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考研英语翻译试题难度分析

考研英语翻译试题难度分析
考研英语翻译试题难度分析

第24卷第11期

(2009)

内江师范学院学报

JOURNAL OF NEIJIANG NORM AL U NIVERSIT Y

No.11Vol.24

(2009)考研英语翻译试题难度分析

辜 涛

(西华师范大学外国语学院, 四川 南充 637002)

摘 要:历年考研学生的英语翻译得分普遍偏低,其主要原因是英语翻译试题难度过大。为此提出以下改革建议:一是将考试的题型改为段落翻译;二是增加考试时间或减少题量,并适当降低难度。

关键词:考研英语;翻译试题;难度

中图分类号:H059文献标识码:A文章编号:1671-1785(2009)11-0084-04

在考研英语试题中,翻译是必考题型之一,所占比重目前为10%。作为一种主观题型,翻译试题能全面地考察考生的综合水平和对两种语言的驾驭能力。但一项对考生得分情况的调查发现 硕士研究生入学考试英语卷的翻译部分往往是广大考生薄弱的环节,根据统计,考生的得分大部分都是在3分到5分之间,能考到6分以上,就是很不得了的事情了[1]。我们对历年翻译试题作了一个初步分析和调查,并将其和英语专业八级翻译试题作了一个比较,结果发现其难度和专业八级不相上下。本文将从不同方面详细分析这个问题,并初步提出改进方法。

一、历年题目和得分情况分析

笔者初步将1991~2008年试题的题材范围作了一个归纳见表1:

从题材来看,自然科学与人文科学并重,而近年有转向人文科学的趋势。公平地说,题材的选择是非常合理和科学的,充分考虑到了考生入学以后对英语的运用和需要。但从近年考生的得分情况看, 05年考生平均分:5 1分,06年考生平均分:3 6分,07年考生平均分:4 2[2],这种偏低的得分主要是因试题的难度造成的。

二、大纲要求和评分细则

根据考试大纲,在硕士研究生入学考试中,英译汉作为阅读理解的一部分, 主要考察考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章,并将其中5个划线部分(约150词)译成汉语,要求译文准确、完整、通顺[3]。大纲没有对考试时间明确要求。这部分总分为10分,占考试的10%,科学的时间是18~20分钟左右。要求考生在20分钟的时间内读完一篇350词左右的文章,并翻译其中的5个句子。而2004年考题评分标准为:共5题,每题2分,共10分[4]。

表1 考研英语试题中翻译试题的题材

年度题材年度题材

1991能源与农业(444词)2000

科学家与政府(381

词)

1992智力评估的科学性

(406词)

2001计算机与未来生活展

望(405词)

1993

科学研究方法(443

词)2002

行为科学发展的困难

(339词)

1994天才、技术与科学发

展(308词)

2003人类学简介(371词) 1995

标准化教育与心理

评估(364词)2004语言与思维(357词)

1996科学发展的动力

(331词)

2005大众传媒(405词) 1997动物的权利(417词)2006

美国知识分子的定位

问题(413词)

1998宇宙起源(376词)2007

法律教育的重要性

(408词,)

1999史学研究方法(326

词)

2008达尔文的自我评价问

题(467词)

注:平均值:短文词数:370词;要求翻译的词数:160词

1.如果句子译文扭曲原文意思,该句得分最多

收稿日期:2009 04 03

作者简介:辜涛(1976-),女,四川广元人,西华师范大学外国语学院讲师。

总第122期辜 涛:考研英语翻译试题难度分析

不得超过0 5分

2.如果某考生给出两种或两种以上译法,若均正确,给分;若其中一种译法错误,不给分。

3.如果句子译文完全扭曲原文意思,即使有些词语翻译正确,该句得分最多不得超过0 5分。

4.如果某考生给出两种或两种以上译法,若均正确,给分;若其中一种译法错误,按错误译法扣分。

5.汉语错别字,不个别扣分,按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下,酌情扣分。

下面从大纲和评分细则出发结合历年考题作一个具体分析。大纲明确规定了要考查的是准确理解概念或结构较复杂英语文字材料。

第一,试题对于准确概念的考查。1994年真题中有这样一个词组 great man of g enius,许多同学译成了 天才或者 伟人,都被酌情扣分,必须翻译成 天才(的)伟人才算忠于原文。1998年真题中这个句子: It!s the farthest that the scientists can see into the past.就必须翻译成: 这是科学家看到的最远的过去(的景象)。2001年真题中的 Built-in chips,应当翻译成 内置芯片,如果把 芯片写成了 锌片,需扣0 5分,又如2001年真题中出现的 doll,不能翻译成 玩具,而必须翻成 玩具娃娃才能得分。

就翻译技巧而言,增益和省略都是常用的手段,由于英汉语言分属印欧语系和汉藏语系两种差异较大的语系,在语言特点和表达上有很大的不同。所以在不影响原文风格和意思的基础上,常常会用到多种翻译技巧,如改变词序、拆分、整合、重复、正反表达等。如果要求译文在每一个字上都和原文完全对应,基本是不可能的。因此在翻译中,除了科技文章中的术语、专有名词外,大部分概念都会有多种译法。尤其是在文学翻译中,高明的译者甚至会故意对同一个名词采取多种译法以避免重复。所以,从上述例子中,我们认为评分对于概念的准确性要求过于严格。

第二,以08年的试题为例重点分析试题对复杂结构的考查。

46H e believ es that this very difficulty may have had the co mpensating advantage of fo rcing him to think long and intently about ev ery sen tence,and thus enabling him to detect er rors in reasoning and in his ow n observations.long and pur ely abstract tr ain of thought w as very limited,fo r w hich reason he felt certain that he nev er co uld have succeeded w ith m athem atics.

48On the other hand,he did no t accept as w ell fo unded the charge made by so me of his critics that,w hile he w as a g ood o bserv er,he had no pow er of r easo ning.

49H e adds hum bly that perhaps he was su perior to the com mon run of men in no ticing things w hich easily escape attention,and in o bserv ing them car efully.

50Darw in w as convinced that the lo ss o f these tastes w as not only a lo ss o f happiness,but m ight possibly be injurio us to the intellect,and mo re probably to the m oral character.

参考答案:(46)他相信,正是这种困难或许补偿了他的缺点,发挥他的优势,以使他能长时间专注地思考每一个句子;因此,使他能在推理中和自己的观察中发现自己的缺点。

(47)他还断言,在深入理解冗长且完全抽象的观点上,他的能力受到了局限。有鉴于此,他曾确信自己在形而上学和数学方面本来就不该获得成功。

(48)另一方面,他不接受一些批评家对他的指责;同时,他还发现,对于这些指责,尽管他自己善于观察,但是他也无法加以推理。

(49)他谦卑地补充道,或许他 和普通人比起来,更能够注意到那些别人不容易注意到的东西,更能够对此加以详细地观察。

(50)达尔文认为,失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣,不仅失去了幸福,而且还可能损伤智力,甚至可能会伤害道德。[5]

从考察角度看,这5个句子都是复合句或复杂句,长度30词左右,考察了比较结构、定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句等复杂结构。即使不考虑阅读的时间,考生也只有4分钟来完成一个句子。任何一个长句,顺利完成,需要以下步骤:语法分析???找出句子主句、从句以及各自的主谓宾,然后再分析其它修饰语;概念分析???从上下文中分析出句子中名词、代词、形容词的具体意思;中文表达,用通顺的汉语把原文的意思表达出来。当然,具体翻译时间取决于许多因素:句子的难度和长度,译者的水平等。从研究生入学考试来说,要求考生在极为紧张的心理条件下,较短的时间内,翻译5个结构复杂,

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内江师范学院学报第24卷第11期

需要一定翻译技巧的句子,这个要求明显太高。因为考生需要具备较强的句法知识,迅速拆分长句,确定主谓宾,再将定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句、平行结构、倒装结构、分词、代词指代、被动语态、特殊句型、词组一一击破。汉语表达的流畅性、准确性和灵活性也是得分的关键。

三、对比测试

为了进一步验证研究生考试中翻译试题的难度,笔者将08年试题在英语专业学生中作了一个测试。挑选了英语专业三年级学生作为考察对象。一是经过两年的专业学习,这一阶段学生词汇量在5500-6000之间,和研究生入学的要求量大致相当;二是在前两年的学习中,他们也没有系统地学习过翻译技巧,所以在这两方面他们和考研的应届学生有一定的可比性。当然,专业学生对英语这种语言的整体把握应该会强一些。由于很难有途径对考生的真实样卷进行分析,只能退而求其次,但我们认为这个测试还是有一定的可比性。

表2 英语专业学生对08年考研翻译试题的完成情况完成句子

完成情况

5句4句3句2句1句0句完成人数313214510

百分比37.338.616.9 6.0 1.20

得分范围6-95-74-52-310 样卷:2008,调查人数83人,(师范英语专业学生2006级1,2班)考试时间:20分钟

从总体上分析,学生全部完成的不到40%,这就说明考试的题量确实过大,而学生也普遍反映考试时间太紧。从答题质量来看,学生对一些抽象概念的表达和一些复杂句式觉得很困难,这主要归咎于缺乏翻译技巧和汉语水平不高。这个结果和真实考试的结果是比较接近的。因此,我们可以得出同样的结论,即考试的难度过大。综合05-07年的得分,翻译试题的难度应该在0.4左右。

四、对比研究

最后,把考研试题中翻译试题和专业八级的翻译试题作一个对比研究。根据英语专业八级考试大纲: 英译汉项目要求应试者运用英译汉的理论和技巧,翻译英、美报刊杂志上有关政治、经济、历史、文化等方面的论述文以及文学原著的节录。速度为每小时约250-300词。译文要求忠实原意,语言流畅。[6]在八级考试中,要求考生的速度是每小时250-300字,也就是10分钟100字,同时在八级考试中是要求考生翻译一个段落。

首先分析专业八级翻译的评分标准,在八级评分体系中,翻译是从整体翻译情况出发给分,分为5个档次:

第五档:10-9优秀翻译:译文忠实地反映了原文,仅有1到2处较小的词汇、句法、拼写或标点错误。翻译达到了 雅(选词得当,句法多变)

第四档:8-7良好翻译:译文基本传递了原文,但有少量相对较大的词汇、句法、拼写或标点错误。翻译具有可读性.(基本清晰,流畅,连贯)。

第三档:6-5及格翻译:译文大体传递了原文,但是有的词汇、句法、拼写或标点错误。翻译大体上具有可读性

第四档:4-3较差翻译:译文仅仅传递了原文一半的内容,同时词汇、句法、拼写或标点错误频繁。翻译有些地方不具有可读性

第五档:2-1差等翻译:译文甚至未能传递了原文一半的内容,几乎所有句子都有词汇、句法、拼写或标点错误。翻译大部分不具有可读性.[7] 2008年考题:But,as has been true in many other cases,w hen they w er e at last m ar ried,the mo st ideal of situations w as found to have been changed to the most practical.Instead of hav ing shared their orig inal duties,and as scho ol-boys w ould say,g oing halves,they discovered that the cares of life had been doubled.This led to so me distressing moments for both our friends;they un dersto od suddenly that instead of dw elling in heav en they w ere still upo n earth,and had m ade them selves slaves to new law s and limitations.Instead of being freer and happier than ev er befor e,they had assumed new responsibilities;they had estab lished a new household,and must fulfill in so me w ay or ano ther the oblig ations of it.They lo oked back w ith affection to their engag em ent;they had been longing to hav e each other to themselves,a part fro m the w orld,but it seem ed that they nev er felt so keenly that they w ere still units in mo dern society.

参考答案:但是正如其他许多已经发生过的事情一样,当他们最终结婚后,发现最憧憬的生活变得再实际不过了。他们非但没有分担各自原先的责任???正如那些学生们所说 一半一半,相反却发现生活的重担加倍了。这使得我们那两个结婚的朋

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总第122期辜 涛:考研英语翻译试题难度分析

友时常觉得沮丧;他们突然发现自己并没有过着天堂般的生活而是仍实实在在地生活在地球上,而且成为了新规则和新约束的奴隶。生活并没有比以前更自由、更幸福,因为他们要去承担新的责任。既然成立了一个新的家庭,那就无论如何也要尽一点家庭的义务。他们深情地回想起订婚的那段时光,曾经如此地渴望拥有彼此而忘掉这个世界,然而现在最深切的感受却是自己仍是这个世界的一份子[8]。

专业八级试题主要考察学生对一个段落的理解和翻译。这种考察的科学之处在于考察的内容相对连贯和完整,原文的句式长短不一,丰富多变,从简单句到复杂句,可以考察学生对不同句式的掌握,对于文章细微处的准确理解,对整体风格和内容的把握等等。这种相对完整的考察,难度更为适中,考察更为全面。由于考察的都是一个完整的段落或结构,所以理解和表达都会比翻译几个分开同时又都较为复杂的句子容易一些。加上八级的评分是从总体出发,所以也要科学一些。

五、结论

考虑到在研究生阶段对英语的运用,主要是集中在对学术文章的理解和利用,学术文章的特点就是句子较长,结构相对较为复杂,所以研究生入学考试应该加强这方面的考察,以便日后进一步的学习。但是要求考生在入学的时候就能够较为熟练地运用翻译技巧对英语中复杂的结构进行准确的理解和表达,这个要求过于理想化了。事实上,这个能力完全可以在研究生时期,视专业需要做进一步培养。而且,由于在本科阶段并没有系统地学习翻译理论和技巧,要考生流畅地翻译复杂的长句是比较困难的。对于他们来说,能初步把词汇范围内中等难度的句子通顺、忠实地表达出来就可以了。因此,笔者认为:第一,从考察学生综合能力的角度出发,翻译试题非常有必要增加比重,15-20%比较合适。第二,

考试的难度应适当降低,可以简单句和复杂句同时考察,也可以和专业试题一样考察一个段落。这样,考察的范围和难度都会更为合适。第三,适当增加时间或减少长度。如果比例仍为10%,那么考察字数应为100字左右。若比例增为15%,则考试字数150字比较合适。

另外一个亟待解决的问题,就是学生的汉语水平问题。无论是英语专业还是其他专业的学生,甚至不能用汉语流畅地表达自己的理解。这是否说明我们的教育在这方面存在缺失呢?我们花巨大的人力、物力来推广英语,而中国的高校学生却不能流畅地使用自己的母语无疑是一个巨大的讽刺。笔者以为对所有专业的大学生开设 大学语文 必修课已经到了刻不容缓的时候了。

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sox https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c87503720.html,/ky/ky _eng/121008165.html.

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[M ].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.

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出版社,2004.

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[8]08年英语专业八级翻译及答案[EB/OL ].htt p://

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A n A naly sis on Difficu lty in T ran sla tion in Entran ce Exa mination to Post G rad u ate

GU Tao

(Scho ol of Fo reign L ang uag es,West China N ormal U niver sity,N anchong,Sichuan,637002,China)

Abstract:T he tr anslation in the entr ance ex amination t o post g raduate of each y ear is unanimously g raded rather low.

T he reason lies in the fact that it is so mew hat difficult.Accor ding ly,t he author of this paper puts for war d the fo llow ing pr o posals fo r innov ation.Firstly ,we can chang e the g eneral tr anslation into parag raph tr anslation.A nd seco ndly,w e may add more t ime to the examinat ion or reduce the numbers of questio ns as w ell as difficult y.

Key words:Eng lish of Entrance Examination to post g raduate;translation quest ions;difficulty

(责任编辑:王建平)

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