business routines are more and more frequent and, business English, as a language tool for international economic exchange and business routines, has a new type of comprehensive subject. Business English plays an important role in our national economy reform and innovation, and the business English translation is a bridge connecting Chinese and English. Business English translators should have strong awareness of the linguistic features of business English, so that translators can have a better comprehension.

Business English practical translation includes the translation of business letters, business contracts, business English advertisement and trademark and etc. Being familiar with these

pragmatically translations, business English translators can deal well with the tasks in different business sets. And a business English translator should learn the linguistic features of business English and explore its translation principles so as to translate a business English text successfully.

1 Linguistic Features of Business English

1. 1 Linguistic features in word

1.1.1 Simple words

Since businessmen make efficiency their top priority, simple words are applicable to achieve this goal. Another reason is related with the way of information transmitting in business routines which has

been regarded as the most important part of business; using simple words also do well for people to communicate, to catch the words immediately, while complex words or rare words are hard to understand. So it is understandable for businessmen to use simple words rather than complex words or rare words.

Some examples are as follows: [3] P51-52

complex or rare words simple words

account for by the fact that caused by

add the point that add that

at a price of $10 at $10

attempts try

deliberation thought

in the majority of cases most

tangible real

visualize see

1.1.2Abundance of business terms and abbreviated expression

Business terms take an important part in business English .It

is the primal task for business English translators to know some business terms. It will influence the business English translation, which the author will analyze in the next chapter. [1] P51-59 Let us look at some examples:

stockbroker 股票经济商costing 成本核算

restart 返聘chit 代金券

AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access) 市场准入的行政管理措施

CEM (Contractual Equipment Manufacturer) 合同制造商

EV A (economic value added) 经济附加值

INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights) 最初谈判权

1.1.3 The variability of words’ meaning

In business English text, the same word can be interpreted in different meaning according to different contexts, which is the variability of business English words’ meaning. Such as: [4] P60-61

(1) Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insures are already lobbying for rate relief.

就像那年的情况一样,大灾之后保险金大幅度提高,现在保险公司已经在游说希望减免地方税。

(2) During the 1980’s the large premiums paid in acquisition often resulted in prices that greatly exceeded

the value of tangible asset.

20世纪80年代,并购中支付的大额溢价常常导致价格远远超过有形资产的价值。

(3)Liquidity refers to the ability of investors to exchange a financial asset, such as a bond or a share, for cash.

资产折现力是指投资者将债券或股票等金融资产转换为现金的能力。

(4) Place goods in bond.

将(未完税的)货物存入关栈。

In addition, it is common for businessmen to use slang in oral speaking. Translators should pay more attention to slang and to clarify them so as to eliminate obstacles during communicating. Such as: [3] P26 (5) As I was about to say, I move that we table the discussion until our next meeting when everyone is present.

我建议将讨论推迟到下次每个人都参加会议时再进行。

Here, “move” means “suggest”(建议), “table the discussion” means “to postpone the meeting”(推迟讨论).

(6) Can you come down a little?

你能再降低一点价格吗?

Here, “come down” means “knock down the price”(压低价格).

1.2 Linguistic features in sentence

1.2.1 Concise sentences

Concise sentences conduce to transmit business information and play an important role in a business context. It is more convenient for businessmen to use concise sentences in business, either oral or written language. It saves time and, more importantly, avoids misunderstanding.

For example:

(7) We are a dealership chain specializing in personal computers. We were first established in Hong Kong in 1980. We now have a steady clientele in both the business and educational sectors. [5] P241

本公司是一家专营电脑的特许经销连锁商。本公司于1980年创立于香港。本公司现有的固定客户涉及商业和教育领域。

Above three sentences, each has its independent meaning. Avoiding using a long sentence, it aims to express meaning

straightforward and avoid misunderstanding.

1.2.2 Abundance of formulas

Businessmen have established many polite formulas by popular usage. These polite formulas have been accepted through common practice. T o use these formulas also contribute to standardize business article. Such as: [4] P161-163

(8) For your reference, we are enclosing a few copies of leaflets, and will send you samples under separate cover.

兹随函附上几份说明书并另寄样品,供你方参考。

(9) Please inform us what special offer you can make us.

请告贵公司能给多少特价优惠。

(10) We will adhere to this offer for two weeks.

我方报价两周内有效。

1.2.3 Logical expressions

The logic expression is prominently featured in business English documents and contracts, especially in the expression about time and number.

For example:

(11) The goods shall be shipped per M.V. “Dong Feng” on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rotterdam in 140 days.

货物须于11月10日装上“东风”号货轮,并在140天内抵达鹿特丹港。

Here, it must use the preposition “in” to express the meaning about “several days later” rather than the preposition “after”. Because the preposition “after” can not exactly define the day on which day the good s will arrive.

(12) Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.

未经许可,在9月20号之后(含20号),A方无权接受任何订单或者募集任何资金。

(13) Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.

请在三个月之内(在5月1日之前包括5月1日)付清我们的货款。

(14) Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $ 500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONL Y)

A方每月须向B方支付500美元的工资。

1.3 Linguistic features in text

1.3.1 Plain style

Usually, it is not common to use rhetorical devices in business English context. Actually, most business contexts tend to adopt a plain style.

For example:

(15) I am requested by the Import and Export Department to inform you that the 150 tons of coal ordered from your company one month ago have not been delivered. Will you be so kind as to institute enquiries concerning this non-delivery?It will be appreciated that you give your reply as soon as possible.

进出口部请我通知你:一个月前从贵公司订购的150顿煤至今仍未发货,能否请你过问一下此未发货事宜?请尽快回复,不胜感激。

Here, this paragraph directly presents its meaning without using any rhetorical devices to furnish its expression. It is a common style in business text.

1.3.2 Appropriate wording

The wording in business English is appropriate. And people in business circumstances tend to abstain from arrogance.

Let us look at an example:

(16) Delivery of rugs is now a matter of urgency. Will you please find out from British Rail what had happened to the consignment and let us know when we may expect delivery? We

are of course making our own enquiries at this end.

地毯急需交货,贵公司是否可以向大英铁路局查询该货物的下落,并通知我方交货的时间,我方亦自当查询。

In this paragraph, though it is about complaint, it also pays attention to use kind words and the mild tone to make sure an appropriate wording.

1.3.3 Ambiguous promise and cautiousness in the passive

“Since the promise in business has the influential effects of law which is re lated with benefits of each party, an over absolute promise may lead you to a passive stage if any accident happens .So the expression of promise in business English is relatively implicit.”[2] P74

For example:[2] P74

我方保证决不重犯这种错误。

(17) We assure you that this error will never occur again. (Over absolute)

(18) We will do all we can to prevent a repetition of this error. (Moderate)

“Since business involves obligation an d responsibility, it is necessary to clarify t he subject. Therefore, passive sentences are used with caution in business English.” [8] P76

For example:

(19) The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.

卖方须在6月15日前将货物发送给买方。

Such an expression would be better than the follow expression: The goods should be delivered by June 15. In all, the author has analyzed the linguistic features of business English. In the next chapter, with examples taken from business English translations, the author will interpret the influence of linguistic

features of business English on translation.

2 The Influence of Linguistic Features of Business English on Translation

2. 1 Influence in the aspect of words

As business English is characterized by simple words, abund ance of business terms and the variability of words’ meaning, the translator should have a good command of these features, and the influence of these features onFor example:

(20) You are kindly requested to quote the FOB New York.

Translation:请报纽约船上交货价。

Th is sentence involves a business term “FOB” (Free on Board). If a translator neglects this linguistic feature of business English: specific business terms, and can not catch the meaning of the term “FOB”, he can not understand this sentence very well, let alone a successful translation.

Further more, it can be noticed that the term “FOB” has a subtle difference in usage in the U.S.A. In the American English, “FOB” identifies the address of good delivery, such as: FOB train, FOB factory. [5] P56

2.2 Influence in the aspect of sentence

In the aspect of sentence, we need to pay attention on the formula and logic.

First, let us compare the following two series:

common language contract formula

in the future hereafter

think deem

intend to do want to do

The words in the right column are the contract formulas, which are established by popular usage. If the translator is familiar with these formulas and other features of contract

sentences, he will be of advantage

to understand the contract and then to translate it well.

Second, let us look at the logic of the sentence:

(21) The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited takes no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, makes no representation as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly disclaims any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this announcement.

Translation:香港联合交易所有限公司对本公布之内容概不负责,对其准确性或完整性亦不发表声明,并明确表示不会就本公布或任何部分内容或因依赖该等内容而引致之任何损失承担任何责任。

[6] P54-55

The original includes some legalese. This sentence has a high standard in logic and avoids any dispute. Therefore, the translation also should reflect this feature. Translator needs to have a thorough grasp of its feature, to understand and absorb its meaning, and then to express it to adhere to the rules of the translation so as to let target readers accept its information without much difficulty.

2.3 Influence in the aspect of text

The text features of business English are the compound of the features of words and sentences. The key of the business English context translation is the mutual understanding. Translators need to analyze its style, to notice its wording. Besides, translators also need to pay attention to deal with some details such as the expression of promise and the usage of passive in the text.

translation is apparent.

For example:

(22) Traditional hierarchical organizations control operating processes through standardization or jobs. These jobs are separated into sequential steps and carried out under direct supervision. However, the line workers lack both the authority and motivation to improve these routine tasks and are limited by their local view of the business. [7] P87

First, let us analyze its style. This paragraph is selected from Time for the Big Small Company in Financial Times. This business article talks about company organization structure. So, its style is plain and formal. Second, let us deal with some details. According to the context, the word “organization” would be better if it is translated into Chinese(企业或公司) rather than its common translation(组织,结构); “Hierarchical organizations” should be translated into Chinese(层级制组织机构) to adhere to the business terms rather than Chinese(等级森严的机构) which carries on personal emotion; in the phrase “line workers”, the “line” does not mean “production line” ,but “the line management” (直线管理体制). When dealing with these details, the understanding about this article is complete and then it can be expressed exactly in Chinese:

传统的层级制组织机构通过标准化的工作种类来控制经营环节。各类工种按先后顺序划分为不同的步骤,并在直接监管下按部就班地进行。但是,在直线管理体制下的员工,既没有职权也缺乏主动性去改进这些一成不变的工种,同时,狭隘的经营观念也限制了他们的手脚。

In all, during business English translation, translators’ comprehension accounts for the success of business English translation. While in this period, the linguistic features of business English will influence a translator’s understanding level.Therefore, business English translators should have strong

awareness of the linguistic features of business English.

3. The Principles and Application of Business English Translation

The second period of translation is expression. That is how to completely and naturally carry the information in the source language to the target readers; which involves the principles of business English translation.

Among the different principles put forward by different scholars, the author holds the view that the principles proposed by Professor Liu Fagong in his Exploring into the Principles of Chinese-English Business Translation, are basically applicable to the particularity of business English. Professor Liu puts forward the view that the major principles of business translation should be “faithfulness, exactness and consistency”. [2]P45-47 “Faithfulness means to correctly express the source language information in translation; it does not demand the grammar and sentence structure to be consistent with the original, but enquires the equality in the information connotation;

Exactness demands translators to select words and to express the concept accurately. Exactness is the core of this principle;

Consistency requires translators to maintain the translated names, the concepts and the terms consistently at any time. It does not permit change the identical concepts or terms at will.”[1]P45-47

Therefore, the author proposes that business English translation should abide by these principles to transmit the information exactly.

3.1 Faithfulness

“Faithfulness” is the first principle for business English

translators to follow, which demands that the information in translation must be equivalent with the information in source language. Information transmitting is the core of business, and the information should be equivalent. Here, the author stresses that it is the “equivalence”, but not the “similarity”. Translator must abide by the principle of “faithfulness” an d to transmit the equivalent information.

Let us look at some examples which does not abide by the principle of “faithfulness”:

(23) A particular average loss under 3% of the insured amount will not be recoverable but one amounting to or exceeding 3% will be paid.

Translation:单独的平均损失低于所保金额的3%时不赔,但损失达到或超过5%时则赔偿。

This translation is false. Translator misunderstood the term “particular average loss”. The term “particular average” should be translated into Chinese (单独海损). Now, look at the collect translation:

单独海损的损失在所保金额的3%以下时不赔,但损失达到或超过5%时则赔偿。

Translator’s misunderstanding leads to the failure of information transmitting, let alone to reflect the faithfulness of translation.

Other examples:

(24) Lord Weinstock, the managing director of GEC, yesterday for the first time publicly ruled out a takeover bid for British Aerospace and said he would prefer to see joint ventures between the two companies. [6] P75

Translation: GEC 管理部主任Weinstock勋爵,昨天首次公开投标收购大布列颠航空工业公司,并说他希望两家公司组成一家合资公司,

联合经营。

Compared with the principle of faithfulness, this translation completely misinterprets the original information. First, “managing director” is director in charge of a whole company. Second, the translation of “rule out” is also false. “Rule out” means “regard as impossible or undesirable; dismiss, forbid.” These concepts are the core information in the original; however, the translator cannot faithfully transmit this important information.

In fact, the right translation should be:

GEC 公司的董事总经理温斯托克勋爵昨天首次公开取消对英国航空公司的收购出价,并说他宁愿设立由两家公司共同组建的合资企业。

In all, “faithfulness” requires translators to transmit the equivalent information. “Faithfulness” is the top priority for business English translators to adhere to.

3.2 Exactness

“Exactness” demands translators to choose the accurate words in translation, which ca n transmit the equivalent information with the one in source language. Accuracy in both understanding and choosing words is the first condition to guarantee the high quality of translation.

Exactness is the core of the business English translation. For translating the business text, there is high standard about exactly information transmitting. “Exactness” is the key point of business English translation.

To adhere to the principle of exactness, it demands to elect words exactly. Such as:

(25) Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever Party

B wishes to sell any of its shares in the

Group. [5] P56

Translation:乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之任何集团股份,甲方一律拥有优先拒绝权。

This translation completely deviates from the “exactness” spirit. The false resort impute to the misunde rstanding of the phrase “right of first refusal” (优先购买权).

Let us look at the right translation:

乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之本集团任何股份,甲方一律有优先购买权。

This example stresses the importance to select the right words according to the connotation so as to ensure the information equivalent. Besides, in the process of translating, translators have duty to check the connotation of the original text.

(26) I was having problems because I just could not seem to priorities my work and organize my time. I just could not seem to keep up with the workload. I suppose they did not want to carry me any longer. Here, the word “carry” is the key in this translation. In this business setting, the word “carry” does not mean “to take, to have (sth) with one”, in this sentence, it means to maintain o r support one that is weaker or less competent. So the translation should be:我遇到了麻烦,因为我不能按优先顺序来处理工作、安排好我的时间。我好像就是赶不上工作进度。我想他们不愿意再扶持我了。

In all, to abide by the principle of exactness, translators need to deal with each detail to choose an exact word so as to ensure information equivalent.

3.3 Consistency

“Consistency” requires translator to adopt the consistent translated names, concepts and business terms that enable the target readers to understand the translation without any difficulty.

3.3.1 Translation of business terms

There is no doubt that business terms play an important role in business English. We have stated clearly in the former part of this paper that business English texts are full of business terms. When translators meet some business terms in translating, they had better keep to the same translation for the same term and abide by the principle of consistency. It is also necessary for the translator to accumulate certain business knowledge and terms.

3.3.2 Translation of names

With regard to the translation of names, attention should be paid to the specific nouns. For example, “Mr. Zhang” may be translated into Chinese “张先生” or “章先生”. So, if the translator can not decide what

the “Mr. Zhang” refers to, he should do some investigations rath er than guess by himself. The translation about the name of a company is also common in business translation.

So, when translating these specific nouns, author should follow the firmed translation so as to maintain the terms consistently. It also contributes to standardize the business English translation.

In all, to maintain the terms consistently conduce to successfully transmit the information equivalent. Conclusion In the former chapters, the author analyzes the linguistic features of business English, interprets the influence of these features on translation and exemplifies the principles of business English translation. As a special English serving for international business affairs, business English has two major functions: informative function and communicative function. In order to grasp exactly and exercise skillfully the business English, it is

necessary for translators to learn some relative international business knowledge and to learn the linguistic features of business English.

In practice, the author feels that, just having some common English language knowledge is incompetent at a job. So, in order to be qualified with the task, it is worth analyzing the linguistic features of business English. In our dairy work, it is a common task for us to translate some business letters, documents and etc. So, it is also worth exploring the translation principle of business English. The principles of “faithfulness, exactness and consistency” fit the characteristics of business English. T hey can serve as a guide in business English translation and have their pragmatic significance.

Notes

[1]Brown,Ronald C.Understanding labor and employment law in China.New York:Cambridge University

Press,2010.

[2]Berry,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c219097622.html,/doc/8b15361718.html,mercial law handbook .London:Law Society,2009.

[3]陈小慰.商务语篇的翻译[J].中国翻译,2004,3

[3]潘红.商务英语英汉翻译教程[Z].北京:中国商务出版社,2004.

[4]戚云方.新编外经贸英语写作与套语[Z].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002.

Bibliography

[1]Brown,Ronald C.Understanding labor and employment law in China.New York:Cambridge University Press,2010.

[2]Berry,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c219097622.html,/doc/8b15361718.html,mercial law handbook .London:Law Society,2009.

[3]陈小慰.商务语篇的翻译[J].中国翻译,2004,3

[4]潘红.商务英语英汉翻译教程[Z].北京:中国商务出版社,2004.

[5]戚云方.新编外经贸英语写作与套语[Z].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002.

[6]杨芳.商务英语中俚语的风格及翻译[J].上海科技翻译,2004, (1):23-24.

[7]周兆祥,范志伟. 财经翻译漫谈[J].中国翻译,2003,1

Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Ms.Gao Bei , my teacher, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.

Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all my teachers. I am also greatly indebted my teachers at the Department of English .who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.

Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

商务英语翻译论文

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绍兴职业技术学院国际商务系 商务英语专业毕业论文 浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧 姓名:沈樱樱 学号:A003075010524 指导教师: 郑运权 日期: May 8th, 2010

目录 中文摘要 (1) 英文摘要 (2) 提纲 (3) 正文 (4) 参考文献 (8)

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On the Study of the Characteristic of Business English and Its E-C Translation Skills Abstract: As the world continues to deepen economic integration and expansion of international business having become increasingly frequent, the role of Business English is becoming increasingly significant, the paper business English as a practical tool for English language point of view. Its significant features, as well as the English translation of the corresponding Chinese translation skills to carry out a brief analysis, which helps business people to learn better English, better for business communication, international economic and trade success. Key words: business English; features; English-Chinese translation; translation skills

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