英语专业-英语词汇学-笔记

1.What is polysemy?

Having multiple meanings that are related.

2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words?

Explain them

1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and

then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order

in which they developed.

2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning

(central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings

(marginal meanings) in order of popularity.

3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain

them

1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one

another and are derived directly from the primary meaning.

2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive

from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from

one secondary meaning to another.

4.What is homonymy?

Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.

5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a

homograph

1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣

2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat

3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.)

6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy

Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫）

7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an

example to illustrate the difference

1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a

book as in “I read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The

second meaning is related to the first one because in the past

hotel staff will write the customers’ information on a book when

reserving a room.

2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or

being in a horizontal position. These two meanings have the

same form but no connection.

8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries

(binaries), contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why

1)Good/bad, contraries

2)odd/even, complementaries

3)above/below, converses

4)clean/dirty, contraries

5)remember/forget, complementaries?

6)old/young, contraries

7)before/after, converses

9.What is hyponymy? Give an example

The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.

例Flower is the superordinate term, rose is the subordinate term. 10.What is synonymy?

Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but nearly or exactly alike in essential meaning.

11.What is the difference between absolute and near (relative)

synonyms?

1)Absolute synonyms – interchangeable in every way

2)Near synonyms – similar in denotation but have different shades

of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.

12.What are some of the reasons why synonyms exist?

1)Borrowing from other languages

2)Dialects and regional English

3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words

4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions

13.What are some of the factors that discriminate between relative

synonyms? Use examples

1)Range of meaning. “timid” is more extensive because it can be

used to describe the state of mind at a time and the disposition,

but “timorous” only describe the disposition.

2)Degree of intensity. A “wealthy” person has much more

money than a “rich” person.

3)Differences in stylistic features. “ask” is used commonly and

tend to be colloquial. “question” is more formal.

14.(The development of English) What was the language spoken in the

British Isles before English? How was English introduced?

Celtic. Germanic tribe invaded and settled after Roman. They brought their own culture. It was called Anglo-saxon (the name of two tribes) and also called old English.

15.What are the three phases of the English language and what were

their time periods? What events marked the transition of one phase to another?

a)Old English (450 - 1150) ——Norman conquest from France in

1066, but the real development of middle English started in the

12th century because the ruling class spoke Anglo French and the

peasants spoke Anglo-Saxon so it took quite a long time for them

to intermix.

b)Middle English (1150 - 1500) ——during Renaissance there was

an explosion of information and knowledge about Ancient

Greece and Roman. People stated to read so ideas spread. Greek

and Latin words started entering English. Besides, printing was

invented, more can read and write books.

c)Modern English (1500 – present)

16.Over its history, English has evolved from a highly inflected language

to a nearly non-inflected language. What is the difference? Give an example of inflection in English

Inflection means to modify a word to indicate grammatical relations.

A lot of words in a highly inflected language have ending or form

changes in order to show its grammatical function. But a weakly

inflected language has fewer changes. As English developed, it has changed from a highly infected language to a weekly one.

17.What are the most important languages that English has borrowed

from? Why?

1)French – Norman conquest

2)Latin –Renaissance, a lot of Latin book were translated into

English

3)Scandinavia – Vikings (9 century) influenced old English

18.What is the difference between a Content Word and a Functional

word? Give an example of each.

?Content words are those are about something. 例nation, earth.

?Functional words are those used to express relations. 例the, and. 19.Explain two properties of Basic words and give examples

1)Productivity. Basic words are very productive because thet are

mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can be used

alone and are often used to form now words with other roots and

affixes. 例foot-football-footprint

2)Many basic words take part in a number of set expressions. 例

heart- by heart –from the bottom of one’s heart- lose heart 20.What is a denizen word? Give an example

Denizens are words that were borrowed a long time ago, they look and sound like a native word.

例‘pork’ from the French ‘porc’

21.What is an alien word? Give an example

Aliens are borrowed words which have kept their original

pronunciation and spelling.

例café , fiancée

22.What is a translation loan? Give an example

Translation loans are words and expressions formed from existing material in the English language but tranlate the meaning or the

sound from another language.

例‘black humour’ from the French ‘humour noir’

例‘tea’ from the Chinese

23.What is a semantic loan? Give an example

Semantic loans are where a word already exists in native English but borrows a new meaning from another language.

例‘dumb’ has come to mean ‘stupid’ because of the German word ‘dumm’

24.(The structure of Words) What is a morpheme?

A morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.

25.What is the difference between a morpheme and a morph?

?Morpheme is about meaning.

?Morph is about shape and sound.

Morphemes are abstract, and are realized in speech by morphs.

26.What is the difference between a bound morpheme and a free

morpheme? Give an example of each kind of morpheme

1)Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. 例

dis-, mis-.

2)Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free.

例man, dog.

27.What is the difference between a derivational morpheme and an

inflectional morpheme? Give an example of each kind of morpheme

1)Derivational morphemes can derive new words. 例football,

slowly

2)Inflectional morphemes don’t create new words and just

indicate syntactic relationships. 例-ed, -ing, -er, -est, -s

28.What is the difference between a content morpheme and a

grammatical morpheme? Give an example of each kind of morpheme

1)Content morphemes have content and can be used to derive new

words. = derivational morphemes.

2)Grammatical morphemes are grammatical markers, including

Inflectional morphemes & free morphemes. 例while, where, they 29.What is an affix?

An affix is a form that are attached to words to modify meaning or function.

30.What is the difference between a derivational and an inflectional affix?

Give an example of each

1)Inflectional affix do not create new words, and indicate syntactic

relationships between words. 例–ed, talked

2)Derivational affix derive new words. 例–less, careless. non-,

non-smoker.

31.What is a root? Give an example

A root is a word element that contains the main component of

meaning in a word. It is that part of a word that remains when all

affixes have been removed.

例：internationalists → nation Impracticality → pratice

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英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识 点 英语词汇学考试难吗？那么该课程怎么考？要知道英语考试并不是一蹴而就的，所以考前应该日记月累的学习，在最后考试的时候才能更好的通过考试，我们来看看英语词汇学必背知识点吧。 英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。 1、考前重点词汇复习方法 要知道语法填空重点考查的词：动词、形容词、副词和派生词。其中重点是动词，要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看，就要 考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。其中过去式是考查重点，所以对动词的过去式，尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写，自然就成为后期复习的重点。至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
2、词汇积累学习

加强短文背诵，增强“词不离句”意识。背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法，但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。优选一些名家名篇，做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作，作为研习的精典，不但能够迅速提高语感，而且容易激发兴趣，形成活生生的词库，为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。 3、英语主观题拿分技巧 首先是单词拼写，这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分，通常平均分不超过3分，所以大家不要太在意，20个单词，对4个，能有2分就很不错了，如果想要提高这部分，大家还要有准备的背单词，因为这里面的单词，并不全是课本课后单词表的单词，其中很多都是以前在中学学过的，所以要准备这一部分，需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲，按里面的词汇背记才有意义。 如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度，那么可以通过在线视频学习的，以上三点就是学赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法，希望大家能更好的学习。 点击进入>>>

自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology

《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and

英语词汇学自考重点

各章重点内容串讲： Introduction 1.Lexicology（名词解释题） （1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）. 本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。 （2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。 2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题） （1）Two approaches There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. synchronic 共时法 diachronic 历时法 （2）Definition: A, synchronic From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time. However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. 1.word（名词解释） （1）a minimal free form of a language 1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式） 2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。） 2.the relationships between the sound and meaning （1）简答题 1）Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to. 本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。 2）A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the language system. （2）单选题或填空题 arbitrary/conventional 1）there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系） 2）The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds. 3.More and more differences occur between the two.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉